Classification and management of aquatic, riparian, and wetland sites on the National Forests of Eastern Washington: Series description

USDA Forest Service - General Technical Report PNW

Volumn , Issue 593, 2004, Pages 1-354

  Kovalchik, Bernard L ^a,b   Clausnitzer, Rodrick R ^a,c  

^a Area 2 Ecology Program   (United States)

^b Wenatchee National Forests   (United States)

^c Okanogan Wenatchee National Forests   (United States)

Author keywords

Aquatic; Eastern Washington; Plant association; Plant community; Riparian; Riparian ecosystems; Riparian vegetation; Series description; Vegetation classification; Wetland

Indexed keywords

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM; HABITAT MANAGEMENT; PLANT COMMUNITY; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION; WETLAND;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES]; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

RIPARIA;

EID: 12944252166     PISSN: 08874840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (388)

1. A.D. Revill Associates. 1978. Ecological effects of fire and its management in Canada's national parks: a synthesis of the literature. Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography. Ottawa, ON: Parks Canada, National Parks Branch, Natural Resources Division. 345 p. Vols. 1-2.
2. Achuff, P.L. 1989. Old-growth forests of the Canadian Rocky Mountain national parks. Natural Areas Journal. 9(1): 12-26.
3. Adams, A.B.; Dale, V.H.; Smith, E.P.; Kruckeberg, A.R. 1987. Plant survival, growth form and regeneration following the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Northwest Science. 61(3): 160-170.
4. Agee, J.K. 1982. True fir management for wilderness, water, recreation and wildlife values. In: Oliver, C.D.; Kenady, R.M., eds. Proceedings of the biology and management of true fir in the Pacific Northwest symposium. Contribution No. 45. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, College of Forest Resources: 227-237.
5. Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Washington, DC: Island Press. 493 p.
6. Agee, J.K. 1994. Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades. In: Hessburg, P.F., tech. ed. Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment: Volume III-Assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-320. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 52 p.
7. Alaback, P.B. 1982. Dynamics of understory biomass in Sitka spruce-western hemlock forests of southeast Alaska. Ecology. 63(6): 1932-1948.
8. Aldous, S.E. 1952. Deer browse clipping study in the Lake States Region. Journal of Wildlife Management. 16(4): 401-409.
9. Alexander, R.R. 1987. Ecology, silviculture, and management of the Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir type in the central and southern Rocky Mountains. Agric. Handb. 659. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 144 p.
10. Alexander, R.R.; Shearer, R.C.; Shepperd, W.D. 1984. Silvical characteristics of subalpine fir. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-115. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p.
11. Alexander, R.R.; Shepperd, W.D. 1984. Silvical characteristics of Engelmann spruce. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-114. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 38 p.
12. Alexander, R.R.; Shepperd, W.D. 1990. Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.: Engelmann spruce. In: Burns, R.M.; Honkala, B.H., tech. coords. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1: Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 187-203.
13. Alexander, R.R.; Tackle, D.; Dahms, W.G. 1967. Site indexes for lodgepole pine with corrections for stand density. Res. Pap. RM-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 18 p.
14. Allen, A.W. 1987. Habitat suitability index models: barred owl. Biol. Rep. 82 (10.143). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 17 p.
15. Aller, A.R. 1956. A taxonomic and ecological study of the flora of Monument Peak, Oregon. American Midland Naturalist. 56(2): 454-472.
16. Almack, J. 1986. Grizzly bear habitat use, food habits, and movements in the Selkirk Mountains, northern Idaho. In: Contreras, G.P.; Evans, K.E., comps. Proceedings: grizzly bear habitat symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 150-157.
17. Alt, D.D.; Hyndman, D.W. 1984. Roadside geology of Washington. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 282 p.
18. Anderson, H.G. 1969. Growth form and distribution of vine maple (Acer circinatum) on Marys Peak, western Oregon. Ecology. 50(1): 127-130.
19. Anthony, R.G.; Forsman, E.D.; Green, G.A. [et al.]. 1987. Small mammal populations in riparian zones of different-aged coniferous forests. Murrelet. 68: 94-102.
20. Antos, J.A.; Shearer, R.C. 1980. Vegetation development on disturbed grand fir sites, Swan Valley, northwestern Montana. Res. Pap. INT-251. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 26 p.
21. Argus, G.W. 2004. Personal communication. Willow taxonomist. RR 3-310 Haskings Rd., Merrickville, Ontario, Canada K0G IN0.
22. Arno, S.F. 1966. Interpreting the timberline: an aid to help park naturalists to acquaint visitors with the subalpine-alpine ecotone of western North America. San Francisco: Western Research Office, National Park Service; Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 206 p. M.S. thesis.
23. Arno, S.F. 1970. Ecology of alpine larch (Larix lyallii Parl.) in the Pacific Northwest. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 264 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
24. Arno, S.F. 1980. Forest fire history in the northern Rockies. Journal of Forestry. 78(8): 460-465.
25. Arno, S.F.; Davis, D.H. 1980. Fire history of western redcedar/hemlock forests in northern Idaho. In: Stokes, M.A.; Dieterich, J.H., tech. coord. Proceedings of the fire history workshop, Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 21-26.
26. Arno, S.F.; Hammerly, R.P. 1984. Northwest trees. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. 222 p.
27. Atzet, T.; Wheeler, D.L. 1982. Historical and ecological perspectives on fire activity in the Klamath Geological Province of the Rogue River and Siskiyou National Forests. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 16 p.
28. Atzet, T.; Wheeler, D.; Riegel, G. [et al]. 1984. The mountain hemlock and Shasta red fir series of the Siskiyou Region of southwest Oregon. FIR Report. 6(1): 4-7.
29. Bailey, A.W. 1966. Forest associations and secondary succession in the southern Oregon Coast Range. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 166 p. M.S. thesis.
30. Ball, J.P. 1984. Habitat selection and optimal foraging by mallards: a field experiment. Guelph, ON: University of Guelph. 44 p. M.S. thesis.
31. Banner, A.; Pojar, J.; Trowbridge, R.; Hamilton, A. 1986. Grizzly bear habitat in the Kimsquit River Valley, coastal British Columbia: classification, description, and mapping. In: Contreras, G.P.; Evans, K.E., comps. Proceedings: grizzly bear habitat symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 36-49.
32. Barber, W.H., Jr. 1976. An autecological study of salmonberry ( Rubus spectabilis Pursh) in western Washington. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 154 p. M.S. thesis.
33. Barnes, B.V. 1962. Insect-caused loss to western white pine cones. Res. Note 102. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 7 p.
34. Beals, E.W. 1966. Vegetation of cottonwood forests on Kodiak Island. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 80: 167-171.
35. Bernard, J.M. 1990. Life history and vegetative reproduction in Carex. Canadian Journal of Botany. 68(7): 1441-1448.
36. Beule, J.D. 1979. Control and management of cattails in southeastern Wisconsin wetlands. Tech. Bull. 112. Madison, WI: Department of Natural Resources. 40 p.
37. Bevins, C.D. 1984. Historical fire occurrence in aspen stands of the intermountain West. Missoula, MT: Systems for Environmental Management; [final report]; cooperative agreement 22-C-4-INT-31. 23 p.
38. Blanchard, B.M. 1980. Grizzly bear-habitat relationships in the Yellowstone area. International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 5: 118-123.
39. Bliss, L.C.; Grulke, N.E. 1988. Revegetation in the High Arctic: its role in reclamation of surface disturbance. In: Kershaw, P., ed. Northern environmental disturbances. Occas. Publ. 24. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta, Boreal Institute for Northern Studies: 43-55.
40. Boggs, K.; Hansen, P.; Pfister, R.; Joy, J. 1990. Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in northwestern Montana. Draft version 1. 217 p. Unpublished document. On file with: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana Riparian Association, Missoula, MT 59812.
41. Bonnewell, V.; Koukkari, W.L.; Pratt, D.C. 1983. Light, oxygen, and temperature requirements for Typha latifolia seed germination. Canadian Journal of Botany. 61: 1330-1336.
42. Braumandl, T.F.; Curran, M.P., eds. 1992. A field guide for site identification and interpretation for the Nelson Forest Region. Nelson, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Nelson Forest Region. 311 p.
43. Brickell, J.E. 1970. Equation and computer subroutines for estimating site quality of eight Rocky Mountain species. Res. Pap. INT-75. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 35 p.
44. Brinkman, K.A. 1974. Cornus L. dogwood. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech. coord. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 336-342.
45. Brinkman, K.A.; Roe, E.I. 1975. Quaking aspen: silvics and management in the Lake States. Agric. Handb. 486. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 52 p.
46. Brockway, D.G.; Topik, C.; Hemstrom, M.A.; Emmingham, W.H. 1983. Plant association and management guide for the Pacific silver fir zone, Gifford Pinchot NF. R6 Ecol 130-1983. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 76 p.
47. Brown, D.E.; Lowe, C.H.; Hausler, J.F. 1977. Southwestern riparian communities: their biotic importance and management in Arizona. In: Johnson, R.R.; Jones, D.A., tech. coords. Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: symposium proceedings. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 201-211.
48. Brown, E.R. 1961. The black-tailed deer of western Washington. Biological Bull. 13. [Place of publication unknown]: Washington State Game Commission. 124 p.
49. Brown, J.K.; DeByle, N.V. 1987. Fire damage, mortality, and suckering in aspen. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 17: 1100-1109.
50. Brunsfeld, S.; Johnson, F.D. 1985. Field guide to the willows of east-central Idaho. Bull. 39. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho, Forest, Wildlife, and Range Experiment Station. 95 p.
51. Burchfiel, B.C.; Cowan, D.S.; Davis, G.A. 1992. Tectonic overview of the Cordilleran orogen in the western United States. In: Burchfiel, B.C.; Lipman, P.W.; Zoback, M.L., eds. The Cordilleran orogen: conterminous U.S.-the geology of North America. Boulder, CO: The Geological Society of America, Inc.: 407-480. Vol. G-3.
52. Burns, R.M.; Honkala, B.H., tech. coords. 1990. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2: Hardwoods. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 877 p.
53. Campbell, A.G.; Franklin, J.F. 1979. Riparian vegetation in Oregon's western Cascade mountains: composition, biomass, and autumn phenology. Bull. 14. Seattle, WA: U.S. International Biological Program, University of Washington, Ecosystem Analysis Studies, Coniferous Forest Biome. 90 p.
54. Carlson, C.E.; Fellin, D.G.; Schmidt, W.C. 1983. The western spruce budworm in northern Rocky Mountain forests: a review of ecology, past insecticidal treatments and silvicultural practices. In: O'Loughlin, J.; Pfister, R.D., eds. Management of second-growth forests: the state of knowledge and research needs: Proceedings of a symposium. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station: 76-103.
55. Carson, R.G.; Edgerton, P.J. 1989. Creating riparian wildlife habitat along a Columbia River impoundment in north-central Washington. In: Wallace, A.; McArthur, E.D.; Haferkamp, M.R., comp. Proceedings: symposium on shrub ecophysiology and biotechnology. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-256. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 64-69.
56. Chan, F.J.; Wong, R.M. 1989. Reestablishment of native riparian species at an altered high elevation site. In: Abell, D.L., tech. coord. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 428-435.
57. Chapin, F.S., III; Slack, M. 1979. Effect of defoliation upon root growth, phosphate absorption and respiration in nutrient-limited tundra graminoids. Oecologia. 42: 67-79.
58. Chmelar, J. 1974. Propagation of willows by cuttings. New Zealand Journal of Forest Science. 4(2): 185-190.
59. Clausnitzer, R.R. 1998. Personal communication. Forest botanist/ecologist. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1240 S Second Ave., Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forests, Okanogan, WA 98840.
60. Clausnitzer, R.R.; Zamora, B.A. 1987. Forest habitat types of the Colville Indian Reservation. Publ. MISC0110. [Pullman, WA]: Washington State University, Agriculture Research Center. 110 p.
61. Clendenen, C.W. 1977. Base-age conversion and site index equations for Engelmann spruce stands in the central and southern Rocky Mountains. Res. Note INT-223. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 6 p.
62. Cochran, P.H. 1979. Site index and height growth curves for managed, even-aged stands of white or grand fir east of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington. Res. Pap. PNW-252. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 13 p.
63. Cole, D.N. 1985. Recreational trampling effects on six habitat types in western Montana. Res. Pap. INT-350. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 43 p.
64. Cole, D.N. 1986. Ecological changes on campsites in the Eagle Cap Wilderness, 1979 to 1984. Res. Pap. INT-368. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 15 p.
65. Cole, D.N. 1989. Low-impact recreational practices for wilderness and backcountry. Res. Pap. INT-265. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 131 p.
66. Cole, D.N. 1993. Trampling effects on mountain vegetation in Washington, Colorado, New Hampshire, and North Carolina. Res. Pap. INT-464. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 56 p.
67. Conn, J.S.; Farris, M.L. 1987. Seed viability and dormancy of 17 weed species after 21 months in Alaska. Weed Science. 35: 524-529.
68. Connolly-McCarthy, B.J.; Grigal, D.F. 1985. Biomass of shrub-dominated wetlands in Minnesota. Forest Science. 31(4): 1011-1017.
69. Conway, V.M. 1949. The bogs of central Minnesota. Ecological Monographs. 19(2): 173-206.
70. Cooper, S.V.; Lesica, P.; Page-Dumroese, D. 1997. Plant community classification for alpine vegetation on the Beaverhead National Forest, Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-362. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 61 p.
71. Cooper, S.V.; Neiman, K.E.; Steele, R.; Roberts, D.W. 1991. Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: a second approximation. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-236. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 143 p.
72. Core, E.L. 1974. Brambles. In: Gill, J.D.; Healy, W.M., comps. Shrubs and vines for northeastern wildlife. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-9. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 16-19.
73. Correll, D.S. 1956. Ferns and fern allies of Texas. Renner, TX: Texas Research Foundation. 188 p.
74. Cowan, I.M. 1945. The ecological relationships of the food of the Columbian black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (Richardson), in the c. forest region southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Ecological Monographs. 15(2): 110-139.
75. Cowardin, L.M.; Carter, V.; Golet, F.C.; LaRoe, E.T. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services. 131 p.
76. Crane, M.F. 1982. Fire ecology of Rocky Mountain region forest habitat types. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]; final report, agreement 43-83X9-1-884. Submitted to: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Lab, 5775 West Hwy 10, Missoula, MT 59807.
77. Crane, M.F. 1991. Abies grandis. In: The fire effects information system [database]. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory.
78. Crane, M.F.; Fischer, W.C. 1986. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of central Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-218. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 85 p.
79. Crawford, R.C. 2003. A riparian vegetation classification of the Columbia basin, Washington. [Place of publication unknown]: Washington Natural Heritage Program, Washington Department of Natural Resources. 119 p.
80. Crouch, G.L. 1985. Effects of clearcutting a subalpine forest in central Colorado on wildlife habitat. Res. Pap. RM-258. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 12 p.
81. Crowe, E.A.; Clausnitzer, R.R. 1997. Mid-montane wetland plant associations of the Malheur, Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests. Tech. Pap. R6-NR-ECOL-TP-22-97. [Portland, OR]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. [Pages unknown].
82. Dahlgren, J.; Frylestam, B. 1984. Die niederwildforschung in Schweden: derzeitige ergebnisse. In: Das freilebende tier als indikator fuer den funktionszustand der umwelt (Onderscheka K): 267-279.
83. Daubenmire, R. 1954. Alpine timberlines in the Americas and their interpretation. Butler University Botanical Studies 11: 119-136, illus.
84. Daubenmire, R. 1970. Steppe vegetation of Washington. Tech. Bull. 62. [Place of publication unknown]: Washington Agriculture Experiment Station. 131 p., illus.
85. Daubenmire, R. 1976. The use of vegetation in assessing the productivity of forest lands. Botanical Review. 42(2): 115-143.264.
86. Daubenmire, R.; Daubenmire, J. 1968. Forest vegetation of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Tech. Bull. 60. Pullman, WA: Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. 104 p.
87. Davis, C.E. 2000. Landtype associations of north central Washington-preliminary report. Wenatchee, WA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Wenatchee National Forest. 98 p.
88. Davis, K.M.; Clayton, B.D.; Fischer, W.C. 1980. Fire ecology of Lolo National Forest habitat types. INT-79. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 77 p.
89. Dayton, W.A. 1931. Important western browse plants. Misc. Publ. 101. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 214 p.
90. Dayton, W.A. 1960. Notes on western range forbs: Equisetaceae through Fumariaceae. Agric. Handb. 161. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 254 p.
91. DeBenedetti, S.H.; Parsons, D.J. 1979. Natural fire in subalpine meadows: a case description from the Sierra Nevada. Journal of Forestry. 77(8): 477-479.
92. DeByle, N.V. 1981. Songbird populations and clearcut harvesting of aspen in northern Utah. Res. Note INT-302. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 7 p.
93. DeByle, N.V. 1985. Wildlife. In: DeByle, N.V.; Winokur, R.P., eds. Aspen: ecology and management in the Western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-119. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 135-152.
94. DeMeo, T. 1989. Preliminary forest plant association management guide: Ketchikan area, Tongass National Forest. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 164 p.
95. Diaz, N.M.; High, C.T.; Mellen, T.K. [et al.]. 1997. Plant association and management guide for the mountain hemlock zone. Gifford Pinchot and Mount Hood National Forests. R6-MTH-GP-TP-08-95. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 111 p.
96. Diaz, N.M.; Mellen, T.K. 1996. Riparian ecological types: Gifford Pinchot and Mount Hood National Forests, Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. R6-NR-TP-10-96. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 203 p.
97. Dickman, A.; Cook, S. 1989. Fire and fungus in a mountain hemlock forest. Canadian Journal of Botany. 67(7): 2005-2016.
98. Dickmann, D.I.; Stuart, K.W. 1983. The culture of poplars in eastern North America. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, Department of Forestry. 168 p.
99. Dittberner, P.L.; Olson, M.R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) database: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p.
100. Doran, W.L. 1957. Propagation of woody plants by cuttings. Experiment Station Bull. 491. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts, College of Agriculture. 99 p.
101. Dorn, R.D. 1976. A synopsis of American Salix. Canadian Journal of Botany. 54: 2769-2789.
102. Douglas, D.C.; Ratti, J.T. 1984. Avian habitat associations in riparian zones of the Centennial Mountains and surrounding areas, Idaho. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Department of Zoology, Wildlife Biology. 125 p.
103. Duckett, J.G.; Duckett, A.R. 1980. Reproductive biology and population dynamics of wild gametophytes of Equisetum. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 80: 1-40.
104. Dyrness, C.T. 1973. Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon. Ecology. 54(1): 57-69.
105. Edminster, C.B.; Mowrer, H.T.; Shepperd, W.D. 1985. Site index curves for aspen in the central Rocky Mountains. Res. Note RM-453. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 4 p.
106. Edwards, D.G.W.; Leadem, C.L. 1988. The reproductive biology of western redcedar with some observations on nursery production and prospects for seed orchards. In: Smith, N.J., ed. Western redcedar-does it have a future? Proceedings of a conference. [Place of publication unknown]: University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry: 102-113.
107. Einarsen, A.S. 1946. Management of black-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management. 10(1): 54-59.
108. Einspahr, D.W.; Winton, L.L. 1976. Genetics of quaking aspen. Res. Pap. WO-25. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 23 p.
109. Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Wetlands Research Program Tech. Rep. Y-87-1. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 143 p.
110. Eyde, R.H. 1988. Comprehending Cornus: puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. Botanical Review. 54(3): 233-351.
111. Faust, M.E. 1936. Germination of Populus grandidentata and P. tremuloides, with particular reference to oxygen consumption. Botanical Gazette. 97: 808-821.
112. Fechner, G.H.; Barrows, J.S. 1976. Aspen stands as wildfire fuel breaks. Eisenhower Consortium Bulletin 4. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 26 p. In cooperation with: Eisenhower Consortium for Western Environmental Forestry Research.
113. Federal Interagency Committee for Wetland Delineation. 1989. Federal manual for identifying and delineating jurisdictional wetlands. Cooperative Tech. Publ. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 79 p.
114. Fernald, M.L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections supplied by R.C. Rollins]. In: Dudley, T.R., ed. Biosystematics: floristic and phylogeny series. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p. Vol. 2.
115. Fiedler, C.E.; McCaughey, W.W.; Schmidt, W.C. 1985. Natural regeneration in Intermountain spruce-fir forests-a gradual process. Res. Pap. INT-343. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 12 p.
116. Fischer, W.C.; Bradley, A.F. 1987. Fire ecology of western Montana forest habitat types. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-223. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 95 p.
117. Fischer, W.C.; Miller, M.; Johnston, C.M. [et al.]. 1996. Fire effects information system: user's guide. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-327. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 43 p.
118. Flanagan, P.W. 1995. Personal communication. Entomologist. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1133 N Western, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA 98801.
119. Flanagan, P.W. [et al.], eds. 1986. Forest ecosystems in the Alaska taiga: a synthesis of structure and function. New York: Springer-Verlag: 44-73.
120. Foiles, M.W.; Graham, R.T., Olson, D.F., Jr. 1990. Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. grand fir. In: Burns, R.M.; Honkala, B.H., tech. coords. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1: Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 52-59.
121. Foote, M.J. 1983. Classification, description, and dynamics of plant communities after fire in the taiga of interior Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-307. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 108 p.
122. Fowells, H.A., comp. 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United States. Agric. Handb. 271. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 762 p.
123. Franklin, J.F. 1968. Cone production by upper slope conifers. Res. Pap. PNW-60. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 21 p.
124. Franklin, J.F.; Dyrness, C.T. 1969. Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Res. Pap. PNW-80. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 216 p., illus.
125. Franklin, J.F.; Dyrness, C.T. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 417 p.
126. Franklin, J.F.; Moir, W.H.; Hemstrom, M.A.; Green, S.E.; Smith, B.G. 1988. The forest communities of Mount Rainier National Park. Monograph Series 19. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 194 p.
127. Frisina, M.R. 1991. Cows?!! On riparian areas?!! In: Proceedings of the riparian workshop. Laramie, WY: Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. 151 p.
128. Furlow, J.J. 1979. The systematics of the American species of Alnus (Betulaceae): Part 1. Rhodora. 81(825): 1-121.
129. Garrison, G.A.; Bjugstad, A.J.; Duncan, D.A. [et al.]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p.
130. Garrison, G.A.; Skovlin, J.M.; Poulton, C.E.; Winward, A.H. 1976. Northwest range plant names and symbols for ecosystem inventory and analysis. 4th ed. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-46. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 263 p.
131. Gartner, B.L.; Chapin, F.S., III; Shaver, G.R. 1983. Demographic patterns of seedling establishment and growth of native graminoids in an Alaskan tundra disturbance. Journal of Applied Ecology. 20: 965-980.
132. Gartner, B.L.; Chapin, F.S., III; Shaver, G.R. 1986. Reproduction of Eriophorum vaginatum by seed in Alaskan tussock tundra. Journal of Ecology. 74: 1-18.
133. Gehring, J.L.; Linhart, Y.B. 1992. Population structure and genetic differentiation in native and introduced populations of Deschampsia caespitosa (Poaceae) in the Colorado alpine. American Journal of Botany. 79(12): 1337-1343.
134. Gleason, H.A.; Cronquist, A. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. 810 p.
135. Gleason, H.A.; Cronquist, A. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York: New York Botanical Garden. 910 p.
136. Godfrey, R.K.; Wooten, J.W. 1979. Aquatic and wetland plants of Southeastern United States: monocotyledons. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press. 712 p.
137. Gordon, N.D.; McMahon, T.A.; Finlayson, B.L. 1992. Stream hydrology: an introduction for ecologists. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons. 526 p.
138. Gorenzel, W.P.; Ryder, R.A.; Braun, C.E. 1981. American coot response to habitat change on a Colorado marsh. Southwestern Naturalist. 26(1): 59-65.
139. Grace, J.B.; Harrison, J.S. 1986. The biology of Canadian weeds. 73. Typha latifolia L., Typha angustifolia L. and Typha glauca Godr. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 66: 361-379.
140. Grace, J.B.; Wetzel, R.G. 1981. Habitat partitioning and competitive displacement in cattails (Typha): experimental field studies. American Naturalist. 118(4): 463-474.
141. Graham, R.T.; Mahoney, R.L.; Ferguson, D.E. 1988. Regeneration and early growth of western redcedar in the northern Rocky Mountains. In: Smith, N.J., ed. Conference proceedings. [Place of publication unknown]: University of British Columbia: 33-38.
142. Grant, S.A.; Torvell, L.; Smith, H.K. [et al.]. 1987. Comparative studies of diet selection by sheep and cattle: blanket bog and heather moor. Journal of Ecology. 75: 947-960.
143. Griffin, J.R. 1980. Sprouting in fire-damaged valley oaks, Chews Ridge, California. In: Plumb, T.R., tech. coord. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-44. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 216-219.
144. Gruell, G.E.; Loope, L.L. 1974. Relationships among aspen, fire, and ungulate browsing in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Lakewood, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Region. 33 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region.
145. Gullion, G.W. 1964. Wildlife uses of Nevada plants. Contributions toward a flora of Nevada No. 49. Beltsville, MD: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Arboretum Crops Research Division. 170 p.
146. Habeck, J.R. 1963. The composition of several climax forest communities in the Lake McDonald area of Glacier National Park. Proceedings of the Montana Academy of Sciences. 23: 37-44.
147. Habeck, J.R.; Mutch, R.W. 1973. Fire-dependent forests in the northern Rocky Mountains. Quaternary Research. 3: 408-424.
148. Hadfield, J. 1995. Personal communication. Plant pathologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1133 N Western, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA 98801.
149. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Rep. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p.
150. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D.; Mather, J. 1990. Autecology of common plants in British Columbia: literature review. Economic and Regional Development Agreement FRDA Rep. 158. Victoria, BC: Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre; British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research Branch. 272 p.
151. Haig, I.T. 1932. Second-growth yield, stand, and volume tables for the western white pine type. Tech. Bull. 323. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 68 p.
152. Hall, F.C. 1973. Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. Area guide 3-1. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 62 p.
153. Hall, F.C. 1983. Ecology of grand fir. In: Oliver, C.D.; Kenady, R.M., eds. Proceedings of the biology and management of true fir in the Pacific Northwest symposium. Contribution 45. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, College of Forest Resources: 43-52.
154. Hanley, T.A.; McKendrick, J.D. 1983. Seasonal changes in chemical composition and nutritive values of native forages in a spruce-hemlock forest, southeastern Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-312. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and
155. Hansen, D.J. 1989. Reclamation and erosion control using shrubs. In: McKell, C.M., ed. The biology and utilization of shrubs. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.: 459-478. Chapter 21.
156. Hansen, P.L.; Boggs, K.; Cook, B.J. [et al.]. 1995. Classification and management of Montana's riparian and wetlands sites. Misc. Publ. 54. Missoula, MT: Montana Riparian Association. 646 p.
157. Hansen, P.L.; Chadde, S.W.; Pfister, R.D. 1988. Riparian dominance types of Montana. Misc. Publ. 49. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 411 p.
158. Hanson, W.A. 1979. Preliminary results of the Bear Creek fire effects studies. 83 p. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 6881 Abbott Loop Rd., Anchorage Field Office, Anchorage, AK 99507.
159. Harcombe, A.; Pendergast, B.; Petch, B.; Janz, D. 1983. Elk habitat management: Salmon River valley. MOE Working Rep. 1. 83-05-10. Victoria, BC: Ministry of the Environment. 83 p.
160. Hardy BBT Limited. 1989. Manual of plant species suitability for reclamation in Alberta. 2nd ed. Report RRTAC 89-4. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Land Conservation and Reclamation Council. 436 p.
161. Harrington, C.A.; Deal, R.L. 1982. Sitka alder, a candidate for mixed stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 12(1): 108-111.
162. Harris, S.W.; Marshall, W.H. 1963. Ecology of water-level manipulations on a northern marsh. Ecology. 44(2): 331-343.
163. Hathaway, R.L. 1987. Willows for the future. [Place of publication unknown]: New Zealand Soil Conservation Centre 53.4 p.
164. Hawkes, B.C.; Feller, M.C.; Meehan, D. 1990. Site preparation: fire. In: Lavender, D.P.; Parish, R.; Johnson, C.M. [et al.], eds. Regenerating British Columbia's forests. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press: 131-149.
165. Hayes, D.W.; Garrison, G.A. 1960. Key to important woody plants of eastern Oregon and Washington. Agric. Handb. 148. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 227 p.
166. Healy, W.M.; Gill, J.D. 1974. Alders. In: Gill, J.D.; Healy, W.M., comps. Shrubs and vines for northeastern wildlife. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-9. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 6-9.
167. Hegyi, F.; Jelinek, J.J.; Viszlai, J.; Carpenter, D.B. 1981. Site index equation and curves for the major tree species in British Columbia. Forest Inventory Rep. 1. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 44 p.
168. Hemstrom, M.A.; Franklin, J.F. 1982. Fire and other disturbances of the forests in Mount Rainier National Park. Quaternary Research. 18: 32-51.
169. Hemstrom, M.A.; Halverson, N.M.; Logan, S.E.; Topik, C. 1982. Plant association and management guide for the Pacific silver fir zone, Mount Hood and Willamette National Forests. R6-ECOL-1982a. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 104 p.
170. Hemstrom, M.A.; Logan, S.E.; Pavlat, W. 1987. Plant association and management guide: Willamette National Forest. R6-ECOL 257-B-86. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 312 p.
171. Henderson, J. 1998. Personal communication. Area ecologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 21905 64th Ave., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043.
172. Henderson, J.A. 1973. Composition, distribution and succession of subalpine meadows in Mount Rainer National Park, Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 150 p., illus. M.S. thesis.
173. Henderson, J.A.; Lesher, R.D.; Peter, D.H.; Shaw, D.C. 1992. Field guide to the forested plant associations of the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. R6-ECOL-TP-028-91. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 196 p.
174. Henderson, J.A.; Peter, D. 1982. Preliminary plant associations and habitat types of the Snoqualmie and adjacent Skykomish River drainages, Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. 87 p. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 21905 64th Ave., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043.
175. Henderson, J.A.; Peter, D.H.; Lesher, R.D.; Shaw, D.C. 1989. Forested plant associations of the Olympic National Forest. R6-ECOL-TP-001-88. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 502 p.
176. Herman, F.R.; Curtis, R.O.; DeMars, D.J. 1978. Height growth and site index estimated for noble fir in high elevation forests of the Oregon and Washington Cascades. Res. Pap. PNW-243. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. [Pages unknown].
177. Hessburg, P.F. 1995. Personal communication. Research plant pathologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1133 N. Western, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA 98801.
178. Hessburg, P.F.; Mitchell, R.G.; Filip, G.M. 1994. Historical and current roles of insects and pathogens in eastern Oregon and Washington forested landscapes. In: Hessburg, P.F., tech. ed. Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment: Volume III-assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-327. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 72 p.
179. Hill, M.O. 1979a. DECORANA-A FORTRAN program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
180. Hill, M.O. 1979b. TWINSPAN-A FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of the individuals and attributes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
181. Hines, W.W. 1973. Black-tailed deer populations and Douglas-fir reforestation in the Tillamook Burn, Oregon. Game Research Report 3. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Game Commission; final report; Federal Aid to Wildlife. Restoration Project W-51-R. 59 p.
182. Hines, W.W.; Land, C.E. 1974. Black-tailed deer and Douglas-fir regeneration in the Coast Range of Oregon. In: Black, H.C., ed. Wildlife and forest management in the Pacific Northwest: Proceedings of a symposium. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, School of Forestry, Forest Research Laboratory: 121-132.
183. Hitchcock, C.L.; Cronquist, A. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p.
184. Hoffman, G.R. 1960. The small mammal components of six climax plant associations in eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Ecology. 41(3): 571-572.
185. Holland, R.F. 1986. Preliminary descriptions of the terrestrial natural communities of California. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Fish and Game. 156 p.
186. Horton, R.E. 1945. Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 56: 275-370.
187. Houston, C.S.; Scott, F. 1992. The effect of man-made platforms on osprey reproduction at Loon Lake, Saskatchewan. Journal of Raptor Research. 26(3): 152-158.
188. Hoyer, G.E.; Herman, F.R. 1989. Height-age curves for Pacific silver fir in the Pacific Northwest. Res. Pap. RP-418. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p.
189. Hubbard, W.A. 1950. The climate, soils, and soil-plant relationships of an area in southwestern Saskatchewan. Scientific Agriculture. 30(8): 327-342.
190. Hungerford, R.D. 1986. Vegetation response to stand cultural operations on small stem lodgepole pine stands in Montana. In: Weed control for forest productivity in the interior West: Proceedings of a conference. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Cooperative Extension: 63-71.
191. Ingram, D.C. 1931. Vegetative changes and grazing use on Douglas-fir cut-over land. Journal of Agricultural Research. 43(5): 387-417.
192. Jenkins, K.J.; Starkey, E.E. 1991. Food habits of Roosevelt elk. Rangelands. 13(6): 261-265.
193. John, T.; Tart, D.; Clausnitzer, R. 1988. Forest plant associations of the Yakima Indian Reservation. 141 p. Unpublished document. On file with: Yakama Indian Nation Tribal Office, Natural Resource Department, Fort Road, Toppenish, WA 98948.
194. Johnson, C.G.; Clausnitzer, R.R. 1992. Plant associations of the Blue and Ochoco Mountains. R6-ERW-TP-036-92. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 208 p.
195. Johnson, C.G., Jr.; Simon, S.A. 1987. Plant associations of the Wallowa-Snake Province: Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. R6-ECOL-TP-255A-86. Baker, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. 399 p.
196. Johnson, D. 1968. Taxonomy and distribution of northwestern alders. In: Trappe, J.M.; Franklin, J.F.; Tarrant, R.F.; Hansen, G.M., eds, Biology of alder: proceedings of a conference. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 9-22.
197. Jones, J.R.; DeByle, N.V. 1985. Fire. In: DeByle, N.V.; Winokur, R.P., eds. Aspen: ecology and management in the Western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-119. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 77-81.
198. Jordan, J.S.; Rushmore, F.M. 1969. Animal damage to birch. In: The birch symposium: Proceedings. Res. Pap. NE-146. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 155-163.
199. Jourdonnais, C.S.; Bedunah, D.J. 1990. Prescribed fire and cattle grazing on an elk winter range in Montana. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 18(3): 232-240.
200. Kantrud, H.A. 1990. Effects of vegetation manipulation on breeding waterfowl in prairie wetlands-a literature review. In: Severson, K.E., tech. coord. Can livestock be used as a tool to enhance wildlife habitat? Proceedings, 43rd annual meeting of the Society for Range Management. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-194. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 93-123.
201. Kauffman, J.B.; Krueger, W.C.; Vavra, M. 1985. Ecology and plant communities of the riparian areas associated with Catherine Creek in northeastern Oregon. Tech. Bull. 147. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 35 p.
202. Kay, C.E. 1993. Aspen seedlings in recently burned areas of Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks. Northwest Science. 67(2): 94-104.
203. Kennedy, H.E., Jr. 1985. Cottonwood: an American wood. FS-231. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 8 p.
204. Kirkpatrick, R.E.B.; Soltis, P.S.; Soltis, D.E. 1990. Mating system and distribution of genetic variation in Gymnocarpium dryopteris ssp. disjunctum. American Journal of Botany. 77(8): 1101-1110.
205. Klinka, K.; Green, R.N.; Courtin, P.J.; Nuszdorfer, F.C. 1984. Site diagnosis, tree species selection, and slash-burning guidelines for the Vancouver Forest Region, British Columbia. Land Mgmt. Rep. 25. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p.
206. Klinka, K.; Scagel, A.M.; Courtin, P.J. 1985. Vegetation relationships among some seral ecosystems in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forestry. 15: 561-569.
207. Knight, R.R.; Blanchard, B.M. 1983. Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: annual report of the Interagency Study Team: 1982. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 45 p.
208. Knowlton, F.F. 1960. Food habits, movements and populations of moose in the Gravelly Mountains, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management. 24(2): 162-170.
209. Komarkova, V. 1986. Habitat types on selected parts of the Gunnison and Uncompahgre National Forests. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; final report; contract 28-K2-234. 270 p.
210. Kovalchik, B.L. 1987. Riparian zone associations: Deschutes, Ochoco, Fremont, and Winema National Forests. R6 ECOL TP-279-87. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 171 p.
211. Kovalchik, B.L. 1990. Insect pests of willows. 1 p. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Colville National Forest, 765 S Main Street, Colville, WA 99114.
212. Kovalchik, B.L. 1991a. First record of the real Carex rostrata in Washington. Douglasia. XV(3): 3-4.
213. Kovalchik, B.L. 1991b. Growth and yield of willows in central Oregon compared to reports in world literature. In: Clary, W.P.; McArthur, E.D.; Bedunah, D.; Wambolt, C.L., comps. Ecology and management of riparian shrub communities: symposium proceedings. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-289. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 83-88.
214. Kovalchik, B.L. 1992a. Natural and artificial establishment of willows (Salix) in central Oregon. 17 p. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Colville National Forest, 765 S Main Street, Colville, WA 99114.
215. Kovalchik, B.L. 1992b. Noteworthy collections: Washington. Madrono. 39(1): 80-81.
216. Kovalchik, B.L. 1992c. Riparian plant associations on the national forests of eastern Washington. Version 1. 203 p. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Colville National Forest, 765 S Main Street, Colville, WA 99114.
217. Kovalchik, B.L.; Chitwood, L.A. 1990. Use of geomorphology in the classification of riparian plant associations in mountainous landscapes of central Oregon, U.S.A. Forest Ecology and Management. 33/34: 405-418.
218. Kovalchik, B.L.; Elmore, W. 1991. Effects of cattle grazing systems on willow-dominated plant associations in central Oregon. In: Clary, W.P.; McArthur, E.D.; Bedunah, D.; Wambolt, C.L., comps. Ecology and management of riparian shrub communities: symposium proceedings. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-289. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 111-119.
219. Kovalchik, B.L.; Hopkins, W.E.; Brunsfeld, S.J. 1988. Major indicator shrubs and herbs in riparian zones on national forests of central Oregon. R6-ECOL-TP-005-88. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 159 p.
220. Krasowski, M.J.; Owens, J.N. 1991. Growth and morphology of western redcedar seedlings as affected by photoperiod and moisture stress. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21(3): 340-352.
221. Kuchler, A.W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Spec. Publ. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p.
222. Kufeld, R.C. 1973. Foods eaten by the Rocky Mountain elk. Journal of Range Management. 26(2): 106-113.
223. Kufeld, R.C.; Wallmo, O.C.; Feddema, C. 1973. Foods of the Rocky Mountain mule deer. Res. Pap. RM-111. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 31 p.
224. Landis, T.D.; Simonich, E.J. 1984. Producing native plants as container seedlings. In: The challenge of producing native plants for the intermountain area. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-168. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 1-25.
225. Lane, R.D. 1959. Managing young stands for quality production. In: What's known about managing eastern white pine. Sta. Pap. 121. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 45-55.
226. Lanner, R.M. 1983. Trees of the Great Basin: natural history. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. 215 p.
227. Lawrence, D.B. 1958. Glaciers and vegetation in southeastern Alaska. American Scientist. 46: 89-122.
228. Layser, E.F. 1978. Grizzly bears in the southern Selkirk Mountains. Northwest Science. 52(2): 77-91.
229. Leege, T.A. 1968. Prescribed burning for elk in northern Idaho. In: Proceedings, annual Tall Timbers fire ecology conference No. 8. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 235-253.
230. Leininger, W.C.; Sharrow, S.H. 1987. Seasonal diets of herded sheep grazing Douglas-fir plantations. Journal of Range Management. 40(6): 551-555.
231. Leopold, L.B.; Wolman, M.G.; Miller, J.P. 1964. Fluvial processes in geomorphology. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman Co. 511 p.
232. Lillybridge, T.R. 1998. Personal communication. Forest ecologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 215 Melody Lane, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forests, Wenatchee, WA 98801.
233. Lillybridge, T.R.; Kovalchik, B.L.; Williams, C.K.; Smith, B.G. 1995. Forested plant associations of the Wenatchee National Forest. 352 p. Unpublished report. On file with: Wenatchee National Forest, 215 Melody Lane, Wenatchee, WA 98801.
234. Lines, I.L., Jr.; Carlson, J.R.; Corthell, R.A. 1979. Repairing flood-damaged streams in the Pacific Northwest. In: Johnson, R.R.; McCormick, J.F., tech. coord. Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems: Proceedings of a symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-12. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 195-200.
235. Little, E.L., Jr. 1971. Atlas of the United States trees. 1: Conifers and important hardwoods. Misc. Publ. 1146. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 272 p. Vol. 1.
236. Lloyd, D.; Angove, K.; Hope, G.; Thompson, C. 1990. A guide to site identification and interpretation for the Kamloops Forest Region. Handb. No. 23. Kamloops, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Kamloops Forest Region. 399 p.
237. Long, J.N. 1977. Trends in plant species diversity associated with development in a series of Pseudotsuga menziesii/Gaultheria shallon stands. Northwest Science. 51(2): 119-130.
238. Loope, L.L.; Gruell, G.E. 1973. The ecological role of fire in the Jackson Hole area, northwestern Wyoming. Quaternary Research. 3: 425-443.
239. Lotspeich, F.B. 1980. Watersheds as the basic ecosystem: this conceptual framework provides a basis for a natural classification system. Water Resources Bull. [Place of publication unknown]: American Water Resources Association. 16(4): 581-586.
240. Lutz, H.J. 1956. Ecological effects of forest fires in the interior of Alaska. Tech. Bull. 1133. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 121 p.
241. Lyon, L.J.; Stickney, P.F. 1976. Early vegetal succession following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council fire and land management symposium. No. 14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373.
242. MacDonald, S.E.; Lieffers, V.J. 1991. Population variation, outcrossing, and colonization of disturbed areas by Calamagrostis canadensis: evidence from allozyme analysis. American Journal of Botany. 78(8): 1123-1129.
243. MacKinnon, A.; Pojar, J.; Coupe, R. 1992. Plants of northern British Columbia. [Place of publication unknown]: Lone Pine Publishing. 345 p.
244. Manning, M.E.; Padgett, W.G. 1995. Riparian community type classification for Humboldt and Toiyabe National Forests, Nevada and eastern California. R4-ECOL-95-01. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 306 p.
245. Marshall, G. 1984. A review of the biology of Equisetum arvense L. (field horsetail). Aspects of Applied Biology. 8: 25-32.
246. Martin, A.C.; Erickson, R.C.; Steenis, J.H. 1957. Improving duck marshes by weed control. Rev. Circular 19. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. 60 p.
247. Martin, A.C.; Zim, H.S.; Nelson, A.L. 1951. American wildlife and plants. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 500 p.
248. Mauk, RL.; Henderson, J.A. 1984. Coniferous forest habitat types of northern Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-170. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 89 p.
249. Maxwell, J.R.; Edwards, C.J.; Jensen, M.E. [et al.]. 1995. A hierarchical framework of aquatic ecological units in North America (Nearctic Zone). Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-176. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest and Range Experiment Station. 72 p.
250. McCaughey, W.W.; Schmidt, W.C.; Shearer, R.C. 1986. Seed-dispersal characteristics of conifers. In: Shearer, R.C., comp. Proceedings: conifer tree seed in the inland mountain West. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-203. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 50-62.
251. McClelland, B.R. 1980. Influences of harvesting and residue management on cavity-nesting birds. In: Environmental consequences of timber harvesting in Rocky Mountain coniferous forests: symposium proceedings. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-90. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 469-514.
252. McDonald, G.; Martin, N.; Harvey, A. 1987a. Armillaria in the northern Rockies: pathogenicity and host susceptibility on pristine and disturbed sites. Res. Note INT-371. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 5 p.
253. McDonald, G.; Martin, N.; Harvey, A. 1987b. Occurrence of Armillaria spp. in forests of the northern Rocky Mountains. Res. Note INT-381. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 5 p.
254. McDonald, P.M.; Minore, D.; Atzet, T. 1983. Southwestern Oregon-northern California hardwoods. In: Burns, R.M., comp. Silvicultural systems for the major forest types of the United States. Agric. Handb. 445. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture: 29-32.
255. McDonough, W.T. 1979. Quaking aspen-seed germination and early seedling growth. Res. Pap. INT-234. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 13 p.
256. McKendrick, J.D. 1987. Plant succession on disturbed sites, North Slope, Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research. 19(4): 554-565.
257. McNaughton, S.J. 1966. Ecotype function in the Typha community-type. Ecological Monographs. 36(4): 297-325.
258. McNaughton, S.J. 1968. Autotoxic feedback in relation to germination and seedling growth in Typha latifolia. Ecology. 49(2): 367-369.
259. Means, J.E. 1990. Tsuga mertensiana(Bong.) Carr. Mountain hemlock. In: Burns, R.M.; Honkala, B.H., tech. coords. Silvics of North America. 1: Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 623-634. Vol. 1.
260. Meidinger, D.; Pojar, J., eds. 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: B.C. Ministry of Forests. 330 p.
261. Meyer, W.H. 1961. Yield of even-aged stands of ponderosa pine. Tech. Bull. 630. [Place of publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 59 p.
262. Milberg, P. 1991. Fern spores in a grassland soil. Canadian Journal of Botany. 69: 831-834.
263. Minore, D. 1979. Comparative autecological characteristics of northwestern tree species: a literature review. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-87. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 72 p.
264. Minore, D. 1983. Western redcedar: a literature review. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-150. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 70 p.
265. Minore, D. 1990. Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don: western redcedar. In: Burns, R.M.; Honkala, B.H., tech. coords. Silvics of North America. 1: Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 590-600. Vol. 1.
266. Mitchell, G.E. 1950. Wildlife-forest relationships in the Pacific Northwest region. Journal of Forestry. 48: 26-30.
267. Mladenoff, D.J. 1990. The relationship of the soil seed bank and understory vegetation in old-growth northern hardwood-hemlock treefall gaps. Canadian Journal of Botany. 68: 2714-2721.
268. Monserud, R.A. 1985. Comparison of Douglas-fir site index and height growth curves in the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 15: 673-679.
269. Montgomery, D.R.; Buffington, J.M. 1993. Channel classification, prediction of channel response, and assessment of channel condition. TFW-SH10-93-002. [Place of publication unknown]: Washington State Department of Natural Resources; Washington State Fish and Wildlife Agreement. 84 p.
270. Munz, P.A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p.
271. Murkin, H.R.; Kaminski, R.M.; Titman, R.D. 1982. Responses by dabbling ducks and aquatic invertebrates to an experimentally manipulated cattail marsh. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 60: 2324-2332.
272. Myers, C.C.; Buchman, R.G. 1984. Manager's handbook for elm-ash-cottonwood in the North Central States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-98. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 11 p.
273. Oliver, C.D.; Adams, A.B.; Zasoski, R.J. 1985. Disturbance patterns and forest development in a recently deglaciated valley in the northwestern Cascade Range of Washington, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 15: 221-232.
274. Olson, D.F., Jr.; Gabriel, W.J. 1974. Acer L. maple. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech. coord. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 187-194.
275. Owens, J.N.; Molder, M. 1984. The reproductive cycles of western and mountain hemlock. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 32 p.
276. Packee, E.C. 1990. Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. western hemlock. In: Burns, R.M.; Honkala, B.H., tech. coords. Silvics of North America. 1: Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 613-622. Vol. 1.
277. Padgett, W.G.; Youngblood, A.P. 1986. Riparian community type classification of southern Utah. 57 p. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ecology and Classification Program.
278. Padgett, W.G.; Youngblood, A.P.; Winward, A.H. 1989. Riparian community type classification of Utah and southeastern Idaho. R4-ECOL-89-01. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 191 p.
279. Parish, R.; Coupe, R.; Lloyd, D. 1996. Plants of southern interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. 463 p.
280. Parminter, J. 1983. Fire history and fire ecology in the Prince Rupert Forest region. In: Trowbridge, R.L.; Macadam, A., eds. Prescribed fire-forest soils: symposium proceedings. Land Management Rep. 16. Victoria, BC: Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests: 1-35.
281. Pauls, R.W. 1986. Protection with vexar cylinders from damage by meadow voles of tree and shrub seedlings in northeastern Alberta. In: Salmon, T.P.; Marsh, R.E.; Beadle, D.E., eds. Proceedings: 12th vertebrate pest conference. Davis, CA: University of California: 199-204.
282. Peek, J.M. 1974. Initial response of moose to a forest fire in northeastern Minnesota. American Midland Naturalist. 91(2): 435-438.
283. Perala, D.A. 1990. Populus tremuloides Michx. quaking aspen. In: Burns, R.M.; Honkala, B.H., tech. coords. Silvics of North America: 2: Hardwoods. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 555-569. Vol. 2.
284. Perala, D.A.; Alm, A.A. 1990a. Regeneration silviculture of birch: a review. Forest Ecology and Management. 32: 39-77.
285. Perala, D.A.; Alm, A.A. 1990b. Reproductive ecology of birch: a review. Forest Ecology and Management. 32: 1-38.
286. Pfister, R.D.; Kovalchik, B.L.; Arno, S.F.; Presby, R.C. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 174 p.
287. Phillips, E.L.; Durkee, D.C. 1972. Washington climate for the counties Ferry, Pend Oreille, and Stevens. Bull. EM-3554. Pullman, WA: Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. 63 p.
288. Platts, W.S.; Armour, C.; Booth, C.D. [et al.]. 1987. Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to management. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-221. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 177 p.
289. Plummer, A.P. 1977. Revegetation of disturbed intermountain area sites. In: Thames, J.C., ed. Reclamation and use of disturbed lands of the Southwest. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press: 302-337.
290. Powelson, R.A.; Lieffers, V.J. 1991. Growth of dormant buds on severed rhizomes of Calamagrostis canadensis. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 71: 1093-1099.
291. Radwan, M.A.; Kraft, J.M.; DeBell, D.S. 1987. Bud characteristics of unrooted stem cuttings affect establishment success of cottonwood. PNW-461. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 8 p.
292. Ratliff, R.D. 1985. Meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California: state of knowledge. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-84. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 52 p.
293. Reader, R.J.; Stewart, J.M. 1972. The relationship between net primary production and accumulation for a peatland on southeastern Manitoba. Ecology. 53(6): 1025-1037.
294. Richmond, G.M.; Fryxell, R.; Neff, G.E.; Weis, P.L. 1965. The Cordilleran ice sheet of the northern Rocky Mountains, and related Quaternary history of the Columbia Plateau. In: [Wright, H.E., Jr.; Frey, D.G., eds.] The Quaternary of the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 231-242.
295. Ritter, D.F. 1978. Process geomorphology. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown Publishers. 579 p.
296. Roath, L.R.; Krueger, W.C. 1982. Cattle grazing influence on a mountain riparian zone. Journal of Range Management. 35(1): 100-103.
297. Roe, A.L. 1958. Silvics of black cottonwood. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 18 p.
298. Rogers, L.L. 1976. Effects of mast and berry crop failures on survival, growth, and reproductive success of black bears. Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference. 41: 431-438.
299. Rogers, L.L.; Applegate, R.D. 1983. Dispersal of fruit seeds by black bears. Journal of Mammology. 64(2): 310-311.
300. Rosgen, D.L. 1994. A classification of natural rivers. Catena. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, B.V. 22: 169-199.
301. Rosgen, D.L. 1996. Applied river morphology. Pagosa Springs, CO: Wildland Hydrology. 352 p.
302. Routledge, R.D. 1987. Rhizome architecture for dispersal in Eleocharis palustris. Canadian Journal of Botany. 65: 1218-1223.
303. Russel, D.W. 1974. The life history of vine maple on the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 167 p. M.S. thesis.
304. Ruth, R.H. 1974. Tsuga (Endl.) Carr. hemlock. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 819-827.
305. Ruth, R.H. 1976. Harvest cuttings and regeneration in young-growth western hemlock. In: Proceedings: managing young forests in the Douglas-fir region. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, School of Forestry: 41-74. Vol. 5.
306. Ryker, R.A. 1975. A survey of factors affecting regeneration of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir. Res. Pap. INT-174. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 19 p.
307. Safford, L.O. 1974. Picea A. Dietr. spruce. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 587-597.
308. Safford, L.O.; Bjorkbom, J.C.; Zasada, J.C. 1990. Betula papyrifera Marsh. paper birch. In: Burns, R.M.; Honkala, B.H., tech. coords. Silvics of North America. 2: Hardwoods. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 158-171. Vol. 2.
309. Sampson, A.W.; Jespersen, B.S. 1963. California range brushlands and browse plants. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, California Agricultural Experiment Station, Extension Service. 162 p.
310. Saunders, J.K., Jr. 1955. Food habits and range use of the Rocky Mountain goat in the Crazy Mountains, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management. 19(4): 429-437.
311. Schier, G.A. 1973. Seasonal variation in sucker production from excised roots of Populus tremuloides and the role of endogenous auxin. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 3(3): 459-461.
312. Schier, G.A.; Jones, J.R.; Winokur, R.P. 1985a. Vegetative regeneration. In: DeByle, N.V.; Winokur, R.P., eds. Aspen: ecology and management in the Western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-119. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 29-33.
313. Schier, G.A.; Shepperd, W.D.; Jones, J.R. 1985b. Regeneration. In: DeByle, N.V.; Winokur, R.P., eds. Aspen: ecology and management in the Western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-119. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 197-208.
314. Schmidt, R.G. 1957. The silvics and plant geography of the genus Abies in the coastal forests of British Columbia. Tech. Publ. T.46. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Department of Lands and Forests, British Columbia Forest Service. 31 p.
315. Schmidt, W.C. 1969. Seedbed treatments influence seedling development in western larch forests. Res. Note INT-93. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 7 p.
316. Schmidt, W.C.; Shearer, R.C.; Roe, A.L. 1976. Ecology and silviculture of western larch forests. Tech. Bull. 1520. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 96 p.
317. Schmitt, C.L. 1996. Important insects and diseases of wetland hardwoods in the Blue and Wallowa Mountains -with an emphasis on aspen. BMZ-96-06. La Grande, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Blue Mountains Pest Management Zone. 18 p.
318. Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Alnus B. Ehrh. alder. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech. coord. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 206-211.
319. Schreiner, E.J. 1974. Populus L. poplar. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. No. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 645-655.
320. Schroeder, R.L. 1984. Habitat suitability index models: blue grouse. FWS/OBS-82/10.81. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 19 p.
321. Schwartz, J.E., II; Mitchell, G.E. 1945. The Roosevelt elk on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management. 9(4): 295-319.
322. Shaw, N. 1984. Producing bareroot seedlings of native shrubs. In: Murphy, P.M., comp. The challenge of producing native plants for the intermountain area: Proceedings: Intermountain Nurseryman's Association conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-168. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 6-15.
323. Sifton, H.B. 1959. The germination of light-sensitive seeds of Typha latifolia L. Canadian Journal of Botany. 37: 719-739.
324. Smith, J.H.G. 1957. Some factors indicative of site quality for black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray). Journal of Forestry. 55: 578-580.
325. Smith, L.M.; Kadlec, J.A. 1985. Comparisons of prescribed burning and cutting of Utah marsh plants. Great Basin Naturalist. 45: 462-466.
326. Smith, R.H. 1942.] Management of salt marshes on the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Transactions of the 7th North American Wildlife Conference. 7: 272-277.
327. Smith, S.D.; Murray, K.J.; Landau, F.H.; Sala, A.M. 1995. Structure of woody riparian vegetation in Great Basin National Park. In: Roundy, B.A.; McArthur, E.D.; Halley, J.S.; Mann, D.K., comps. Proceedings: wildland shrub and arid land restoration symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-315. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 246-251.
328. Smithberg, M. 1974. Red-osier dogwood. In: Gill, J.D.; Healy, W., comps. Shrubs and vines for Northeastern wildlife. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-9. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 44-47.
329. Stark, N. 1966. Review of highway planting information appropriate to Nevada. Bull. B-7. Reno, NV: University of Nevada, College of Agriculture, Desert Research Institute. 209 p. In cooperation with: Nevada State Highway Department.
330. Starker, T.J. 1934. Fire resistance in the forest. Journal of Forestry. 32: 462-467.
331. Steele, F.L. 1961. Introgression of Alnus serrulata and Alnus rugosa. Rhodora. 63(755): 297-304.
332. Steele, R.; Cooper, S.V.; Ondov, D.M. [et al.]. 1983. Forest habitat types of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-144. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 122 p.
333. Steele, R.; Geier-Hayes, K. 1989. The Douglas-fir/mountain maple habitat type in central Idaho: succession and management. 77 p. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 507 25th Street, Ogden, UT 84401.
334. Steele, R.; Geier-Hayes, K. 1993. The Douglas-fir/pine-grass habitat type in central Idaho: succession and management. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-298. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 83 p.
335. Steele, R.; Pfister, R.D.; Ryker, R.A.; Kittams, J.A. 1981. Forest habitat types of central Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-114. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 138 p.
336. Steinhoff, R.J. 1978. Distribution, ecology, silvicultural characteristics, and genetics of the Abies grandis-Abies concolor complex. In: Proceedings of the IUFRO joint meeting of working parties: Vol. 1-Background papers and Douglas-fir provinces. Vancouver, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forestry: 123-132.
337. Stevens, D.R. 1970. Winter ecology of moose in the Gallatin Mountains, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management. 34(1): 37-46.
338. Stickney, P.F. 1986. First decade plant succession following the Sundance Forest Fire, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-197. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 26 p.
339. Stiles, E.W. 1980. Patterns of fruit presentation and seed dispersal in bird-disseminated woody plants in the Eastern deciduous forest. American Naturalist. 116(5): 670-688.
340. Stoffel, K.L.; Joseph, N.L.; Waggoner, S.Z. [et al.] 1991. Geologic map of Washington, northeast quadrant. Geologic Map GM-39. Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources.
341. Strahler, A.N. 1952. Dynamic basis of geomorphology: Geological Society of America Bulletin. 63 p. Vol. 5.
342. Stubbendieck, J.; Hatch, S.L.; Hirsch, K.J. 1986. North American range plants. 3rd ed. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 465 p.
343. Sugihara, N.G.; Reed, L.J. 1987. Prescribed fire for restoration and maintenance of Bald Hills oak woodlands. In: Plumb, T.R.; Pillsbury, N.H., tech. coords. Proceedings of the symposium on multiple-use management of California's hardwood resources. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-100. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 446-451.
344. Swenson, E.A. 1988. Progress in the understanding of how to reestablish native riparian plants in New Mexico. In: Mutz, K.M.; Cooper, D.J.; Scott, M.L.; Miller, L.K., tech. coords. Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 483 riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Denver, CO: Society of Wetland Scientists: 144-150.
345. Tanaka, Y. 1982. Biology of Abies seed production. In: Oliver, C.D.; Kenady, R.M., eds. Proceedings of the biology and management of true fir in the Pacific Northwest symposium. Contribution 45. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, College of Forest Resources: 103-111.
346. Taylor, K.L.; Fonda, R.W. 1990. Woody fuel structure and fire in subalpine fir forests, Olympic National Park, Washington. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research. 20: 193-199.
347. Tew, R.K. 1970. Seasonal variation in the nutrient content of aspen foliage. Journal of Wildlife Management. 34(2): 475-478.
348. Thomas, J.W., tech. ed. 1979. Wildlife habitats in managed forests, the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. Agric. Handb. 553. Washington. DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 512 p.
349. Thornbury, W.D. 1969. Principles of geomorphology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 594 p.
350. Topik, C. 1989. Plant association and management guide for the grand fir zone: Gifford Pinchot National Forest. R6-ECOL-TP-006-88. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 110 p.
351. Topik, C.; Halverson, N.M.; Brockway, D.G. 1986. Plant association and management guide for the western hemlock zone, Gifford Pinchot National Forest. R6-ECOL-230A-1986. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 132 p.
352. Topik, C.; Halverson, N.M.; High, T. 1988. Plant associations and management guide of the ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and grand fir zone, Mount Hood National Forest. R6-ECOL-TP-004-88. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 136 p.
353. Turner, D.P. 1985. Successional relationships and a comparison of biological characteristics among six northwestern conifers. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 112(4): 421-428.
354. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1937. Range plant handbook. Washington, DC. 532 p.
355. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service [USDA SCS]. 1975. Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification and for making and interpreting soil surveys. Agric. Handb. 436. Washington, DC. 754 p.
356. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service [USDA SCS]. 1982. National list of scientific plant names. Vols. 1: List of plant names. 2: Synonymy. SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p.
357. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service [USDA SCS]. 1987. Hydric soils of the United States. Washington, DC. In cooperation with: the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils.
358. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service [USDA SCS]. 1990. Hydric soils of the state of Montana. Washington, DC. In cooperation with: the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils. 9 p.
359. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS]. 1996. 1996 national list of vascular plant species that occur on wetlands. Washington, DC. [Pages unknown].
360. Van Dyne, G.M. 1958. Ranges and range plants. 290 p. Unpublished document. On file with: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT 59807.
361. Verner, J. 1975. Avian behavior and habitat management. In: Smith, D.R., tech. coord. Proceedings of the symposium on management of forest and range habitats for nongame birds. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-1. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 39-58.
362. Viereck, L.A.; Little, E.L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 265 p.
363. Viereck, L.A.; Schandelmeier, L.A. 1980. Effects of fire in Alaska and adjacent Canada-a literature review. BLM-Alaska Tech. Rep. 6. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska State Office. 124 p.
364. Vines, R.A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p.
365. Vogl, R.J. 1964. The effects of fire on a muskeg in northern Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Management. 28(2): 317-329.
366. Volland, L.A.; Dell, J.D. 1981. Fire effects on Pacific Northwest forest and range vegetation. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 23 p.
367. Walsh, T.J.; Kovosec, M.A.; Phillips, W.M. [et al.]. 1987. Geologic map of Washington-southeast quadrant. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1 plate.
368. Wasser, C.H. 1982. Ecology and culture of selected species useful in revegetating disturbed lands in the West. FWS/OBS-82/56. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 347 p.
369. Weetman, G.; Vyse, A. 1990. Natural regeneration. In: Lavender, D.P.; Parish, R.; Johnson, C.M. [et al.], eds. Regenerating British Columbia's forests. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press: 118-129.
370. Wein, R.W.; MacLean, D.A. 1973. Cotton grass (Eriophorum vaginatum) germination requirements and colonizing potential in the Arctic. Canadian Journal of Botany. 51: 2509-2513.
371. Welsh, S.L.; Atwood, N.D.; Goodrich, S.; Higgins, L.C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p.
372. Wienhold, C.E.; van der Valk, A.G. 1989. The impact of duration of drainage on the seed banks of northern prairie wetlands. Canadian Journal of Botany. 67(6): 1878-1884.
373. Wiley, K.N. 1978. Site index tables for western hemlock in the Pacific Northwest. Weyerhaeuser Forestry Paper 17. Centralia, WA: Weyerhaeuser. [Pages unknown].
374. Williams, C.K.; Kelley, B.F.; Smith, B.G.; Lillybridge, T.R. 1995. Forested plant associations of the Colville National Forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-360. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 370 p. In cooperation with: Pacific Northwest Region, Colville National Forest.
375. Williams, C.K.; Lillybridge, T.R. 1983. Forested plant associations of the Okanogan National Forest. R6-ECOL-132b-1983. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 140 p.
376. Williamson, R.L. 1976. Natural regeneration of western hemlock. In: Western hemlock management conference: proceedings. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, College of Forest Resources: 166-169.
377. Worthington, N.P.; Johnson, F.A.; Staebler, G.R.; Lloyd, W.J. 1960. Normal yield tables for red alder. Res. Pap. RP-36. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p.
378. Wright, H.A.; Bailey, A.W. 1982. Fire ecology: United States and southern Canada. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 501 p.
379. Yeo, R.R. 1964. Life history of common cattail. Weeds. 12: 284-288.
380. Young, E. 1989. Management of westside Washington conifer stands infected with Heterobasidion annosum. In: Otrosina, W.J.; Scharpf, R.F., tech. coords. Proceedings of the symposium on research and management of annosus root disease (Heterobasidion annosum) in western North America. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-116. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 150-152.
381. Young, R.P. 1986. Fire ecology and management in plant communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Portland, OR: Oregon State University. 169 p. M.S. thesis.
382. Youngblood, A.P.; Padgett, W.G.; Winward, A.H. 1985a. Riparian community type classification of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming. R4-Ecol-85-01. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 78 p.
383. Youngblood, A.P.; Padgett, W.G.; Winward, A.H. 1985b. Riparian community type classification of northern Utah and adjacent Intermountain Region. 104 p. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ecology and Classification Program, 324 25th Street, Ogden, UT 84401.
384. Zager, P.E. 1980. The influence of logging and wildfire on grizzly bear habitat in northwestern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 131 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
385. Zamora, B.A. 1983. Forest habitat types of the Spokane Indian Reservation. Research Bull. XB-0936-1983. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Agricultural Research Center. 141 p.
386. Zasada, J. 1986. Natural regeneration of trees and tall shrubs on forest sites in interior Alaska. In: Van Cleve, K.; Chapin, F.S., III; Flanagan, P.W. [et al.], eds. Forest ecosystems in the Alaska taiga: a synthesis of structure and function. New York: Springer-Verlag: 44-73.
387. Zasada, J.; Tappeiner, J.; Maxwell, B. 1989. Manual treatment of salmonberry or Which bud's for you? Cope Report, Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhancement Program. 2(2): 7-9.
388. Zasada, J.C.; Van Cleve, K.; Werner, R.A. [et al.]. 1978. Forest biology and management in high-latitude North American forests. In: North American forests lands at latitudes north of 60 degrees: In: Proceedings of a symposium. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]: 137-195. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 8089, Missoula, MT 59807.