Constitutional medicine

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 54-68

  Reynolds, Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 12744278654     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2005.0017     Document Type: Review

References (16)

1. nd ed. (Oxford, England: Churchill Livingstone, 1997), 26.
2. For a sense of the views held by incentivists and consociationalists and how these differ, see the respective essays by Donald L. Horowitz and Arend Lijphart in Andrew Reynolds, ed., The Architecture of Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
3. For example, should heterogeneous single-member districts prove impossible to draw, then ethnic-based parties are likely to win majorities in their "own" areas. The need to appeal for the second or third preferences of voters from other communities becomes redundant. Such a scenario feeds the exclusionist majoritarianism that is possible under alternative-vote (AV) schemes.
4. As John Stuart Mill argues, the way to include the greatest array of talents in the governing process is to maximize social and intellectual diversity in the legislature. Shutting minorities and their views out of deliberations is an excellent way to stymie learning and advancement. John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (London: Prometheus Books, 1865).
5. Deborah Kaspin, "The Politics of Ethnicity in Malawi's Democratic Transition," Journal of Modern African Studies 33 (December 1995): 614-15.
6. Carrie Manning and Miljenko Antić, "Lessons from Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Limits of Electoral Engineering," Journal of Democracy 14 (July 2003): 45-59.
7. Gerald Knaus and Felix Martin, "Lessons from Bosnia and Herzegovina: Travails of the European Raj," Journal of Democracy 14 (July 2003): 60-74.
8. Thomas Carothers broadens the notion of "holistic" medicine to include the idea that socioeconomic aid must also be balanced with political aid. Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999), 345.
9. Peter Hall and Daniel Gingerich define an institution as complementary to another when "its presence raises the returns available from the other." See Hall and Gingerich, "Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Complementarities in the Macroeconomy," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, Calif., September 2001.
10. Jørgen Elklit and Palle Svensson, "What Makes Elections Free and Fair?" Journal of Democracy 8 (October 1997): 32-46.
11. Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad, 4-5.
12. Ann Phillips, "Exporting Democracy: German Political Foundations in Central-East Europe," Democratization 6 (Summer 1999): 2.
13. Sirota had become fluent in Japanese while growing up in Tokyo with her Russian-Jewish émigré parents (her father was a concert pianist) before moving to the United States to study in 1939. As one of only sixty Caucasians in the United States who spoke Japanese, she was recruited for MacArthur's staff and put to work on the Civil Rights Committee of the constitution-drafting task force. Articles 14 and 24 - which mandate equal treatment of the sexes in matters of marriage, divorce, politics, employment, property rights, and inheritance - were her handiwork, steamrolled through by MacArthur's senior officers. See Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson, Partners for Democracy: Crafting the New Japanese State Under MacArthur (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 97ff; and also www.pinn.net/ s~unshine/whm2001/gordon.html.
14. Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad, 63.
15. The National Party won 79 of the 150 seats in parliament (many by slim majorities in rural constituencies) with 42 percent of the national vote. Meanwhile, Jan Smuts's Unionist-Labour coalition won 52 percent overall, but its votes were overconcentrated in the form of lopsided margins in a relatively small number of urban constituencies, leaving the coalition with a minority of seats in parliament.
16. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 13.