Does human toxoplasmosis involve an imbalance in T1/T2 cytokines?

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 161-169

  Gomez Marin J E ^a,b,d   Pinon, J M ^a   Bonhomme, A ^a   Guenounou, M ^c  

^a HÔPITAL MAISON BLANCHE   (France)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DEL QUINDÍO   (Colombia)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE ARDENNE   (France)

^d INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN DERIVATIVE;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL PARASITOSIS; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CLASSIFICATION; CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; ENCEPHALITIS; EYE INFECTION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE STATUS; IMMUNOLOGY; MOUSE; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TOXOPLASMA GONDII; TOXOPLASMOSIS;

ANIMALIA; TOXOPLASMA GONDII;

EID: 12644315020     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(97)90283-8     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Mosmann T R, Cherwinski H, Bond M W, Giedlin M A, Coffman R L. Two types of murine helper T cell clones. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 1986; 136: 2348-2357.
2. Mossman T R, Sad S. The expanding universe of T cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today 1996; 17: 138-146.
3. Clerici M, Shearer M. The Th1-Th2 hypothesis of HIV infection: new insights. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 575-581.
4. Reyes L, Frenkel J K. Specific and non-specific mediation of protective immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun 1987; 55: 856-863.
5. Hauser W E, Sharma S D, Remington J S. Natural killer induced by acute and chronic Toxoplasma infection. Cell Immunol 1982; 69: 330-346.
6. Gazzinelli R T, Hieny S, Wynn T, Wolf S, Sher A. IL-12 is required for the T-cell independent induction of IFN γ by an intracellular parasite and induces resistence in T-deficient host. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 6115-6119.
7. + T-cell interaction with Toxoplasma gondii: implication for processing of antigen for class I restricted recognition. Res Immunol 1993; 144: 51-57.
8. Sibley L D, Adams L B, Fukutom Y, Krahenbuhl J L. Tumor necrosis factor a triggers antitoxoplasmal activity of IFN γ primed macrophages. J Immunol 1991; 147: 2340-2345.
9. + T lymphocytes in IFN γ production and protective immunity induced by an attenuated Toxoplasma gondii vaccine. J Immunol 1991; 146: 282-292.
10. Langermans J A M, van der Hulst M E B, Nibbering P H, Hiemstra P S, van Furth R. IFN γ induced L-arginine dependent toxoplasmic activity in murine peritoneal macrophages is mediated by endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Immunol 1992; 148: 568-574.
11. Pfefferkorn E R. Interferon-gamma blocks the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts inducing the host cell to degrade tryptophan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81: 908-912.
12. Gazzinelli R T, Denkers E Y, Sher A. Host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii: model for studying the selective induction of cell mediated immunity by intracellular parasites. Infectious Agents and Disease 1993; 2: 139-143.
13. McCabe R E, Luft B J, Remington J S. Effect of murine interferon-gamma on murine toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 1984; 150: 961-962.
14. Suzuki Y, Conley F K, Remington J S. Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice with recombinant gamma interferon. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 3050-3055.
15. Suzuki Y, Conley F K, Remington J S. Importance of endogenous IFN-γ for prevention of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice. J Immunol 1989; 143: 2045-2050.
16. + T cells determine cyst number in Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Immunol 1990; 145: 3438-3441.
17. Gazzinelli R T, El-Toum I A, Wynn T, Sher A. Acute cerebral toxoplasmosis is induced by in vivo neutralization of TNF α and correlates with down-regulated expression of inducible nitric oxyde synthase and other markers of macrophage activation. J Immunol 1993; 3672-3681.
18. Chang H R, Grau G E, Pechere J C. Role of TNF and IL1 in infection with Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 1990; 69:33-37.
19. Hunter C A, Abrams J S, Reaman M H, Remington J S. Cytokine mRNA in the central nervous system of SCID mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii: importance of T cell independent regulation of resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun 1993; 61: 4038-4044.
20. Suzuki Y, Yang Q, Conley F K, Abrams J S, Remington J S. Antibody against interleukin 6 reduces inflammation and numbers of cysts in brains of mice with toxoplasmic encephalitis. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 2773-2778.
21. Bermudez L E, Covaro G, Remington J. Infection of murine macrophages with Toxoplasma gondii is associated with release of transforming growth factor β and downregulation of expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor. Infect Immun 1993; 61: 4126-4130.
22. Hunter C A, Remington J S. Immunopathogenesis of toxoplasmic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 1057-1067.
23. Porter S B, Sande M A. Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1643-1648.
24. Canessa A, Del Bono V, Miletich F, Pistoia V. Serum cytokines in toxoplasmosis: increased levels of interferon-γ in immunocompetent patients with lymphadenopathy but not in AIDS patients with encephalitis. J Infect Dis 1992; 165: 1168-1170.
25. McLeod R, Mack D G, Boyer K et al. Phenotypes and functions of lymphocytes in congenital toxoplasmosis. J Lab Clin Med 1990; 116: 623-635.
26. Gazzinelli R T, Brezin A, Qian L, Nussenblatt R B, Chan C C. Toxoplasma gondii: acquired ocular toxoplasmosis in the murine model, protective role of TNF α and IFN γ. Exp Parasitol 1994; 78: 217-229.
27. Kozak Y, Mirshashi M, Faure J P. Retine et autoimmunité. Medecine/Sciences 1987; 3: 207-215.
28. Atalla L R, Yoser S, Rao N A. In vivo treatment of experimental uveoretinitis with monoclonal antibody to gamma-interferon. In: Usui M, Ohno S, Aoki K, eds. Ocular Immunology Today. Excerpta Medica, 1st edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1990: 65-68.
29. Nussenblatt RB, Mittal K K, Furhman S, Sharma S D, Palestine A G. Lymphocyte proliferative responses of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis to parasite and retinal antigens. Am J Opthalmol 1989; 107: 632-641.
30. Pivetti-Pezzi P, Accorinti M, Tambori S, Ciapparoni V, Ahmed-Adulaziz M. Clinical features of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Opthalmol 1994; 26: 73-84.
31. Yamamura M, Uyemura K, Deans R J et al. Defining protective response to pathogens: cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions. Science 1991; 254: 277-279.
32. Modlin R L, Nutman T B. Type 2 cytokines and negative immune regulation in human infections. Curr Opinion Immunol 1993; 5: 511-517.
33. Williams M E, Montenegro S, Domingues A L. Leukocytes of patients with Schistosoma mansoni respond with a Th2 pattern of cytokine production to mitogen or egg antigens but with a Th0 pattern to worm antigens. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 946-954.
34. Tremblau S, Germani T, Gately M, Adorini L. The role of IL-12 in the induction of organ specific autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today 1995; 16: 383-386.
35. Holliman R E. Clinical sequelae of chronic maternal toxoplasmosis. Rev Med Microbiol 1994; 5: 47-55.
36. O'Connell S, Guy E C, Dawson S J, Francis J M, Joynson D H M. Chronic active toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent patient. J Infect 1993; 27: 305-310.
37. Wong S J, Hadju M P, Ramirez R et al. Role of specific immunoglobulin E in diagnosis of acute toxoplasma infection and toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 2952-2959.
38. Pinon J M, Toubas D, Marx C et al. Detection of specific immunoglobulin E in patients with toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1739-1743.
39. Benbernou N, Matsiota-Bernard P, Guenounou M. Anti-sense oligonucleotides to interleukin 4 regulate IgE and IgG2a production by spleen cells from Nipponstrongylus brasiliensis infected rats. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23: 659-663.
40. Bohne W, Heeseman J, Gross U. Reduced replication of Toxoplasma gondii is necessary for induction of bradyzoite-specific antigens: a possible role for nitric oxide in triggering stage conversion. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 1761-1767.
41. Brown C R, Hunter C A, Estes R G et al. Definitive identification of a gene that confers resistance against Toxoplasma cyst burden and encephalitis. Immunology 1995; 85: 419-428.
42. + is required to reactive chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 1992; 149: 175-180.
43. Suzuki Y, Wong S Y, Grumet F C et al. Evidence for genetic regulation of susceptibility to toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients. J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 265-268.
44. O'Connor R. Factors related to the initiation and recurrence of uveitis. Am J Opthalmol 1983; 96: 577-599.
45. Glasner PD, Silveira C, Krousnon-Moran D et al. An unusually high prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis in Southern Brazil. Am J Opthalmol 1992; 114: 136-144.
46. Rook G A W, Hernandez-Pando R, Lightman L. Hormones peripherically activated prohormones and regulation of Th1/ Th2 balance. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 301-303.
47. Sybley LD, Boothroyd JC. Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage. Nature 1992; 359: 82-85.
48. Cristina N, Dardé M L, Boudin C, Tavernier G, Pestre-Alexandre M, Ambroise-Thomas P. A DNA fingerprinting method for individual characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains: combination with isoenzymatic characters for determination of linkage groups. Parasitol Res 1995; 81: 32-37.
49. Dardé M L, Bouteille B, Pestre-Alexandre M. Isoenzyme analysis of 35 Toxoplasma gondii isolates and the biological and epidemiological implications. J Parasitol 1992; 78: 786-794.
50. Howe D K, Sibley L D. Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease. J Infect Dis 1995; 172: 1561-1566.
51. Radvin J I, Murphy C F, Guerrant R L, Long-Krug S A. Effect of antagonists of calcium and phospholipase A2 on the cytopathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica. J Infect Dis 1985; 152: 542-549.
52. Saffer L D, Schwartzmann J D. A soluble phospholipase of Toxoplasma gondii associated with host cell penetration. J Protozool 1991; 38: 454-460.
53. Gomez J E, Bonhomme A, Guenounou M, Pinon J M. Role of interferon-γ against invasion by Toxoplasma gondii in a human monocytic cell line (THP1): involvement of the parasite's secretory phospholipase A2. Cell Immunol 1996; in press.
54. Chao C C, Geker G, Hu S, Peterson P K. Human microglial cell defense against Toxoplasma gondii: the role of cytokines. J Immunol 1994; 152: 1246-1252.
55. McKerrow J H, Bouvier J, Sikes A, Reed S, Keene W E. The cysteine proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica: cloning of the gene and its role as a virulence factor. In: Coombs G, North M, eds. Biochemical Protozoology, 1st edn. London: Taylor and Francis, 1991: 245-250.
56. Schwartzmann J D, Saffer L D. How Toxoplasma gondii gets in and out of host cells. In: Avila J L, Harris J R, eds. Subcellular Biochemistry, Vol. 18: Intracellular parasites. New York: Plenum Press, 1992: 333-364.
57. McConville M J, Ferguson M A J. The structure, biosynthesis and function of glycosylated phosphatidyl inositols in the parasitic protozoa and higher eukaryotes. Biochem J 1993; 294: 305-324.
58. Mineo J R, Kasper L H. Attachment of Toxoplasma gondii to host cells involves major surface protein, SAG-1 (P30). Exp Parasitol 1994; 79: 11-20.
59. Bonhomme A, Thirion C, Boulanger F et al. Toxoplasma gondii - structure variations of the antigen P30. Parasitology 1994; 108: 281-287.
60. Finkelman E D, Urban J F. Cytokines: making the right choice. Parasitol Today 1992; 8: 311-314.
61. Mahanty S, Abrams J S, King C L, Limaye A P, Nutman T B. Parallel regulation of IL 4 and IL 5 in human helminth infections. J Immunol 1992; 148: 3567-3671.
62. Kasper L H, Currie K M, Bradley M S. An unexpected response to vaccination with a purified major membrane tachyzoite antigen (P30) of Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 1985; 134: 3426-3431.
63. Khan I A, Eckel M E, Pfefferkorn E R, Kasper L H. Production of γ interferon by cultured human lymphocytes stimulated with a purified membrane protein (P30) from Toxoplasma gondii. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 979-984.
64. + T cell immunity against fatal Toxoplasma infection in mice. J Immunol 1991; 147: 3501-3506.
65. Godard I, Estaquier J, Zenner L et al. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of P30 derived peptides in experimental models of toxoplasmosis. Mol Immun 1994; 31: 1353-1363.
66. + T cell clones from healthy, latently infected humans display a Th0 profile of cytokine secretion. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25: 1298-1305.
67. Däubener W, Mackenzie C, Hadding U. Establishment of T-helper type 1 and T-helper type 2-like human Toxoplasma antigen-specific T-cell clones. Immunology 1995; 86: 79-84.
68. Brindley P J, Gazzinelli R T, Denkers E Y et al. Differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii from closely related Coccidia by riboprint analysis and a surface antigen gene polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993; 48: 447-456.
69. Gomez J E, Castaño J C, Rios M P, Montoya M T. Toxoplasmosis congénita e hidranencefalia. Acta Med Col 1992; 17: 457-458.
70. Direction Générale de la Santé. Toxoplasmose. Bull Epidemiol Hebdomadaire 1990; 4: 13-14.
71. Juliao O, Corredor A, Moreno G S. Toxoplasmosis en Colombia, la Edicion. Bogota: Imprenta Instituto Nacional de Salud, 1983: 67.
72. Windeck T, Gross U. Toxoplasma gondii strain-specific transcripts levels of SAG-1 and their association with virulence. Parasitol Res 1996; 82: 715-719.