A review of refrigerant condensation in horizontal micro-fin tubes

ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (IMECE)

Volumn 2000-B, Issue , 2000, Pages 155-168

  Liebenberg, Leon ^a   Bergles, Arthur E ^b   Meyer, Josua P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONDENSATION; DROPS; FINS (HEAT EXCHANGE); HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; HEAT TRANSFER; MIXTURES; POLYOLS; PRESSURE DROP; TUBES (COMPONENTS);

EMPIRICAL TECHNIQUES; ENHANCED HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM; EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE; FILM CONDENSATIONS; HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP; HEAT-PUMP SYSTEMS; MICROFIN TUBE; PREDICTIVE TECHNIQUES; PRESSURE DROP MODEL; REFRIGERANT CONDENSATION;

REFRIGERANTS;

EID: 12444285792     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1115/IMECE2000-1308     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (106)

1. Akers, W.W. and Rosson, H.F., 1960, "Condensation inside a Horizontal Tube," Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series," Vol. 56, No. 30, pp. 145-150.
2. Arosio, S., Muzzio, A., Niro, A., 1996, "Evaporation and Condensation Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of R22 inside Microfin Tubes," Proc. l4h National Heat Transfer Conf., Rome, pp. 227-233.
3. Azer, N.Z. and Said, S.A., 1982, "Augmentation of Condensation Heat Transfer by Internally Finned Tubes and Twisted Tape Inserts," Proc. of the 1h IntHeat Transfer Corf, Munich, Vol. 5, pp. 33-38.
4. Bell, K.J. and Ghaly, M.A., 1973, "An Approximate Generalized Design Method for Multicomponent / Paitical Condenser," American Institute of Chemical Engineers Symp. Ser., VoL 69, pp. 72-29.
5. Bemisderfer, C.H., 1998, "Contemporary Developments in the Thermal Desigp of Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers," Enhanced Heat Transfer, Vol. 5, pp. 71-90.
6. Bergles, A.E., 1996, "The Encouragement and Accommodation of High Heat Fluxes," Heat and Technology, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 3-11.
7. Bergles, A.E., 1997, 'Techniques to Enhance Heat Transfer," in Handbook of Heat Transfer, (ed. Rohsenow, W.M., Haitnett, J.P., and Cho, Y.), McGraw Hill, New York,pp.ll.56.
8. Bergles, A.E., 1999a, "Enhanced Heat Transfer: Endless Frontier or Mature and Routine?", Proc. (>h UK National Heat Transfer Conference, Edinburgh, UK, 14pages.
9. Bergles, A.E., 1999b, 'Techniques to Augment Heat Transfer," in Handbook of Heat Transfer Applications eds. Rohsenow, W.M. et al., McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 3-1 to 3-80.
10. Briggs, D.E. and Young, E.H, 1969, "Modified Wilson Plot Techniques for Obtaining Heat Transfer Correlation for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers," Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp., Serial, 92, Vol. 65, pp. 34t5.
11. Brognaux, L.J., Webb, R.J., Chamra, L.M, and Oiling, B.Y., 1997, "Single-phase heat transfer in micro-fin tubes," Int. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 40, No. 18, pp. 4345 - 4357.
12. Cavallini, A., Del Col, A., Doretti, L. Longo, G.A., and Rossetto, L., 2000, "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop During Condensation of Refrigerants Inside Horizontal Enhanced Tubes," International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 23, pp. 4-25.
13. Cavallini, A., Del Col, D., Doretti, L., Longo, G.A., and Rosetto, L., 1997, "Pressure Drop During Condensation and Vaporisation of Refrigerants inside Enhanced Tubes," Heat and Technology, Vol. 15, No. l,pp. 3-10.
14. Cavallini, A., Doretti, L., Longo, G.A, and Rossetto, L., 1996, "A New Model for Forced-Convection Condensation on Integral-Fin Tubes," ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 118.
15. Cavallini, A. and Zecchin, R., 1974, "A Dimensionless Correlation for Heat Transfer in Forced Convection Condensation," Proc. Vth. Int. Heat Transfer Conference, Vol. 3, pp. 309-313.
16. Chamra, L.M. and Webb, RL., 1995, "Condensation and Evaporation in Micro-fin Tubes at Equal Saturation Temperatures," Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer, Vol. 2, No. 3,219-229.
17. Chamra, L.M., Webb, R.L., and Randlett, M.R, 1996, "Advanced Micro-fin Tubes for Condensation," Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 1839-1846.
18. Chamra, L.M, Webb, R.L. and Randlett, M.R, 1996, "Advanced Micro-Fin Tubes for Evaporation," Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 1827-1839.
19. Chiang, R., 1993, "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop during Evaporation and Condensation of Refrigerant-22 in 7.S mm Diameter Axial and Helical Grooved Tubes," AIChE Symposium Series No. 295, Vol. 89, pp. 205-210.
20. Dipprey, D.F., Sabersky, R.H., 1963, "Heat and Momentum Transfer in Smooth and Rough Tubes at Various Piandtl Numbers," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 6, pp. 329-353.
21. Dobson, M.K. and Chato, J.C., 1998, "Condensation in Smooth Horizontal Tubes" ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 120, pp. 193-213.
22. Dukler, A.E., Wicks, M., and Cleveland, R.G., 1964, "Frictional Pressure Drop in Two-Phase Flow," AIChE Journal, Vol. 10, pp. 44-51.
23. Ebisu, T., 1999, "Evaporation and Condensation Heat Transfer Enhancement for Alternative Refrigerants Used in Air-Conditioning Machines, " in Heat Transfer Enhancement of Heat Exchangers, Edited by S. Kakaf, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 579-600.
24. Ebisu, T. and Torikoshi, K., 1998, "Experimental Study on Evaporation and Condensation Heat Transfer Enhancement for R-407C Using Herringbone Heat Transfer Tube," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 1044-1052.
25. Ebisu, T., Kasai, K., Fujino, H. and Torikoshi, K., 1999, "Performance Simulation of Air-cooled Heat Exchanger for Air- Conditioning Machine," Proc. of the fk ASME/JSME Joint Thermal Engineering Conference, San Diego, California, pp. 1-8.
26. Eckels, S.J., Doerr, T.M. and Pate, M.B., 1994, "In-Tube Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of R-134a and Lubricant Mixtures in a Smooth Tube and a Micro-Fin Tube, Part 2 - Condensation," ASHRAE Transactions., No. 100, pp. 547-557.
27. Eckels, S.J., Doerr, T.M. and Pate, M.B., 1998, "Heat Transfer Coefficients and Pressure Drops for R-134a and an Ester Lubricants Mixture in a Smooth Tube and a Micro-Fin Tube," ASHRAE Transactions., Vol. 104, pp. 1-10.
28. Eckels, S.J. and Pate, M.B., 1991 a, "Evaporation and Condensation of HFC-134a and CFC-12 in a Smooth Tube and a Micro-fin Tube," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 71-81.
29. Eckels, S.J., and Pate, M.B., 1991 b, "Inube Evaporation and Condensation of Refrigerant-Lubricant Mixtures of HFC-134a and CFC-12," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 62-70.
30. Friedel, L. 1979, "Improved Friction Pressure Drop Correlations for Horizontal and Vertical Two-Phase Pipe Flow," 3 R International, Vol. 18, No.
31. , pp. 485-491, and Proc. European Two-Phase Flow Group Meeting, Ispra, Italy, Papa-E2.
32. Fujie K., Itoh, N., Innami, T., and Kimura, H., 1977, "Heat Transfer Pipe," US Patent 4,044,797, assigned to Hitach Ltd
33. Fujii, T., 1995, "Enhancement to Condensing Heat Transfer- New Developments," Journal erfEnhanced Heat Transfer, Vol. 2, Nos. 1-2, pp. 127- 137.
34. Gidwani, A., Ohadi, M.M., Salehi, M, 1998, "In-tube Condensation of Refrigerant and Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures-A Review of Most Recent Work," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 104, Pt. 1.
35. Gregorig, R., 1954, "Film Condensation on Finely Rippled Surface With Condensation of Surface Tension," Zeitschrift Far Angewandte Mathematik UndPysik,, Vol. 5, pp. 36-49.
36. Haraguchi, H., Koyama, S., Esaki, J., and Fujii, T., 1993, "Condensation Heat Transfer of Refrigerants HFC134a, HCFC123 and HCFC22 in a Horizontal Smooth Tube and a Horizontal Micro-fin Tube," Proc. 3Cfh National Symposium of Japan, Yokohama, pp 343-345.
37. Hori, M. and Shinohara, H., 1991, "Internal Heat Transfer Characteristics of Small-Diameter Thermoftn Tubes," Hitachi Cable Review, No. 10, pp. 85-90.
38. Hozumi, H., Ito, Y., and Shinohara, Y., 1984, "Recent Development of Heat Transfer Tubes for Refrigeration and Air-conditioning" (in Japanese), Refrigeration, Vol. 59, No.-683, pp. 50-62.
39. Hurlburt, E.T., and Newell, T. A , 1999, "Characteristics of Refrigerant Film Thickness, Pressure Drop, and Condensation Heat Transfer in Annular Flow;'HVAC&R Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 229-248.
40. Ito, M., and Kimura, H., 1979, "Boiling Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Internal Spiral-Grooved Tubes," Bulletin of the JSME, Vol. 22, No. 171,pp. 1251-1257.
41. Kaka9, S., 1999, "Introduction to Heat Transfer Enhancement, " in Heat Transfer Enhancement of Heat Exchangers, S. Kakaf et al. eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp. 1-11.
42. Kandlikar, S.G., and Raykoff, T., 1996, "Predicting Flow Boiling Heat Transfer for Refrigerants in Microfin Tubes, " European Thermal-Sciences and l4h UIT National Heat Transfer Conference, Edizicmi ETS, Pisa, Italy, Vol. 1, pp. 475-482.
43. Kaul, M.P., Kedzierski, MA., Didion, D.A., 1996, "Horizontal Flow Boiling of Alternative Refrigerants within a Fluid Heated Micro-fin Tube," Process, Enhanced and Multiphase Heat Transfer: A symposium in honor of Prof. ArthurE. Bergles, Begell House Inc., Georgia hist. ofTedmology, Nov. 16, pp 167-173.
44. Kedzierski, M.A. and Gonfalves, J.M., 1997, "Horizontal Convective Condensation of Alternative Refrigerants within a Micro-Fin Tube," NISTIR 6095, National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
45. Kedzierski, M.A. and Webb, R.L., 1990, "Practical Fin Shapes for Surface-Tension-Drained Condensation," ASME J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 112, pp. 479-485.
46. Kedzierski, M.A., Kim. J.H. and Didion, D.A., 1992, "Causes o f t he Apparent Heat Transfer Degradation for Refrigerant Mixtures," ASME HTD Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer, Vol. 197, pp. 149-158.
47. Khanpara, J.C., Bergles, A.E. and Pate, MB., 1986, "Augmentation of R-113 In-tube Condensation with Micro-fin Tubes," ASME Symposium, Heat Transfer in Air conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment, Vol. HTD- 65,21-32.
48. Khanpara, J.C., Pate, M.B., and Bergles, A.E., 1987, "Augmentation of In-tube Evaporation and Condensation of Refrigerants 113 and 22 with Microfin Tubes," Heat Transfer Laboratory Report HTL-5, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
49. Koyama, S., Miyara, A., Takamatsu, H., and Fujii, T., 1990, "Condensation Heat Transfer of Binary Refrigerant Mixtures of R22 and R114 Inside a Horizontal Tube with Internal Spiral Grooves," Int. J. Refrig., Vol. 13, July, pp. 256-263.
50. Koyama, S., Yu, J., and Ishibashi, A, 1998, "Condensation of Binary Refrigerant Mixtures in a Horizontal Smooth Tube," Thermal Science and Engineering,, Vol. 6, No. l,pp. 123-129.
51. Kwon, J.T., and Kim, MH., 1998, "Enhanced Condensation Heat Transfer of an Alternative Refrigerant in a Micro-fin tube," Proc. 3rd Int Corf Multiphase flow, ICMF 1998, Lyon, France.
52. Liebenberg, L. and Meyer, J.P., 1998, "Potential of the Zeotropic Mixture R-22 / R-142b in High-Temperature Heat Pump Water Heaters With Capacity Modulation," ASHRAE Transactions. Vol. 104, pp. 1-12.
53. Lockhart, R.W. and Martinelli, R.C., 1949, "Proposed Correlation of Data for Isothermal Two-phase, Two-component Flow in Pipes," Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 39-48.
54. Luu, M and Bergles, A.E., 1980, "Enhancement of Horizontal In-Tube Condensation of R-l 13," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 293-312.
55. Miyara, A., Nonaka, K., and Taniguchi, M., 2000, "Condensation Heat Transfer and Flow Pattern Inside a Herringbone-type Micro-fin Tube," International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 23, pp. 141-152.
56. Muzzio, A., Niro, A. and Arosio, S., 1998a, "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop during Evaporation and Condensation of R22 inside 9.52 mm O.D. Microfin Tubes of Different Geometries," Enhanced Heat Transfer, Vol. 5, pp. 3 9 - 5 2 .
57. Nozu, S., and Hem da, H., 1999, "Condensation of CFC11 in Horizontal, Spirally Grooved Microfin Tubes, Heat Transfer," in Compact Heat Exchangers and Enhancement Technology for the Process Industries. Shah, R.S. ed., Begell House, Inc., New York, pp. 329-336.
58. Nozu, S., Katayama, H., Nakata, H., and Honda, H., 1998, "Condensation of a Refrigerant CFC 11 in Horizontal Microfin Tubes (proposal of a correlation equation for frictional pressure gradient)," Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol. 18, pp. 82-96.
59. Oh, S.-Y, and Bergles, A.E., 1998, "A Comparison ofthe Evaporation Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Horizontal Smocth and Micro-fin Tubes, Considering the Effect of Spiral Angle," Heat Transfer 1998, Proc. o f t he 11th IHTC, Vol. 2, Aug. 23-28, Kyongju, Korea, pp. 69-74.
60. Palen, J.W., Kistler, R.S., Yang, Z.F., 1993, "What We Still Don't Know about Condensation in Tubes," in Condensation and Condenser Design, ASME, pp. 19-53.
61. Panchal, C.B., and Rabas, T.J., 1999, "Fouling Characteristics of Compact Heat Exchangers and Enhanced Tubes," cpandbal@anl.gov.
62. Pate, MB., 1991, Evaporators and Condensers for Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems, in Boilers, Evaporators and Condensers, Edited by S. Kakaf, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 636-715.
63. Pate, M.B., Ayub, Z.H., and Kohler, J., 1998, "Heat Exchangers for the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Industry: State-of-the-art Design and Technology," in Compact Heat Exchangers- A Festschrift for AL. London, (edited by Shah, R.K., Kraus, AD., and Metzger, D.), Hemisphere Publishing.
64. Pierre, B., 1964, "Flow Resistance with Boiling Refrigerants-Part 1," ASHRAE Journal, Sept., pp. 58-65.
65. Royal, J.H., and Bergles, AE., 1978, "Experimental Study of the Augmentation of Horizontal In-tube Condensation," ASHRAM Transactions, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 919-931.
66. Sami, S.M, Tulej, P.J., and Song, B., 1994, "Forced Convective Condensation and Boiling of Ternary Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures Inside Water / Refrigerant Enhanced Surface Tubing," International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 18, pp. 751-764.
67. Sami, S.M., Tulg", P.J. and Song, B., 1995, "Study of Heat and Mass Characteristics of Ternary Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures Inside Air / Refrigerant Enhanced Surface Tubing," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 101, No. 1, pp. 1402-1412.
68. Sardesai, R.G., Owen, R.G., and Pulling, D.J., 1982, "Pressure Drop for Condensation of a Pure Vapour in Downflow in a Vertical Tube," Proc. of the f International Heat Transfer Conference, Mundien,pp. 139-145.
69. Sato, Y., and Nosetani, S., 1990, "Heat Transfer Performance of Small- Bore Inner-Grooved Copper Tubes" (in Japanese), Shindo-Gijutsu Kenkyukaishi, Vol. 29, pp. 233-239.
70. Schlager, L. M., Pate, MB., and Bergles, AE., 1989b, "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop during Evaporation and Condensation of R-22 in Horizontal Micro-fin Tubes," International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 6-14.
71. Schlager, L. M., Pate, MB., and Bergles, AE. 1989c, "A comparison of 150 and 300 SUS Oil Effects on Refrigerant Evaporation and Condensation in a Smooth and in a Micro-Fin Tube", ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 95, No. l,pp. 387-397.
72. Schlager, L. M., Pate, MB., and Bergles, AE., 1989d, "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Performance of Smooth Internally Finned Tubes with Oil and Refrigerant 22 mixtures," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 95, No. 2, 375- 385.
73. Schlager, L. M., Pate, M.B., and Bergles, AE., 1990a, "Performance Predictions of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures in Smooth and Internally-finned Tubes-Part I, Literature review," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 96,160-169.
74. Schlager, L. M., Pate, M.B., and Bergles, AE., 1990b, "Performance Predictions of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures in Smooth and Intemally-fmned Tubes-Part II, design Equations," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 96,170-182.
75. Schlager, L. M., Pate, M.B., and Bergles, AE., 1990c, "Evaporation and Condensation Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Horizontal, 12.7 mm Microfin Tubes with Refrigerant 22," ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Nov., Vol. 112, pp. 1041-1047.
76. Shah, MM, 1979, "A General Correlation for Heat Transfer during Film Condensation inside Pipes," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 22, pp. 547-556.
77. Shah, R.K., 1990, "Assessment of Modified Wilson Plot Techniques for Obtaining Heat Exchanger Design Data," ASME J.Heat Transfer 1990, Vol. 5, pp. 51-56.
78. Shikazono, N. and Itoh, M., 1998, "An Analytical Model To Predict the Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficient In Horizontal Microfin Tubes," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 143-152.
79. Shikazono, N., Itoh, M., Uchida, M, Fukushima, T., and Hatada, T., 1998, "Predictive Equation Proposal for Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficient of Pure Refrigerants in Horizontal Micro-Fin Tubes," in Japanese, Trans. JSME, Vol. 64, pp. 196-203.
80. Shinohara, Y. and Tobe, M., 1985, "Development of an Improved Thermofin tube," Hitachi Cable review. No. 4, August, pp. 47 - 50.
81. Silver, L., 1947, "Gas Cooling with Aqueous Condensation," Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., No. 25, pp. 30-42.
82. Somerscales, E.F.C., and Bergles, AE., 1997, "Enhancement of Heat Transfer and Fouling Mitigation," Advances in Heat Transfer, Vol. 30, pp. 197-253.
83. Srinivasan, V., and Shah, R.K, 1997, "Condensation in Compact Heat Exchangers," J. Enhanced Heat Transfer, Vol. 4.
84. Sukhatme, S.P. and Jagadish, B.S., 1990, "Film Condensation of R-ll Vapor on Single Horizontal Enhanced Condenser Tubes," ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 112, pp. 229-234.
85. Tanasawa, I., 1993, "Advances in Condensation Heat Transfer, Japanese Research," in Condensation and Condenser Design, ASME.
86. Tang, L., 1997, "Empirical Study of New Refrigerant Flow Condensation inside Horizontal Smooth and Micro-fin Tubes," PhD. thesis, University of Maryland at College Parte.
87. Tatsumi, A, Oizumi, K., Hayashi, M., and Ito, M., 1982, "Application of Inner-grooved Tubes to Air-conditioners," Hitach Review, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 55-60.
88. Thome, J.R., Kattan, N., and Favrat, D., 1997, "Evaporation in Microfin Tubes: a Generalized Prediction Model, " Convective Flow and Pool Boiling, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, PA pp. 239-252.
89. Thors, P. and Bogart, J., 1994, "In-Tube Evaporation of HCVC-22 with Enhanced Tubes," Enhanced Heat Transfer, Vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 365-377.
90. Tojo, L. and Hosokawa, K., 1984, "Performance Characteristics of Multigrooved Tubes for Air-conditioners," Australian refrigeration, Air- Conditioning and Heating, Vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 45-61.
91. Torikoshi, K., and Ebisu, T., 1993, "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of R-134a, R-32, and a Mixture of R-32 / R134a Inside a Horizontal Tube," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 90-96.
92. Torikoshi, K., and Ebisu, T., 1999, "Japanese Advanced Technologies of Heat Exchanger in Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Applications," in Compact Heat Exchangers and Enhancement Technology for the Process Industries. Shah, R.S. ed., Begell House, he., New York, pp. 17-24.
93. Tsuchida, T., 1993, "Internal Heat Transfer Characteristics and Workability of Narrow Thermofin Tubes," Hitachi Cable Review, No. 12, pp. 59-64.
94. Webb, R.L., 1983, "High Performance Heat Transfer Surfaces for Boiling and Condensation," in Heat Transfer in Energy Problems, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, Mizushima, T, and Yang, W.J. eds., pp. 127-132.
95. Webb, R.L., 1988, "Enhancement of Film Condensation," Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 15, pp.475-507.
96. Webb, R.L., 1993, Principles of Enhanced Heat Transfer, John Wiley and SOTS, New York.
97. Webb, R.L., 1994, "Advances in Modeling Enhanced Heat Transfer Surfaces," Heat Transfer 1994, Proc. l ( f h International Heat Transfer Corf., Vol. 1, pp. 445-459.
98. Webb, R.L., 1999, "Prediction of Condensation and Evaporation in Micro-fin and Micro-channel Tubes," in Heat Transfer Enhancement of Heat Exchangers, ed. Kaka?, S. et al., pp. 529-550.
99. Webb, R.L., and Murawski, C.G., 1990, "Row-effect for R-ll Condensation on Enhanced Films," ASMEJ. Heat Transfer, Vol. 112, pp.768- 776.
100. Webb, R.L., and Yang, C.-Y., 1995, "A Comparison of R-12 and R-134a Condensation inside Small Extruded Aluminum Plain and Micro-Fin Tubes," Proc. MechE, paper C496/0S3/95, pp. 77-85.
101. Wieland-Werke, 2000, Cuprofin® Tube catalogue, Wieland-Werke AG, Ulm, Germany.
102. Wilson, E.E., 1915, "A Basis for Rational Design of Heat Transfer Apparatus," Trans. ASME, Vol. 37, pp. 546-668.
103. Wolverine 1999, Wolverine Product Brochure. Wolverine Tube Inc., Huntsville, Alabama.
104. Yang, C.-Y. and Webb, R.L., 1997, "A Predictive Model for Condensation in Small Hydraulic Diameter Tubes Having Axial Micro-Fins," Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 119, November, pp. 776-782.
105. Yasuda, K. and Ohizumi, K., 1990, Thermofin - Hex - C Tube, Hitachi Cable Review, No. 9, pp. 27-30.
106. Yu, J. and Koyama, S., 1998, "Condensation Heat Transfer of Pure Refrigerants in Microfin Tubes," Proc. of the 1998 International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, July 14-17, pp. 325-330.