Current Recommendations for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia

P and T

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 104-114

  Talbert, Robert L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; ATORVASTATIN PLUS FENOFIBRATE; BILE ACID CONJUGATE; COLESEVELAM; COLESTIPOL; COLESTYRAMINE; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PRAVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; MYALGIA; MYOPATHY; MYOSITIS; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT CODING; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT MONITORING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 1242352050     PISSN: 10521372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: 2003 Update. Last update 2002. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1040391091015HDS_Stats_03.pdf. Accessed July 24, 2003.
2. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106:3143-3421.
3. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Department of Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial Study Group. Distribution of lipids in 8,500 men with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:1196-1201.
4. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002;287:356-359.
5. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4,444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-1389.
6. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301-1307.
7. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-1009.
8. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 1998;279:1615-1622.
9. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-1357.
10. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med 1977;62:707-714.
11. Miller GJ, Miller NE. Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1975;1:16-19.
12. Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Can J Cardiol 1998;14(Suppl B):14B-17B.
13. Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: Four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989;79:8-15.
14. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497.
15. McKenney JM. Dyslipidemias. In: Young LY, Koda-Kimble M, eds. Applied Therapeutics. The Clinical Use of Drugs, 6th ed. Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics, Inc.; 1995:9-1-9-26.
16. Bays HE, Moore PB, Drehobl MA, et al. The Ezetimibe Study Group. Effectiveness and tolerability of ezetimibe in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: Pooled analysis of two phase II studies. Clin Ther 2001;23:1209-1230.
17. Dujovne CA, Ettinger MP, McNeer JF, et al. The Ezetimibe Study Group. Efficacy and safety of a potent new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1092-1097.
18. Schectman G, Hiatt J. Dose-response characteristics of cholesterol-lowering drug therapies: Implications for treatment. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:990-1000.
19. Kontopoulos AG, Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, et al. Effects of simvastatin and ciprofibrate alone and in combination on lipid profile, plasma fibrinogen, and low density lipoprotein particle structure and distribution in patients with familial combined hyperlipidaemia and coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis 1996;7:843-850.
20. Gupta EK, Ito MK. Ezefimibe: The first in a novel class of selective cholesterol-absorption inhibitors. Heart Dis 2002;4:399-409.
21. Knopp RH, Ginsberg J, Albers JJ, et al. Contrasting effects of unmodified and time-release forms of niacin on lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic subjects: Clues to mechanism of action of niacin. Metabolism 1985;34:642-650.
22. Knopp RH. Clinical profiles of plain versus sustained-release niacin (Niaspan) and the physiologic rationale for nighttime dosing. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:24U-28U.
23. Dailey JH, Gray DR, Bradberry JC, Talbert RL, Crawford KM. Lipid-modifying drugs. In: McKenney JM, Hawkins D, eds. Handbook on the Management of Lipid Disorders, 2nd ed. St. Louis: National Pharmacy Cardiovascular Council, Health Tech Solutions; 2001:124-166.
24. Stein EA, Davidson MH, Dujovne CA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of low-dose simvastatin and niacin, alone and in combination, in patients with combined hyperlipidemia: A prospective trial. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 1996;1:107-116.
25. Pasternak RC, Brown LE, Stone PH, et al. Effect of combination therapy with lipid-reducing drugs in patients with coronary heart disease and "normal" cholesterol levels: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:529-540.
26. Tsalamandris C, Panagiotopoulos S, Sinha A, et al. Complementary effects of pravastatin and nicotinic acid in the treatment of combined hyperlipidaemia in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. J Cardiovasc Risk 1994;1:231-239.
27. O'Keefe JH Jr, Harris WS, Nelson J, Windsor SL. Effects of pravastatin with niacin or magnesium on lipid levels and postprandial lipemia. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:480-484.
28. Gardner SF, Marx MA, White LM, et al. Combination of low-dose niacin and pravastatin improves the lipid profile in diabetic patients without compromising glycemic control. Ann Pharmacother 1997;31:677-682.
29. Kashyap ML, McGovern ME, Berra K, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily niacin/lovastatin formulation in patients with dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:672-678.
30. Hunninghake DB, McGovern ME, Koren M, et al. A dose-ranging study of a new, once-daily dual-component drug product containing niacin extended-release and lovastatin. Clin Cardiol 2003;26:112-118.
31. Bays HE, Dujovne CA, McGovern ME, et al. Comparison of once-daily, niacin extended-release/lovastatin with standard doses of atorvastatin and simvastatin (the ADvicor Versus Other Cholesterol-modulating Agents Trial Evaluation [ADVOCATE]). Am J Cardiol 2003;91:667-672.
32. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1583-1592.
33. Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Bairey-Merz CN, et al. ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statins. Circulation 2002;106:1024-1028; and J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:567-572.
34. Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Bairey-Merz CN, et al. ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statins. Circulation 2002;106:1024-1028; and J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:567-572.
35. Guyton JR, Capuzzi DM. Treatment of hyperlipidemia with combined niacin-statin regimens. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:82U-84U.
36. Omar MA, Wilson JP. FDA adverse event reports on statin-associated rhabdomyolysis. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:288-295.
37. Davignon J, Roederer G, Montigny M, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of pravastatin, nicotinic acid, and the two combined in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:339345.
38. Jacobson TA, Chin MM, Fromell GJ, et al. Fluvastatin with and without niacin for hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:149-154.
39. Vacek JL, Dittmeier G, Chiarelli T, et al. Comparison of lovastatin (20 mg) and nicotinic acid (1.2 g) with either drug alone for type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:182-184.
40. Gardner SF, Schneider EF, Granberry MC, Carter IR. Combination therapy with low-dose lovastatin and niacin is as effective as higher-dose lovastatin. Pharmacotherapy 1996;16:419-423.
41. Brown BG, Bardsley J, Poulin D, et al. Moderate dose, three-drug therapy with niacin, lovastatin, and colestipol to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 100 mg/dl in patients with hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:111-115.
42. Papadakis JA, Ganotakis ES, Jagroop IA, et al. Statin + fibrate combination therapy: Fluvastatin with bezafibrate or ciprofibrate in high-risk patients with vascular disease. Int J Cardiol 1999;71:237-244.
43. Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Athyrou VV, et al. Atorvastatin and micronized fenofibrate alone and in combination in type 2 diabetes with combined hyperlipidemia. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1198-1202.
44. Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Hatzikonstandinou HA, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term statin-fibrate combinations in patients with refractory familial combined hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:608-613.
45. Ellen RL, McPherson R. Long-term efficacy and safety of fenofibrate and a statin in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:60B-65B.
46. Shek A, Ferrill MJ. Statin-fibrate combination therapy. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:908-917.
47. Eriksson M, Hadell K, Holme I, Walldius G, Kjellström T. Compliance with and efficacy of treatment with pravastatin and cholestyramine: A randomized study on lipid-lowering in primary care. J Intern Med 1998;243:373-380.
48. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, et al. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1289-1298.
49. Hunninghake D, Insull W Jr, Toth P, et al. Coadministration of colesevelam hydrochloride with atorvastatin lowers LDL cholesterol additively. Atherosclerosis 2001;158:407-416.
50. Davidson MH, Toth P, Weiss S, et al. Low-dose combination therapy with colesevelam hydrochloride and lovastatin effectively decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Clin Cardiol 2001;24:467-474.
51. Donovan JM, Stypinski D, Stiles MR, et al. Drug interactions with colesevelam hydrochloride, a novel, potent lipid-lowering agent. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2000;14:681-690.
52. Gagne C, Bays HE, Weiss SR, et al. The Ezetimibe Study Group. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy for treatment of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1084-1091.
53. Blankenhorn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, et al. Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA 1987;257:3233-3240.
54. Cashin-Hemphill L, Mack WJ, Pogoda JM, et al. Beneficial effects of colestipol-niacin on coronary atherosclerosis: A 4-year followup. JAMA 1990;264:3013-3017.
55. Piepho RW. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of agents proven to raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol 2000;86(Suppl 12A):35L-40L.
56. Pieper JA. Understanding niacin formulations. Am J Manag Care 2002;8(12 Suppl):S308-S314.
57. McKenney JM, Proctor JD, Harris S, Chinchili VM. A comparison of the efficacy and toxic effects of sustained- vs immediate-release niacin in hypercholesterolemic patients. JAMA 1994;271:672-677.
58. Dalton TA, Berry RS. Hepatotoxicity associated with sustained-release niacin. Am J Med 1992;93:102-104.
59. Mullin GE, Greenson JK, Mitchell MC. Fulminant hepatic failure after ingestion of sustained-release nicotinic acid. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:253-255.
60. Rader JI, Calvert RJ, Hathcock JN. Hepatic toxicity of unmodified and time-release preparations of niacin. Am J Med 1992;92:77-81.
61. Knopp RH, Alagona P, Davidson M, et al. Equivalent efficacy of a time-release form of niacin (Niaspan) given once-a-night versus plain niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia. Metabolism 1998;47:1097-1104.
62. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP therapeutic position statement on the safe use of niacin in the management of dyslipidemias. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1997;54:2815-2819.
63. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Guidance for industry. Over-the-counter treatment for hypercholesterolemia. Rockville, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 1997.
64. Simons LA, Levis G, Simons J. Apparent discontinuation rates in patients prescribed lipid-lowering drugs. Med J Aust 1996;164:208-211.