Active-Passive Hybrid Optimization of Rotor Blades with Trailing Edge Flaps

Journal of the American Helicopter Society

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 54-65

  Zhang, Jianhua ^a,b   Smith, Edward C ^a   Wang, K W ^a  

^a The Pennsylvania State University   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AERODYNAMICS; AMPLITUDE MODULATION; COSINE TRANSFORMS; DRAG; HARMONIC ANALYSIS; MACHINE DESIGN; MATRIX ALGEBRA; NATURAL FREQUENCIES; OPTIMIZATION; ROBUSTNESS (CONTROL SYSTEMS); TORSION TESTING; VECTORS; VIBRATION CONTROL;

EDGE FLAP CONTROLLER DESIGN; ROTOR BLADES;

ROTORS;

EID: 1242284996     PISSN: 00028711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4050/jahs.49.54     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Ganguli, R., and Chopra, I., "Aeroelastic Optimization of An Advanced Geometry Composite Helicopter Rotor," American Helicopter Society 51st Annual Forum Proceedings, Fort Worth, TX, May 9-11, 1995, pp. 965-984.
2. Yuan, K. A., and Friedmann, P. P., "Aeroelasticity and Structural Optimization of Composite Helicopter Rotor Blade with Swept Tips," NASA CR 4665, 1995.
3. DOT User Manual, VR&D, 1995.
4. Tarzanin, F. J., Young, D. K., and Panda, B., "Advanced Aeroelastic Optimization Applied to an Improved Performance, Low Vibration Rotor," American Helicopter Society 55th Annual Forum Proceedings, Montréal, Canada, May 25-27, 1999, pp. 183-194.
5. Millott, T. A., and Friedmann, P. P., "Vibration Reduction in Rotorcraft Using Active Control: A Comparison of Various Approaches," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 18, (4), July-August 1995.
6. Straub, F. K., "Active Flap Control for Vibration Reduction and Performance Improvement," American Helicopter Society 51st Annual Forum Proceedings, Fort Worth, TX, 1995, pp. 381-392.
7. Dawson, S., and Straub, F. K., "Design, Validation, and Test of a Model Rotor with Tip Mounted Active Flaps," American Helicopter Society 50th Annual Forum Proceedings, Washington, D.C., May 11-13, 1994, pp. 361-372.
8. Dawson, S., et al., "Wind Tunnel Test of an Active Flap Rotor: BVI Noise and Vibration Reduction," American Helicopter Society 51st Annual Forum Proceedings, Fort Worth, TX, 1995, pp. 631-648.
9. Millott, T. A., "Vibration Reduction in Helicopter Rotors Using an Active Controlled Partial Span Trailing Edge Flap Located on the Blade," Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1993.
10. Millott, T. A., and Friedmann, P. P., "The Practical Implementation of An Actively Controlled Flap to Reduce Vibration in Helicopter Rotors," American Helicopter Society 49th Annual Forum Proceedings, St. Louis, Missouri, May 19-21, 1993, pp. 1079-1092.
11. Theodorson, T., "General Theory of Aerodynamic Instability and the Mechanism of Flutter," NACA Report No. 496, 1935.
12. Milgram, J. H., "A Comprehensive Aeroelastic Analysis of Helicopter Main Rotors With Trailing Edge Flaps for Vibration Reduction," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maryland at College Park, 1997.
13. Milgram, J. H., Chopra, I., and Straub, F., "A Comprehensive Rotor Aeroelastic Analysis with Trailing Edge Flap Model: Validation with Experimental Data," American Helicopter Society 52nd Annual Forum Proceedings, Washington, D.C., June 4-6, 1996, pp. 715-735.
14. Bir, G., and Chopra, I., et al., "University of Maryland Advanced Rotor Code (UMARC) Theory Manual," Technical Report UM-AERO 94-18, Center for Rotorcraft Education and Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, July 1994.
15. Fulton, M. V., and Ormiston, R., "Small-Scale Rotor Experiments with On-Blade Elevons to Reduce Blade Vibratory Loads in Forward Flight," American Helicopter Society 54th Annual Forum Proceedings, Washington, D.C., May 20-22, 1998, pp. 433-451.
16. Fulton, M. V., and Ormiston, R., "Hover Testing of a Small-Scale Rotor with On-Blade Elevons," American Helicopter Society 53rd Annual Forum Proceedings, Virginia Beach, VA, April 29-May 1, 1997, pp. 249-273.
17. Myrtle, T. F., and Friedmann, P. P., "Vibration Reduction in Rotorcraft Using the Actively Controlled Trailing Edge Flap and Issues Related to Practical Implementation," American Helicopter Society 54th Annual Forum Proceedings, Washington, D.C., May 20-22, 1998, pp. 602-619.
18. de Terlizzi, M., and Friedmann, P. P., "Aeroelastic Response of Swept Tip Rotors Including the Effects of BVI," American Helicopter Society 54th Annual Forum Proceedings, Washington, D.C., May 20-22, 1998, pp. 644-663.
19. de Terlizzi, M., and Friedmann, P. P., "Active Control of BVI Induced Vibrations Using a Refined Aerodynamic Model and Experimental Correlation," American Helicopter Society 55th Annual Forum Proceedings, Montréal, Canada, May 25-27, 1999, pp. 599-618.
20. Straub, F. K., and Charles, B. D., "Comprehensive Modeling of Rotors with Tailing Edge Flaps," American Helicopter Society 55th Annual Forum Proceedings, Montréal, Canada, May 25-27, 1999, pp. 523-532.
21. Shen, J., and Chopra, I., "Aeroelastic Modeling of Trailing-Edge Flaps With Smart Material Actuators," Proceedings of 41th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Atlanta, Ga. April 3-6, 2000, AIAA-2000-1622.
22. Koratkar, N. A., and Chopra, I., "Wind Tunnel Testing of a Mach-Scaled Rotor Model with Trailing-Edge Flaps," American Helicopter Society 56th Annual Forum Proceedings, Virginia Beach, Virginia, May 2-4, 2000, pp. 798-821.
23. Lee, T., and Chopra, I., "Design and Spin Testing of an Active Trailing Edge Flap Actuated with Piezostacks," Proceedings of 40th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Adaptive Structures Forum, St. Louis, Mo. April 12-15, 1999, pp. 2403-2413, AIAA-99-1502.
24. Prechtl, E. F., and Hall, S. R., "Hover Testing of a Mach-Scaled Rotor with an Active Trailing Edge Flap," Presented at the Eighth ARO Workshop on Aeroelasticity of Rotorcraft Systems, The Nittany Lion Inn, State College, Pennsylvania, October 18-20, 1999.
25. Centolanza, L. R., and Smith, E. C., "Design and Experimental Testing of an Induced-Shear Piezoelectric Actuator for Rotor Blade Trailing Edge Flaps," Proceedings of the 41st AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Atlanta, Ga. April 3-6, 2000, AIAA-2000-1713.
26. Straub, F. K., and Hassan, A. A., "Aeromechanic Considerations in the Design of a Rotor with Smart Material actuated Trailing Edge Flaps," American Helicopter Society 52nd Annual Forum Proceedings, Washington, D.C., June 4-6, 1996, pp. 704-714.
27. Tsai, M., and Wang, K., "Control of A Ring Structure with Multiple Active-Passive Hybrid Piezoelectrical Networks," Journal of Smart Material and Structures, Vol. 5, 1996, pp. 695-703.
28. Gaudreault, M., Liebst, B., and Bagley, R., "Simultaneous Design of Active Vibration Control and Passive Viscous Damping," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 16, (4), July-August 1993, pp. 654-661.
29. Smith, M., Grigoriadis, K., and Skelton, R., "Optimal Mix of Passive and Active Control in Structures," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 15, (4), July-August 1992, pp. 912-919.
30. Zhang, J., Smith, E. C., and Wang, K. W., "An Active-Passive Hybrid Method for Optimization of Rotor Blade with Trailing Edge Flaps," Proceedings of 40th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, St. Louis, Mo. April 12-14, 1999, AIAA-99-1222.
31. Hariharan, N., Leishman, J. G., "Unsteady Aerodynamics of a Flapped Airfoil in Subsonic Flow by Indicial Concepts," Proceedings of the 36th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, New Orleans, LA Mo. April 10-12, 1995, AIAA-95-1228.
32. Gandhi, F., and Tauszig, L., "A Critical Evaluation of Various Approaches for the Numerical Detection of Helicopter Blade-Vortex Interactions," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 45, (3), July 2000, pp. 179-190.
33. Bagai, A., "Contributions to the Mathematical Modeling of Rotor Flow-Fields Using a Pseudo-Implicit Free-Wake Analysis," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland, 1995.
34. Johnson, W., "Self-Tuning Regulators for Multicyclic Control of Helicopter Vibration," NASA TP 1996, March 1982.
35. Zhang, J., "Active-Passive Hybrid Optimization of Rotor Blades With Trailing Edge Flaps," Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University at University Park, 2001.
36. Johnson, W., Helicopter Theory, Dover Publications, Inc. 1994, Chapters 9-13.