Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in children

Advances in Therapy

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 277-287

  Leung, Alexander K C ^a,b   Kellner, James D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b NONE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial therapy; Group A hemolytic streptococcus; Microbiologic testing; Pharyngitis

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AZITHROMYCIN; BENZATHINE AMOXICILLIN; CEPHALOSPORIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLINDAMYCIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; PENICILLIN V;

ANTIGEN DETECTION; ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; DRUG COST; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; PENICILLIN ALLERGY; PHARYNGITIS; PROGNOSIS; RASH; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; THROAT CULTURE; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 12344307706     PISSN: 0741238X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02850032     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Kiselica D. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis: current clinical concepts. Am Fam Physician. 1994;49:1147-1154.
2. Schroeder BM. Diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67:880-884.
3. Lin MH, Fong WK, Chang PF, et al. Predictive value of clinical features in differentiating group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in children. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2003;36:21-25.
4. Schwartz RH, Gerber MA. Pharyngeal findings of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152:927-928.
5. Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM Jr, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:113-125.
6. McIsaac WJ, Goel V, Slaughter PM, et al. Reconsidering sore throats. Part 2: alternative approach and practical office tool. Can Fam Physician. 1997;47:495-500.
7. McIsaac WJ, Kellner JD, Aufricht P, et al. Empirical validation of guidelines for the management of pharyngitis in children and adults. JAMA 2004;291:1587-1595.
8. Shulman ST, Tanz RR. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus). In: Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG, eds. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingstone; 2003:716-719.
9. Fischett VA. Streptococcal M protein: molecular design and biological behavior. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1989;2:285-314.
10. Gerber MA. Group A streptococcus. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2004:870-874.
11. Nussinovitch M, Finkelstein Y, Amir J, et al. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in preschool children aged 3 months to 5 years. Clin Pediatr. 1999;38:357-360.
12. Tarlow MJ. Macrolides in the management of streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16:444-448.
13. American Academy of Pediatrics. Group A streptococcal infections. In: Pickering LK, ed. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003:573-584.
14. Gerber MA. Treatment failures and carriers: perception or problems? Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:576-579.
15. Pichichero ME, Marocci SM, Murphy ML, et al. Incidence of streptococcal carriers in private pediatric practice. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153:624-628.
16. Leung AK. Streptococcal pharyngitis. HK J Pediatr. 1985;2:214-219.
17. Leung AK, Pinto-Rajas A. Infectious mononucleosis. Consultant. 2000;40:134-136.
18. Breese BB. A simple scorecard for the tentative diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Dis Child. 1977;131:514-517.
19. Centor RM, Witherspoon JM, Dalton HP, et al. The diagnosis of strept throat in adults in the emergency room. Med Decis Making. 1981;1:239-246.
20. McIsaac WJ, White D, Tannenbaum D, et al. A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat. Can Med Assoc J. 1998;158:75-83.
21. Wald ER, Green MD, Schwartz B, et al. A streptococcal score card revisited. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1998;14:109-111.
22. Lopez R. Diagnosing streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Dis Child. 1979;133:449.
23. Gerber MA. Diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatr Ann. 1998;27:269-273.
24. Nawaz H, Smith DS, Mazhari R, et al. Concordance of clinical findings and clinical judgment in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:1104-1109.
25. Douglas M, Stralnick H. A scoring system for streptococcal pharyngitis. J Fam Pract. 1996;43:537-538.
26. Hayden GF, Turner RB. Pharyngitis. In: Jenson HB, Baltimore RS, eds. Pediatric Infectious Diseases: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2002:711-720.
27. Corneli HM. Rapid detection and diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Curr Infect Dis Report. 2004;6:181-186.
28. Ehrlich JE, Demopoulos BP, Daniel KR, et al. Cost-effectiveness of treatment options for prevention of rheumatic heart disease from group A streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population. Prev Med. 2002;35:250-257.
29. Webb KH, Needham CA, Kurtz SR. Use of a high-sensitivity rapid test without culture confirmation of negative results: 2 years' experience. J Fam Pract. 2000;49:34-38.
30. Shulman ST. Complications of streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:S70-S74.
31. Block SL. Short-course antimicrobial therapy of streptococcal pharyngitis. Clin Pediatr. 2003;42:663-671.
32. Gooch WM. Potiential infectious disease complications of upper respiratory tract infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:S79-S82.
33. Chmelik E, Awadallah N, Hadi FS, et al. Varied presentation of PANDAS: a case series. Clin Pediatr. 2004;43:379-382.
34. Murphy ML, Pichichero ME. Prospective identification and treatment of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococcal infection (PANDAS). Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:356-361.
35. Robson WL, Leung AK. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Can Fam Physician. 1992;38:2883-2887.
36. Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR, Bartlett JG, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults: background. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:509-517.
37. Krober MS, Bass JW, Michels GN. Streptococcal pharyngitis: placebo-controlled double-blind evaluation of clinical response to penicillin therapy. JAMA. 1985;253:1271-1274.
38. El-Daher NT, Hijazi SS, Rawashdeh NM, et al. Immediate vs delayed treatment of group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin V. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991;10:126-130.
39. Pichichero ME, Disney FA, Talpey WB, et al. Adverse and beneficial effects of immediate treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987;6:635-643.
40. Kaplan EL. Delayed treatment for strept throat. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987;6:1140.
41. Gerber MA, Randolph MF, DeMeo KK, et al. Lack of impact of early antibiotic therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis on recurrence rates. J Pediatr. 1990;117:853-858.
42. Leung AK, Robson WL, Jadavji T. Antibiotic dosages in the treatment of group A streptococcal infections. Clin Pediatr. 1992;31:447.
43. Schwartz RH, Wientzen RL Jr, Pedreira F, et al. Penicillin V for group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: a randomized trial of seven vs ten days' therapy. JAMA. 1981;246:1790-1795.
44. Gerber MA, Randolph MF, Chanatry J, et al. Five vs ten days of penicillin V therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141:224-227.
45. Bycroft TC, O'Corvnor T, Hoff C, et al. When choosing injectable penicillin for the treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis, there is a less painful choice. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2000;16:398-400.
46. Hayden GF, Turner RB. Acute pharyngitis. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2004:1393-1394.
47. Feder HM Jr, Gerber MA, Randolph MF, et al. Once-daily therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis with amoxicillin. Pediatrics. 1999;103:47-51.
48. Gopichand I, Williams GD, Medendorp SV, et al. Randomized, single-blinded comparative study of the efficacy of amoxicillin (40 mg/kg/day) versus standard-dose penicillin V in the treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Clin Pediatr. 1993;37:341-346.
49. Shvartzman P, Tabenkin H, Rosentzwaig A, et al. Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis with amoxycillin once a day. BMJ. 1993;306:1170-1172.
50. Klein JO. Management of streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:572-575.
51. Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Meta-analysis of cephalosporins versus penicillin for treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1526-1534.
52. Hebblethwaite EM, Brown GW, Cox DM. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of cefuroxime axetil and Augmentin in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1987;13:91-94.
53. Esposito S, Marchisio P, Bosis S, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of 5-day cefaclor and 10-day amoxycillin treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;20:28-33.
54. Milatovic D. Evaluation of cefadroxil, penicillin and erythromycin in the treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991;10:S61-S63.
55. Portier H, Chavanet P, Gouyon JB, et al. Five day treatment of pharyngotonsillitis with cefpodoxime proxetil. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990;26(suppl E):79-85.
56. Seppala H, Nissinen A, Jarvinen H, et al. Resistance to erythromycin in group A streptococci. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:292-297.
57. Brook I, Aronovitz GH, Pichichero ME. Open-label, parallel-group, multicenter, randomized study of cefprozil versus erythromycin in children with group A streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Clin Therapeut. 2001;23:1888-1990.
58. McCarty J, Hedrick JA, Gooch WM. Clarithromycin suspension vs penicillin V suspension in children with streptococcal pharyngitis. Adv Ther. 2000;17:14-26.
59. Schaad UB, Kellerhals P, Altwegg M, et al. Azithromycin versus penicillin V for treatment of acute group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:304-308.
60. McCracken GH Jr. Diagnosis and management of children with streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986;5:754-759.
61. Tanz RR, Shulman ST. Streptococcal pharyngitis: the carrier state, definition, and management. Pediatr Ann. 1998;27:281-285.
62. Pichichero M. Recurrent streptococcal pharyngitis: indications for tonsillectomy and penicillin prophylaxis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:83-84.
63. Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ, et al. Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children: results of parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:674-683.