Gender differences in the distribution of cocaine and heroin in Central Harlem

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Volumn 77, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 115-127

  Davis, W Rees ^a   Johnson, Bruce D ^a   Randolph, Doris ^a   Liberty, Hilary James ^a  

^a NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES   (United States)

Author keywords

African American; Drug selling distribution; Gender; Law enforcement; Prison; Substance abuse

Indexed keywords

COCAINE; DIAMORPHINE;

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG LEGISLATION; DRUG MARKETING; DRUG USE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCOME; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MALE; MEDICAL EDUCATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRISON; SAMPLE; SEX DIFFERENCE;

ADULT; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; FEMALE; HEROIN DEPENDENCE; HUMANS; INTERVIEWS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEW YORK CITY; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 12344255163     PISSN: 03768716     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.07.010     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. P. Bourgois In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio 1995 Cambridge University Press New York
2. C.B. Boyer, J.M. Tschann, and M. Shafer Predictors of risk for sexually transmitted diseases in ninth grade urban high school students J. Adol. Res. 14 1999 448 465
3. W.J. Bratton, and P. Knobler Turnaround: How America's Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic 1998 Random House New York
4. Bureau of Justice Statistics Website, 2003. Major repository of criminal justice statistics. Washington, DC. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/.
5. R.G. Carlson, J. Wang, H.A. Siegal, R.S. Falck, and J. Guo An ethnographic approach to targeted sampling: problems and solutions in AIDS prevention research among injection drug and crack-cocaine users Human Organ. 53 3 1994 279 286
6. J.P. Caulkins, B.D. Johnson, A. Taylor, and I. Taylor What drug dealers tell us about their costs of doing business J. Drug Issues 29 2 1999 323 340
7. J. Cross, B.D. Johnson, W.R. Davis, and H. Liberty Supporting the habit: income generation activities of frequent crack users compared with frequent users of other hard drugs Drug Alcohol Depen. 64 2 2001 191 201
8. R.M. Crum, M. Lillie-Blanton, and J.C. Anthony Neighborhood environment and opportunity to use cocaine and other drugs in late childhood and early adolescence Drug Alcohol Depen. 43 3 1996 155 161
9. C. Cunneen Zero tolerance policing and the experience of New York City Curr. Issues Crim. Justice 10 3 1999 299 313
10. R. Curtis, and T. Wendel Toward the development of a typology of illegal drug markets M. Natarajan M. Hough Illegal Drug Markets: From Research to Prevention Policy, Crime Prevention Studies 2000 Criminal Justice Press Monsey, NY 11
11. R. Curtis, and L. Maher Highly structured crack markets in the Southside of Williamsburg, Brooklyn J. Fagan The Ecology of Crime and Drug Use in Inner Cities 1992 Social Science Research Council New York
12. W.R. Davis, B.D. Johnson, D. Randolph, and H. Liberty Characteristics of hidden status among users of crack, powder cocaine and heroin in Central Harlem J. Drug Issues 34 1 2004 219 244
13. W.R. Davis, B.D. Johnson, D. Randolph, and H. Liberty An enumeration method of determining the prevalence of users and operatives of cocaine and heroin in Central Harlem Drug Alcohol Depen. 72 2003 45 58
14. W.R. Davis, and B.D. Johnson Criminal justice contacts of users and sellers of hard drugs in Harlem Albany Law Rev. 63 3 2000 877 922
15. E. Dunlap, B.D. Johnson, and L. Maher Female crack sellers in New York City: who they are and what they do Women Crim. Justice 8 4 1997 25 55
16. E. Dunlap, B.D. Johnson, and A. Manwar A successful female crack dealer: case study of a deviant career Deviant Behav. 15 1994 1 25
17. J.A. Fagan Women and drugs revisited: female participation in the cocaine economy J. Drug Issues 24 2 1994 179 225
18. Fagan, J., Chin, K., 1991. Violence as regulation and social control in the distribution of crack. In: de la Rosa, M., Lambert, E., Gropper, B. (Eds.), Drugs and Violence. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph No. 103, DHHS Publication number (ADM) 90-1721, Rockville, MD, pp. 8-43.
19. R.T. Furst, B.D. Johnson, E. Dunlap, and R. Curtis The stigmatized image of the crack head: a sociocultural exploration of a barrier to cocaine smoking among a cohort of youth in New York City Deviant Behav.: An Interdisciplinary Journal 20 1999 153 181
20. D.R. Gerstein, and R.A. Johnson Adolescents and Young Adults in the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study 1999 Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Washington, DC
21. P.J. Goldstein The drugs/violence nexus: a tripartite conceptual framework J. Drug Issues 14 1985 493 506
22. L.A. Goodman Snowball sampling Ann. Math. Stat. 32 1961 117 151
23. P. Griffiths, M. Gossop, B. Powis, and J. Strang Reaching hidden populations of drug users by privileged access interviewers: methodological and practical issues epidemic of 1981-1991 Addiction 88 1 1993 617 626
24. A. Hamid The developmental cycle of a drug epidemic: the cocaine smoking J. Psychoactive Drugs 24 3 1992 337 348
25. D.D. Heckathorn Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations Social Probl. 44 2 1997 174 199
26. D.D. Heckathorn Respondent-driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations Social Probl. 49 1 2002 11 34
27. S.D. Holmberg Risk factors for sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus 4th ed. 1997 Lippincott-Raven Publishers Philadelphia, PA
28. J.A. Inciardi, D. Lockwood, and A.E. Pottieger Women and Crack Cocaine 1993 Macmillan New York
29. B.A. Jacobs Robbing Drug Dealers 2000 Aldine de Gruyter, Hawthorne New York
30. B.D. Johnson, A. Golub, and J. Fagan Executive summary: careers in crack, drug use, drug distribution, and nondrug criminality Crime Delinquency 41 1995 275 295
31. B.D. Johnson, E. Dunlap, and S.C. Tourigny Crack distribution and abuse in New York City M. Natarajan M. Hough Illegal Drug Markets: From Research to Prevention Policy, Crime Prevention Studies 11 2000 Criminal Justice Press Monsey, NY 19 77
32. B.D. Johnson, A. Golub, and E. Dunlap The rise and decline of drugs, drug markets, and violence in New York City A. Blumstein J. Wallman The Crime Drop in America 2000 Cambridge University Press New York 164 206
33. B.D. Johnson, A. Golub, and J. Fagan Careers in crack, drug use, drug distribution, and nondrug criminality Crime Delinquency 41 3 1995 275 295
34. B.D. Johnson, M. Natarajan, E. Dunlap, and E. Elmoghazy Crack abusers and noncrack abusers: profiles of drug use, drug sales, and nondrug criminality J. Drug Issues 24 1/2 1994 117 141
35. B.D. Johnson, A. Hamid, and H. Sanabria Emerging models of crack distribution T. Mieczkowksi Drugs and Crime: A Reader 1992 Allyn-Bacon Boston 56 78
36. B. Johnson, T. Williams, K. Dei, and H. Sanabria Drug abuse and the inner city: impact on hard drug users and the community M. Tonry J.Q. Wilson Drugs and Crime, Crime and Justice Series 13 1990 University of Chicago Press Chicago 9 67
37. B.D. Johnson, P.J. Goldstein, E. Preble, J. Schmeidler, D.S. Lipton, B. Spunt, and T. Miller Taking Care of Business: The Economics of Crime by Heroin Abusers 1985 Lexington Books Lexington, MA
38. B.D. Johnson, and M. Natarajan Strategies to avoid arrest: crack sellers' response to intensified policing Am. J. Police 23 3/4 1996 49 70
39. L. Maher Sexed Work: Gender, Race and Resistance in a Brooklyn Drug Market 1997 Oxford University Press New York
40. L. Maher, E. Dunlap, and B.D. Johnson Black women's pathways to involvement in illicit drug distribution and sales: an exploratory ethnographic analysis S. Brochu C. Da Agra M-M. Cousineau Drugs and Crime Deviant Pathways 2002 Ashgate Publishing Co. Burlington, VT 167 193
41. M. Natarajan M. Hough Crime Prevention Studies, Illegal Drug Markets: From Research to Prevention Policy vol. 11 2000 Criminal Justice Press Monsey, NY
42. National Institutes of Justice, 2003. Annual Report 2000. Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring, Washington, DC, NCJ 193013.
43. New York City Department of Health, 2000. Central Harlem-Morningside Heights Neighborhood Health Profile.
44. G.S. Rothbart, M. Fine, and S. Sudman On finding and interviewing the needles in the haystack: the use of multiplicity sampling Public Opin. Quart. 46 1982 408 421
45. E.B. Silverman NYPD Battles Crime: Innovative Strategies in Policing 1999 Northeastern University Press Boston, MA
46. T.A.B. Snijders Estimation on the basis of snowball samples: how to weight? Bull. Meth. Sociologique 36 1992 59 70
47. B. Taylor, H. Brownstein, D. Gerstein, and M. Yang A Cluster Analysis of Urban Drug Markets as Characterized by Arrestees 2002 American Society of Criminology Chicago
48. L.A.M. Van de Goor, H.F.L. Garretsen, C. Kaplan, D. Korf, I.P. Spruit, and W.M. de Zwart Research methods for illegal drug use in hidden populations: summary report of a European invited expert meeting J. Psychoactive Drugs 26 1 1994 33 40
49. F.A. Wagner, and J.C. Anthony Into the world of illegal drug use: exposure opportunity and other mechanisms linking the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine Am. J. Epidemiol. 155 10 2002 918 925
50. J.K. Watters, and P. Biernacki Targeted sampling: options for the study of hidden populations Social Probl. 36 4 1989 416 430
51. C.P.M. Webb, J.A. Burleson, and J.A. Ungemack Treating juvenile offenders for marijuana problems Addictions 97 Suppl. 1 2002 35 45