Modelling the rapid retreat of building sandstones: A case study from a polluted maritime environment

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 205, Issue , 2002, Pages 347-362

  Smith, B J ^a   Turkington, A V ^b   Warke, P A ^a   Basheer, P A M ^a   McAlister, J J ^a   Meneely, J ^a   Curran, J M ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUILDING STONE; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; SANDSTONE; SEA SALT; WEATHERING;

EID: 12244273714     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.205.01.25     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. BASHEER, P. A. M., NOLAN, E., McCARTER, W. J. & LONG, A. E. 2000. Effectiveness of in-situ preconditioning methods for concrete. ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 12, 131-138.
2. BLUCK, B. 1992. The composition and weathering of sandstone with relation to cleaning. In: WEBSTER, R. G. M. (ed.) Stone Cleaning and the Nature of Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone. Donhead, London, 125-127.
3. BLUCK, B. J. & PORTER, J. 1991. Sandstone buildings and cleaning problems. Stone Industries, March, 21-27.
4. BUTLIN, R. 1991. Effects of air pollution on buildings and materials. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Edinburgh, 97B, 255-272.
5. COOKE, R. U. & GIBBS, G. B. 1993. Crumbling Heritage? National Power & Power Gen. Swindon.
6. COOPER, T. P. et al. 1991. Contribution of calcium from limestone and mortar to the decay of granite walling. In: BAER, N. S. et al. (eds) Science, Technology and the European Cultural Heritage. Butterworth-Heineman, Oxford, 456-459.
7. DRAGOVICH, D. 1981. Cavern microclimates in relation to preservation of rock art. Studies in Conservation, 26, 143-149.
8. FOLK, R. L. 1974. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphills, Austin, Texas.
9. GOUDIE, A. S. 1985. Salt Weathering. Oxford School of Research, Paper, 8.
10. GOUDIE, A. S. & VILES, H. A. 1997. Salt Weathering Hazards, Wiley, Chichester.
11. GOUDIE, A. S., COOKE, R. U. & EVANS, I. S. 1970. Experimental investigation of rock weathering by salts. Area, 4, 42-48.
12. MCCARTER, W., CHRISP, T., BUTLER, A. & BASHEER, P. 2001. Near-surface sensors for condition monitoring of cover-zone concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 15(2-3), 115-124.
13. MCGREEVY, J. P. & SMITH, B. J. 1984. The possible role of clay minerals in salt weathering. Catena, 11, 169-175.
14. McKINLEY, J., WORDEN, R. H. & RUFFELL, A. H. 2001a. Contact diagenesis: the effect of an intrusion on reservoir quality in the Triassic Sherwood sandstone Group, Northern Ireland. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 71, 484-495.
15. McKINLEY, J., CURRAN, J. M. & TURKINGTON, A. V. 2001b. Gypsum formation in non-calcareous building sandstone: a case study of Scrabo sandstone. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26, 869-875.
16. PRICE, C. A. 1978. The use of the sodium sulphate crystallisation test for determining the weathering resistance of untreated stone. International Symposium on Deterioration & Protection of Stone Monuments. UNESCO, Paris, Paper 3.6.
17. PRICE, C. A. 1996. Stone Conservation: an Overview of Current Research. Getty Conservation Institute. Santa Monica.
18. PRICE, C. A. & BRIMBLECOMBE, P. 1994. Preventing salt damage in porous materials. In: Preventive Conservation: Practice, Theory and Research. International Institute for Conservation, London, 90-93.
19. SMITH, B. J. 2002. Background controls on urban stone decay: lessons from natural rock weathering. In: BRIMBLECOMBE, P. (ed.) Air Pollution Reviews - Vol. 2: The Effects of Air Pollution on the Built Environment. Imperial College Press, London, in press.
20. SMITH, B. J. & KENNEDY, E. M. 1999. Moisture loss from stone influenced by salt accumulation. In: JONES, M. S. AND WAKEFIELD, R. D. (eds) Aspects of Stone Weathering, Decay and Conservation. Imperial College Press, London, 55-64.
21. SMITH, B. J. & McALISTER, J. J. 1986. Observations on the occurrence and origin of salt weathering phenomena near Lake Magadi, Southern Kenya. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 30, 445-460.
22. SMITH, B. J. & MCGREEVY, J. P. 1988. Contour scaling of a sandstone by salt weathering under simulated hot desert conditions. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 13, 697-706.
23. SMITH, B. J., WHALLEY, W. B. & FASSINA, V. 1988. Elusive solution to monumental decay. New Scientist, 1615, 49-53.
24. SMITH, B. J., WHALLEY, W. B. & MAGEE, R. W. 1991. Background and local contributions to acidic deposition and their relative impact on building stone decay: a case study of Northern Ireland. In: LONGHURST, J. W. S. (ed.) Acid Deposition: Origins, Impacts and Abatement Strategies. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 241-266.
25. SMITH, B. J., MAGEE, R. & WHALLEY, W. B. 1994. Breakdown patterns of quartz sandstone in a polluted urban environment: Belfast, N. Ireland. In: ROBINSON, D. A. & WILLIAMS, R. B. G. (eds) Rock Weathering and Landform Evolution. Wiley, Chichester, 131-150.
26. SMITH, B. J., TURKINGTON, A. V. & CURRAN, J. M. 2001. Calcium loading of non-calcareous building stone during construction. Earth Science Processes and Landforms, 26, 877-883.
27. TURKINGTON, A. V. (in press). Initial stages of sandstone decay in a polluted urban environment. Proceedings of SWAPNET meeting. Wolverhampton, May 1999.
28. TURKINGTON, A. V. & SMITH, B. J. 2000. Observations of three-dimensional salt distribution in building sandstone. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25, 1317-1332.
29. TURKINGTON, A. V., SMITH, B. J. & BASHEER, P. A. M. 2002. The effect of block retreat on sub-surface temperature and moisture conditions in sandstone. In: PRIKRYL, R. & VILES, H. A. (eds) Understanding and managing stone decay. Karolinum Press, Prague, 113-126.
30. VILES, H. A. 1993. The environmental sensitivity of blistering of limestone walls in Oxford. England. In: THOMAS, D. S. G. & ALISON, R. J. (eds) Landscape Sensitivity. Wiley, Chichester, 309-326.
31. WARKE, P. A. & SMITH, B. J. 2000. Salt distribution in clay-rich weathered sandstone. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25, 1333-1342.
32. YATES, T. & BUTLIN, R. 1996. Predicting the weathering of Portland limestone buildings. In: SMITH, B. J. & WARKE, P. A. (eds) Processes of Urban Stone Decay. Donhead. London, 194-204.