"A place for the better technical education of nurses": The Dublin metropolitan technical school for nurses, 1893-1969

Nursing History Review

Volumn 13, Issue , 2005, Pages 23-47

  Fealy, Gerard M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EUROPE; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HISTORY; HUMAN; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL PROFESSION; MEDICAL SCHOOL; MEDICINE; NURSE; NURSING EDUCATION; REVIEW;

EID: 12244269757     PISSN: 10628061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/1062-8061.13.1.23     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Irish Nursing News 7, no. 11 (1928): 139.
2. Huxley was the niece of scientist Thomas H. Huxley.
3. Deborah Simonton, "Nursing History as Women's History," International History of Nursing Journal 6, no. 1 (2001): 35-47. While the apprenticeship system in medicine was being replaced by a more standardized system of medical training following the Medical Act of 1858, medical education continued to be the preserve of men.
4. Minutes of Proceedings of the Governing Authority, Dublin Metropolitan Technical School for Nurses (hereafter Minutes, DMTSN), 16 December 1893-19 May 1952, Archives of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin.
5. For general accounts of the history of the development of the health services in Ireland, see Brendan Hensey, The Health Services of Ireland, 4th ed. (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1988); Greta Jones and Elizabeth Malcolm, eds., Medicine, Disease, and the State in Ireland, 1650-1940 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999). For accounts of aspects of social policy in Ireland, see Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine, and Politics in Ireland, 1900-1970 (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1987). For a substantial analysis of the workhouse system, see Helen N. Burke, The People and the Poor Law in 19th Century Ireland (Dublin: Women's Education Bureau, 1987). For a comprehensive study of the history of nursing in Ireland, see Pauline Scanlan, The Irish Nurse: A Study of Nursing in Ireland: History and Education, 1718-1981 (Manorhamilton: Drumlin, 1991).
6. For general accounts of the history of the development of the health services in Ireland, see Brendan Hensey, The Health Services of Ireland, 4th ed. (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1988); Greta Jones and Elizabeth Malcolm, eds., Medicine, Disease, and the State in Ireland, 1650-1940 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999). For accounts of aspects of social policy in Ireland, see Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine, and Politics in Ireland, 1900-1970 (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1987). For a substantial analysis of the workhouse system, see Helen N. Burke, The People and the Poor Law in 19th Century Ireland (Dublin: Women's Education Bureau, 1987). For a comprehensive study of the history of nursing in Ireland, see Pauline Scanlan, The Irish Nurse: A Study of Nursing in Ireland: History and Education, 1718-1981 (Manorhamilton: Drumlin, 1991).
7. For general accounts of the history of the development of the health services in Ireland, see Brendan Hensey, The Health Services of Ireland, 4th ed. (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1988); Greta Jones and Elizabeth Malcolm, eds., Medicine, Disease, and the State in Ireland, 1650-1940 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999). For accounts of aspects of social policy in Ireland, see Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine, and Politics in Ireland, 1900-1970 (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1987). For a substantial analysis of the workhouse system, see Helen N. Burke, The People and the Poor Law in 19th Century Ireland (Dublin: Women's Education Bureau, 1987). For a comprehensive study of the history of nursing in Ireland, see Pauline Scanlan, The Irish Nurse: A Study of Nursing in Ireland: History and Education, 1718-1981 (Manorhamilton: Drumlin, 1991).
8. For general accounts of the history of the development of the health services in Ireland, see Brendan Hensey, The Health Services of Ireland, 4th ed. (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1988); Greta Jones and Elizabeth Malcolm, eds., Medicine, Disease, and the State in Ireland, 1650-1940 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999). For accounts of aspects of social policy in Ireland, see Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine, and Politics in Ireland, 1900-1970 (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1987). For a substantial analysis of the workhouse system, see Helen N. Burke, The People and the Poor Law in 19th Century Ireland (Dublin: Women's Education Bureau, 1987). For a comprehensive study of the history of nursing in Ireland, see Pauline Scanlan, The Irish Nurse: A Study of Nursing in Ireland: History and Education, 1718-1981 (Manorhamilton: Drumlin, 1991).
9. For general accounts of the history of the development of the health services in Ireland, see Brendan Hensey, The Health Services of Ireland, 4th ed. (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1988); Greta Jones and Elizabeth Malcolm, eds., Medicine, Disease, and the State in Ireland, 1650-1940 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999). For accounts of aspects of social policy in Ireland, see Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine, and Politics in Ireland, 1900-1970 (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1987). For a substantial analysis of the workhouse system, see Helen N. Burke, The People and the Poor Law in 19th Century Ireland (Dublin: Women's Education Bureau, 1987). For a comprehensive study of the history of nursing in Ireland, see Pauline Scanlan, The Irish Nurse: A Study of Nursing in Ireland: History and Education, 1718-1981 (Manorhamilton: Drumlin, 1991).
10. The Catholic sisterhoods that were prominent in providing medical relief in Dublin in the middle of the 19th century were the Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy and the Irish Sisters of Charity.
11. There were two large Catholic hospitals in Dublin. The Sisters of Charity founded St Vincent's Hospital for the care of the sick poor at St. Stephen's Green in 1834, and the Sisters of Mercy founded Mater Misericordiae Hospital on Eccles Street in 1861. In 1854 the Sisters of Mercy took over the management of nursing at the Charitable Infirmary, Jervis Street, a Protestant hospital.
12. James McGeachie, "'Normal' Development in an 'Abnormal' Place: Sir William Wilde and the Irish School of Medicine," in Jones and Malcolm, eds., Medicine, Disease, and the State, 85-101. See also Eoin O'Brien, "The Georgian Era, 1714-1835," in A Portrait of Irish Medicine: An Illustrated History of Medicine in Ireland, ed. Eoin O'Brien, Anne Crookshank, and Gordon Wolstenholme (Dublin: Ward River Press, 1984), 75-114. See also James Kelly, "The Emergence of Scientific Institutional Medical Practice in Ireland, 1650-1880," in Jones and Malcolm, eds., Medicine, Disease, and the State, 21-39. The period is also referred to as "the Golden Age of Irish Medicine."
13. James McGeachie, "'Normal' Development in an 'Abnormal' Place: Sir William Wilde and the Irish School of Medicine," in Jones and Malcolm, eds., Medicine, Disease, and the State, 85-101. See also Eoin O'Brien, "The Georgian Era, 1714-1835," in A Portrait of Irish Medicine: An Illustrated History of Medicine in Ireland, ed. Eoin O'Brien, Anne Crookshank, and Gordon Wolstenholme (Dublin: Ward River Press, 1984), 75-114. See also James Kelly, "The Emergence of Scientific Institutional Medical Practice in Ireland, 1650-1880," in Jones and Malcolm, eds., Medicine, Disease, and the State, 21-39. The period is also referred to as "the Golden Age of Irish Medicine."
14. James McGeachie, "'Normal' Development in an 'Abnormal' Place: Sir William Wilde and the Irish School of Medicine," in Jones and Malcolm, eds., Medicine, Disease, and the State, 85-101. See also Eoin O'Brien, "The Georgian Era, 1714-1835," in A Portrait of Irish Medicine: An Illustrated History of Medicine in Ireland, ed. Eoin O'Brien, Anne Crookshank, and Gordon Wolstenholme (Dublin: Ward River Press, 1984), 75-114. See also James Kelly, "The Emergence of Scientific Institutional Medical Practice in Ireland, 1650-1880," in Jones and Malcolm, eds., Medicine, Disease, and the State, 21-39. The period is also referred to as "the Golden Age of Irish Medicine."
15. For an account of the principal figures of the "Dublin School" and their achievements in scientific medicine, see Davis Coakley, The Irish School of Medicine: Outstanding Practitioners of the 19th century (Dublin: Town House, 1988). See also O'Brien, Crookshank, and Wolstenholme, eds., A Portrait of Irish Medicine.
16. For an account of the principal figures of the "Dublin School" and their achievements in scientific medicine, see Davis Coakley, The Irish School of Medicine: Outstanding Practitioners of the 19th century (Dublin: Town House, 1988). See also O'Brien, Crookshank, and Wolstenholme, eds., A Portrait of Irish Medicine.
17. Coakley, The Irish School of Medicine, 17-64.
18. For a discussion on the developments of medical and surgical therapeutics in the 19th century, see John Fleetwood, History of Medicine in Ireland (Dublin: Browne and Nolan, 1951), 160-80. See also O'Brien, Crookshank, and Wolstenholme, eds., A Portrait of Irish Medicine, 115-46.
19. For a discussion on the developments of medical and surgical therapeutics in the 19th century, see John Fleetwood, History of Medicine in Ireland (Dublin: Browne and Nolan, 1951), 160-80. See also O'Brien, Crookshank, and Wolstenholme, eds., A Portrait of Irish Medicine, 115-46.
20. Gerard M. Fealy, "A History of the Provision and Reform of General Nurse Education and Training in Ireland, 1879-1994," Ph.D. dissertation, University College Dublin, 2002.
21. Dublin Hospital Sunday Fund, Report on the Nursing Arrangements in the Dublin Hospitals Receiving Aid from the Dublin Hospital Sunday Fund (Dublin: Browne and Nolan, 1879).
22. The Dublin Hospitals Commission was a parliamentary commission established in 1885 to examine the financing and management of Dublin's hospitals in receipt of the parliamentary grant. The Commission recommended that each hospital should employ as nurses "only such persons as have gone through a duly recognised probationary system." See House of Commons, Dublin Hospitals Commission Report of the Committee of Enquiry together with Minutes of Evidence and Appendices (Dublin: HMSO, 1887), lii-liii.
23. Fealy, "Provision and Reform of General Nurse Education and Training," 182.
24. For a comprehensive examination of the Nightingale model, see Ann Bradshaw, The Nurse Apprentice, 1860-1977 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001).
25. Those active in the campaign in Ireland also included Mrs. Kildare Treacy, lady superintendent of the City of Dublin Nursing Institution, and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.
26. Susan McGann, The Battle of the Nurses: A Study of Eight Women Who Influenced the Development of Professional Nursing, 1880-1930 (London: Scutari Press, 1992), 130.
27. Ibid., 132.
28. Board of Governors Proceedings, Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, 13 March 1894, 250, Archives of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, Dublin.
29. Thomas Percy C. Kirkpatrick, History of Dr Steevens' Hospital Dublin: 1720-1920 (Dublin: University Press, 1924), 281-82. See also Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 72. The precise date of the establishment of the Institution is unclear. Kirkpatrick offers conflicting dates. In his history of Dr. Steevens' Hospital, he suggests that the date was sometime after 1864 and before 1866. In another publication, Kirkpatrick places the year of founding of the Institution as 1860. See Thomas Percy C. Kirkpatrick, Nursing Ethics: A Lecture (Dublin: The University Press, 1917), 14-15. See also Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 72-73. The arrangement between Dr. Steevens' Hospital and the Institution meant that Dr. Steevens' Hospital was the first hospital in Dublin to receive nurses for training in its wards. See Kirkpatrick, Nursing Ethics, 14-15. Dr. Steevens' Hospital and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital established their own nurse training schools in 1879 and 1883, respectively.
30. Thomas Percy C. Kirkpatrick, History of Dr Steevens' Hospital Dublin: 1720-1920 (Dublin: University Press, 1924), 281-82. See also Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 72. The precise date of the establishment of the Institution is unclear. Kirkpatrick offers conflicting dates. In his history of Dr. Steevens' Hospital, he suggests that the date was sometime after 1864 and before 1866. In another publication, Kirkpatrick places the year of founding of the Institution as 1860. See Thomas Percy C. Kirkpatrick, Nursing Ethics: A Lecture (Dublin: The University Press, 1917), 14-15. See also Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 72-73. The arrangement between Dr. Steevens' Hospital and the Institution meant that Dr. Steevens' Hospital was the first hospital in Dublin to receive nurses for training in its wards. See Kirkpatrick, Nursing Ethics, 14-15. Dr. Steevens' Hospital and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital established their own nurse training schools in 1879 and 1883, respectively.
31. Thomas Percy C. Kirkpatrick, History of Dr Steevens' Hospital Dublin: 1720-1920 (Dublin: University Press, 1924), 281-82. See also Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 72. The precise date of the establishment of the Institution is unclear. Kirkpatrick offers conflicting dates. In his history of Dr. Steevens' Hospital, he suggests that the date was sometime after 1864 and before 1866. In another publication, Kirkpatrick places the year of founding of the Institution as 1860. See Thomas Percy C. Kirkpatrick, Nursing Ethics: A Lecture (Dublin: The University Press, 1917), 14-15. See also Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 72-73. The arrangement between Dr. Steevens' Hospital and the Institution meant that Dr. Steevens' Hospital was the first hospital in Dublin to receive nurses for training in its wards. See Kirkpatrick, Nursing Ethics, 14-15. Dr. Steevens' Hospital and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital established their own nurse training schools in 1879 and 1883, respectively.
32. Thomas Percy C. Kirkpatrick, History of Dr Steevens' Hospital Dublin: 1720-1920 (Dublin: University Press, 1924), 281-82. See also Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 72. The precise date of the establishment of the Institution is unclear. Kirkpatrick offers conflicting dates. In his history of Dr. Steevens' Hospital, he suggests that the date was sometime after 1864 and before 1866. In another publication, Kirkpatrick places the year of founding of the Institution as 1860. See Thomas Percy C. Kirkpatrick, Nursing Ethics: A Lecture (Dublin: The University Press, 1917), 14-15. See also Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 72-73. The arrangement between Dr. Steevens' Hospital and the Institution meant that Dr. Steevens' Hospital was the first hospital in Dublin to receive nurses for training in its wards. See Kirkpatrick, Nursing Ethics, 14-15. Dr. Steevens' Hospital and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital established their own nurse training schools in 1879 and 1883, respectively.
33. Thomas Percy C. Kirkpatrick, History of Dr Steevens' Hospital Dublin: 1720-1920 (Dublin: University Press, 1924), 281-82. See also Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 72. The precise date of the establishment of the Institution is unclear. Kirkpatrick offers conflicting dates. In his history of Dr. Steevens' Hospital, he suggests that the date was sometime after 1864 and before 1866. In another publication, Kirkpatrick places the year of founding of the Institution as 1860. See Thomas Percy C. Kirkpatrick, Nursing Ethics: A Lecture (Dublin: The University Press, 1917), 14-15. See also Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 72-73. The arrangement between Dr. Steevens' Hospital and the Institution meant that Dr. Steevens' Hospital was the first hospital in Dublin to receive nurses for training in its wards. See Kirkpatrick, Nursing Ethics, 14-15. Dr. Steevens' Hospital and Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital established their own nurse training schools in 1879 and 1883, respectively.
34. Minutes, 16 December 1893, DMTSN. Those present included doctors McCullagh, Redmond, Thompson, Hayes, Pratt, McHugh, Ball, and Nugent and nurses McGivney, MacDonnell, Hughes, Campbell, Close, St Claire, Lec, Poole, Kelly, Phillips, and Huxley. In a short pamphlet outlining the history of the Dublin Metropolitan Technical School for Nurses, Mary Crowley links the School's founding to the introduction of a "Nursing Science Course" at the National Eye and Ear Infirmary, Molesworth Street. The matron of the Infirmary, with the assistance of the presidents of the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, established the course in 1890, and the presidents of the Royal Colleges were the first lecturers. See Mary Frances Crowley, History of the Dublin Metropolitan Technical School of Nursing (Dublin: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 1979).
35. McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 135.
36. Minutes, 5 January 1894, DMTSN.
37. Ibid., 20 April 1894.
38. Ibid., 24 November 1894.
39. Ibid., 24 September 1894. Although trained nurses also received a diploma from the School, the archival record does not indicate how long they continued to attend after the School was opened or the precise numbers attending.
40. Ibid., April 1894.
41. The first Governing Authority was composed of Miss Huxley and Dr. C. B. Ball (representing Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital), Miss Kelly and Dr. R. A. Hayes (representing Dr. Steevens' Hospital), Miss McDonnell and Sir William Thompson (representing Richmond, Whithworth, and Hardwicke Hospitals), and Miss Shelley and Mr. R. L. Swan (representing the Dublin Orthopaedic Hospital).
42. In the following year, upon Falkiner's resignation due to the pressure of work, the Governing Authority appointed Dr. E. MacDowel Cosgrave as lecturer in Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. See Minutes, 24 November 1894, DMTSN.
43. Minutes, 5 January 1894, DMTSN. Aside from the fact that candidates who failed the examination in General Education could not be admitted to the School, it is unclear whether these probationers were in any other way prevented from continuing their "practical" training at their respective hospitals. The fee for the examination in General Education was two shillings and sixpence.
44. Ibid., 17 April 1895. Anne Jellicoe and Richard Chevenix Trench, the Protestant archbishop of Dublin, founded Alexandra College in 1866, modeled on Queen's College, Harley Street, London, the first college for the higher education of women in England. See Anne V. O'Connor, "The Revolution in Girls' Secondary Education in Ireland, 1860-1910," in Girls Don't Do Honours: Irish Women in Education in the 19th and 20th Centuries, ed. Mary Cullen (Dublin: Women's Education Bureau, 1987), 31-54.
45. Ibid., November 1894 (press cutting insert).
46. Cited in Mary Frances Crowley, A Century of Service, 1880-1980: The Story of the Development of Nursing in Ireland (Dublin: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 1980), 7. See also Minutes, 24 November 1894, DMTSN.
47. Cited in Mary Frances Crowley, A Century of Service, 1880-1980: The Story of the Development of Nursing in Ireland (Dublin: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 1980), 7. See also Minutes, 24 November 1894, DMTSN.
48. Minutes, 14 November 1894, DMTSN.
49. Ibid., 24 November 1894.
50. Ibid., 24 November 1894. There is no indication in the Governing Authority's minutes as to whether this grant application was approved. However, Crowley suggests that it was; see A Century of Service, 7.
51. Ibid., 21 January 1898. Miss Mason was also listed as a lecturer in Invalid Cookery.
52. Ibid., 27 January 1902. Richmond Hospital was a constituent hospital of the Dublin House of Industry Hospitals. It was later decided to strike gold, silver, and bronze medals for first, second, and third places.
53. Ibid., 12 March 1907.
54. Ibid., 6 April 1906.
55. Ibid., 2 April 1913.
56. Ibid., 25 April 1917.
57. McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 146.
58. Select Committee on the Registration of Nurses, together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Index (H.C. London: HMSO), 1904 (281) vi. 701 and 1905 (263) vii. 301, 22 (evidence of Margaret Huxley).
59. Select Committee on the Registration of Nurses, together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Index (H.C. London: HMSO), 1904 (281) vi. 701 and 1905 (263) vii. 301, 22 (evidence of Margaret Huxley).
60. McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 147. The initial Board was not elected; at its formation, it was planned that the Board would resign in 1918 and that the nurses on its register would elect a new Board.
61. British Medical Journal, March 24, 1917.
62. Minutes, 25 April 1917, DMTSN.
63. Ibid., 1 October 1917. Although records show no evidence of a detailed syllabus having been prepared, some of the changes that were envisaged would later become the basis of the first new syllabus of training, published by the General Nursing Council for Ireland. See General Nursing Council for Ireland, Regulations Made by the General Nursing Council for the Recognition of Hospitals as Training Schools for Nurses (Dublin: John Falconer, 1923).
64. Ibid., 20 June 1918.
65. Minutes, 20 January 1905, DMTSN. Sackville Street is the present-day O'Connell Street.
66. Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 81.
67. Ibid., The Irish Nurse, 101.
68. Nurses Registration (Ireland) Act (H.C. Dublin: HMSO, 1919), 9 &10, c. 96; Clause 3, para. 1. The General Nursing Council for Ireland was composed of nine nurse representatives and five representatives of the medical profession. The regulation of midwifery was provided for under separate legislation, the Midwives (Ireland) Act of 1918, which established a Central Midwives Board for Ireland.
69. Minutes, 16 June 1932, DMTSN.
70. See, for example, Rules for Probationers and Nurses (Dublin: Adelaide Hospital, 1923).
71. Minutes, 27 August 1920, DMTSN.
72. The initial grant application was made to the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction and was administered through that Government department for the first two years. See Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 101.
73. Minutes, 17 June 1926, DMTSN.
74. Ibid., 9 June 1927.
75. Ibid., 9 June 1927.
76. Ibid., 26 June 1922.
77. Ibid., 14 June 1929.
78. Ibid., 30 June 1930.
79. Ibid., 8 June 1933. Dr. Gill lectured in Medicine, Dr. O'Donnell in Surgery.
80. Ibid., 7 June 1934.
81. Ibid., 12 May 1942.
82. Ibid., 16 June 1939. St. Vincent's and Mater Misericordiae were the two principal Catholic hospitals. The Charitable Infirmary was a Protestant hospital, whose nursing arrangements were under the control of the Sisters of Mercy; see note 7.
83. The Royal City of Dublin Hospital later participated.
84. Nonapproved hospitals were those not approved as training hospitals by the General Nursing Council. Monkstown Hospital participated until 1930. In September 1933, the Children's Hospital, Temple Street, discontinued its arrangement with the School, opting instead to lecture its students at the hospital. See Minutes, 12 June 1925, DMTSN. The Royal Hospital for Incurables, Donnybrook, participated in first-year lectures in 1940.
85. Minutes, 6 February 1940, DMTSN.
86. Acts of the Oireachtas, The Nurses Act 1950, No. 27 (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1950). The Nurses Act of 1950 dissolved the General Nursing Council for Ireland and the Central Midwives Board and established a new joint regulatory authority for nursing and midwifery. For the purpose of the Act, the word "nurse" meant "a person registered in the register of nurses and includes a midwife and the word 'nursing' includes midwifery.
87. Crowley, History of the Dublin Metropolitan School for Nurses, 1979.
88. Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 143.
89. An Bord Altranais, Annual Report (Dublin: An Bord Altranais, 1957).
90. Irish Nursing and Hospital World 37, no. 6 (1966): 9.
91. Scanlan, The Irish Nurse, 143.
92. Crowley, History of the Dublin Metropolitan School for Nurses, 1979.
93. Cited in Crowley, A Century of Service, 7.
94. Select Committee on the Registration of Nurses (evidence of Margaret Huxley).
95. The School's diploma was not a prerequisite for State registration.
96. For a collection of treatises and essays on women's education that includes exemplars of 19th century constructions of womanhood, see Dale Spender, ed., The Education Papers: Women's Quest for Equality in Britain, 1850-1912 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987).
97. Eibhlin Breathnach, "Charting New Waters: Women's Experience in Higher Education, 1879-1908," in Cullen, ed., Girls Don't Do Honours, 55-78.
98. Anne V. O'Connor, "Anne Jellicoe," in Women, Power, and Consciousness in 19th Century Ireland: Eight Biographical Studies, ed. Mary Cullen and Maria Luddy (Dublin: Attic Press, 1995), 125-59.
99. Fealy, "A History of the Provision and Reform of General Nurse Education," 196.
100. "Obituary, Margaret Huxley, M.A., R.G.N., F.B.C.N." British Journal of Nursing (hereafter BJN) 88 (1940): 31.
101. Alice Reeves, "An Appreciation of the Late Miss Margaret Huxley, R.G.N., M.A.," BJN 88 (1940): 27-28.
102. Select Committee on the Registration of Nurses (evidence of Margaret Huxley).
103. BJN 88 (1940): 23. Huxley seconded the proposal of Bedford Fenwick to establish the ICN. See McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 137.
104. BJN 88 (1940): 23. Huxley seconded the proposal of Bedford Fenwick to establish the ICN. See McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 137.
105. Reeves, "An Appreciation," 27.
106. Ibid., see also McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 155, 158.
107. Ibid., see also McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 155, 158.
108. BJN 83 (1935): 331; 88 (1940): 23.
109. BJN 83 (1935): 331; 88 (1940): 23.
110. McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 157.
111. BJN 88 (1940): 23.
112. Reeves, "An Appreciation," 27.
113. Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, "Regulations for Nursing School Probationers and Nurses" Report of Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, Year Ended 31st December 1940 (Dublin: Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, 1941), 7-8.
114. "Obituary," 31; McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 158.
115. "Obituary," 31; McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 158.
116. McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 158; see also Reeves, "An Appreciation," 28.
117. McGann, The Battle of the Nurses, 158; see also Reeves, "An Appreciation," 28.