Nursing education moves into the university: The story of the hadassah school of nursing in Jerusalem, 1918-1984

Nursing History Review

Volumn 13, Issue , 2005, Pages 121-145

  Bartal, Nira ^a   Steiner Freud, Judith ^a  

^a HADASSAH HEBREW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; ISRAEL; MEDICAL PROFESSION; MEDICAL SCHOOL; MEDICAL STUDENT; NURSING; NURSING EDUCATION; ORGANIZATION; REVIEW; UNIVERSITY;

EID: 12244253787     PISSN: 10628061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/1062-8061.13.1.121     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. This figure, which relates to the years 1921-1975, can be found in a memorandum that mentions the agreement between Hadassah and the Hebrew University in the Hebrew University archives in Jerusalem (hereafter HUA), folder 24480.
2. Lea Zwanger, "Preparation of Graduate Nurses in Israel, 1918-65" (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1968), 368-87; Lea Zwanger, "The Campaign for Higher Education in Israeli Nursing," in Landmarks in Nursing: Historical Research Studies in Nursing Written in Israel, ed. Rivka Adams-Stockier and Rina Sharon (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 1996), 9-24 (Hebrew). Zwanger is an educator, leader, and historian of nursing in Israel. Rivka Adams-Stockier, "Two Decades of Academic Education for Nurses - Tel-Aviv University" (unpublished article, Tel Aviv University, 1988).
3. Lea Zwanger, "Preparation of Graduate Nurses in Israel, 1918-65" (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1968), 368-87; Lea Zwanger, "The Campaign for Higher Education in Israeli Nursing," in Landmarks in Nursing: Historical Research Studies in Nursing Written in Israel, ed. Rivka Adams-Stockier and Rina Sharon (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 1996), 9-24 (Hebrew). Zwanger is an educator, leader, and historian of nursing in Israel. Rivka Adams-Stockier, "Two Decades of Academic Education for Nurses - Tel-Aviv University" (unpublished article, Tel Aviv University, 1988).
4. Judith Steiner-Freud, a graduate of the Hadassah class of 1944, was director of the school and associate dean of nursing in the Hadassah-Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine from 1968 to 1983. Judith Steiner-Freud, "Nursing in Israel," in Nurses of the World . . . . Quo Vadis, Where Are We Heading? ed. Rachel Rotkovitch (West Haven, CT.: Kramer, 1985), 15-28. The study is based on material from four archives: the Hadassah School archives in Jerusalem (hereafter HSA; because the research was carried out before these archives were organized, standard archival information is absent); the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem (hereafter CZA), section J117; the HUA; and the Hadassah Archives in New York (hereafter HANY).
5. This was in keeping with the European tradition, in which universities did not encourage the inclusion of applied sciences. Judith M. Clift, "Nursing Education in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland," Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship 29, no. 1 (1997): 89-93; Nicholas E. Oud, "The Netherlands," in Nursing: The European Dimension, ed. Dame S. Quinn and Susan Russell (London: Scutari Press, 1994), 166.
6. This was in keeping with the European tradition, in which universities did not encourage the inclusion of applied sciences. Judith M. Clift, "Nursing Education in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland," Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship 29, no. 1 (1997): 89-93; Nicholas E. Oud, "The Netherlands," in Nursing: The European Dimension, ed. Dame S. Quinn and Susan Russell (London: Scutari Press, 1994), 166.
7. Nira Bartal, "Theoretical and Practical Training of Jewish Nurses in Mandatory Palestine, 1918-1948, Through the Prism of the Hadassah School of Nursing, Jerusalem" (Ph.D. dissertation, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000), 84-90, 219-25 (Hebrew).
8. Frederick Rudolph, Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study Since 1636 (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1977), 219.
9. Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bullough, The Emergence of Modern Nursing (London: Macmillan, 1969), 169. Only in 1965 did the American Nurses Association (ANA) publish its position on the need for a baccalaureate degree as a prerequisite for entering the profession. Jo Ann Ashley, Hospitals, Paternalism, and the Role of the Nurse (New York: Teachers College Press, 1976), 82-88, 126.
10. Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bullough, The Emergence of Modern Nursing (London: Macmillan, 1969), 169. Only in 1965 did the American Nurses Association (ANA) publish its position on the need for a baccalaureate degree as a prerequisite for entering the profession. Jo Ann Ashley, Hospitals, Paternalism, and the Role of the Nurse (New York: Teachers College Press, 1976), 82-88, 126.
11. Philip A. Kalisch and Beatrice J. Kalisch, The Advance of American Nursing (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1995), 246-48; Ellen D. Baer, "Aspirations Unattained: The Story of the Illinois Training School's Search for University Status," Nursing Research 41, no. 1 (1992): 43-48; Dorothy A. Sheahan, "The Social Origins of American Nursing and Its Movements into the University: A Microcosmic Approach" (Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1979).
12. Philip A. Kalisch and Beatrice J. Kalisch, The Advance of American Nursing (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1995), 246-48; Ellen D. Baer, "Aspirations Unattained: The Story of the Illinois Training School's Search for University Status," Nursing Research 41, no. 1 (1992): 43-48; Dorothy A. Sheahan, "The Social Origins of American Nursing and Its Movements into the University: A Microcosmic Approach" (Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1979).
13. Philip A. Kalisch and Beatrice J. Kalisch, The Advance of American Nursing (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1995), 246-48; Ellen D. Baer, "Aspirations Unattained: The Story of the Illinois Training School's Search for University Status," Nursing Research 41, no. 1 (1992): 43-48; Dorothy A. Sheahan, "The Social Origins of American Nursing and Its Movements into the University: A Microcosmic Approach" (Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1979).
14. Joan E. Lynaugh, interviewed by Nira Bartal, Philadelphia, 1999; Joan E. Lynaugh, "Nursing's History: Looking Backward and Seeing Forward," in Enduring Issues in American Nursing, ed. Ellen D. Baer, Patricia D'Antonio, Sylvia Rinker, and Joan E. Lynaugh (New York: Springer, 2001), 10-24.
15. Joan E. Lynaugh, interviewed by Nira Bartal, Philadelphia, 1999; Joan E. Lynaugh, "Nursing's History: Looking Backward and Seeing Forward," in Enduring Issues in American Nursing, ed. Ellen D. Baer, Patricia D'Antonio, Sylvia Rinker, and Joan E. Lynaugh (New York: Springer, 2001), 10-24.
16. Judith T. Shuval and Ofra Anson, Social Structure and Health in Israel (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 2000), 223 (Hebrew).
17. Remarks written by Joan E. Lynaugh, January 10, 2004; Reuven Kahane, "Attitudes of the Dominant Ideology Toward Science, Scientists, and Professionals in the Yishuv [pre-Israel Palestine] Period," in Social Classes in Israel: A Reader, ed. Samuel Noach Eisenstadt, Rivkah Bar Yosef, Reuven Kahane, and Ilana Shelach (Jerusalem: Academon, 1968), 181-254 (Hebrew).
18. Remarks written by Joan E. Lynaugh, January 10, 2004; Reuven Kahane, "Attitudes of the Dominant Ideology Toward Science, Scientists, and Professionals in the Yishuv [pre-Israel Palestine] Period," in Social Classes in Israel: A Reader, ed. Samuel Noach Eisenstadt, Rivkah Bar Yosef, Reuven Kahane, and Ilana Shelach (Jerusalem: Academon, 1968), 181-254 (Hebrew).
19. Bartal, "Theoretical and Practical Training," 180.
20. "Address by Mrs. Kaplan, director of the Hadassah School of Nursing, at the Commencement Celebrations for the Third Graduating Class on 1 November 1923," HSA. Kaplan was director of the school from 1920 to 1927; On Kaplan, see Nira Bartal, "Anna Kaplan," in American Nursing: A Biographical Dictionary, ed. Vern L. Bullough and Lilli Sentz, vol. 3 (New York: Springer, 2000), 155-57.
21. Schedrovitzky was a supervisor and teacher in the school from 1923 to 1927 and then took over from Kaplan. Abridged text of Schedrovitzky's speech, 30 November 1924, HSA; Anna Kaplan, "A Training School of Nurses in Jerusalem, Palestine," 1925, p. 11, HANY, box 44, folder 1. Szold, too, was involved; see, for example, Szold to Kaplan, 18 June 1925, HANY, Special Collections Section R67, Henrietta Szold Collection, box 4, folder 32.
22. Kaplan to Dr. Bluestone, 19 January 1917. Bluestone was the director of HMO from 1926 to 1928. Nissim Levy, The History of Medicine in the Holy Land: 1799-1948 (Haifa: Hakibbutz Hameuchad and Technion, 1998), 194 (Hebrew).
23. Minutes of the school board, 24 January 1927, HSA.
24. Salkind was acting director of HMO from 1923 to 1925.
25. Kliegler to Kaplan, 9 February 1927, HUA, nursing school file, 148/2.
26. Joseph Ben-David, "Professionals and Unions in Israel," in Social Classes in Israel, ed. Eisenstadt, Bar Yosef, Kahane, and Shelach, 254-77, esp. 255-58; Kahane, "Attitudes of the Dominant Ideology Toward Science."
27. Joseph Ben-David, "Professionals and Unions in Israel," in Social Classes in Israel, ed. Eisenstadt, Bar Yosef, Kahane, and Shelach, 254-77, esp. 255-58; Kahane, "Attitudes of the Dominant Ideology Toward Science."
28. Many Hebrew University students, including one of the authors (Steiner-Freud), preferred to study nursing as a practical profession rather than fields that had no applied component.
29. Ben-David, "Professionals and Unions," 262; Zwanger, "Campaign for Higher Education," 10; N. Reichel, "Students in Palestine in Early Hebrew Education: Reality Between Two Idealized Portraits," Zmanim 72 (Autumn 2000): 65-74 (Hebrew); Bartal, "Theoretical and Practical Training," 225-26.
30. Ben-David, "Professionals and Unions," 262; Zwanger, "Campaign for Higher Education," 10; N. Reichel, "Students in Palestine in Early Hebrew Education: Reality Between Two Idealized Portraits," Zmanim 72 (Autumn 2000): 65-74 (Hebrew); Bartal, "Theoretical and Practical Training," 225-26.
31. Ben-David, "Professionals and Unions," 262; Zwanger, "Campaign for Higher Education," 10; N. Reichel, "Students in Palestine in Early Hebrew Education: Reality Between Two Idealized Portraits," Zmanim 72 (Autumn 2000): 65-74 (Hebrew); Bartal, "Theoretical and Practical Training," 225-26.
32. Ben-David, "Professionals and Unions," 262; Zwanger, "Campaign for Higher Education," 10; N. Reichel, "Students in Palestine in Early Hebrew Education: Reality Between Two Idealized Portraits," Zmanim 72 (Autumn 2000): 65-74 (Hebrew); Bartal, "Theoretical and Practical Training," 225-26.
33. Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 288-89; Rudolph, Curriculum, 219; Bartal, "Theoretical and Practical Training," 42-45.
34. Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 288-89; Rudolph, Curriculum, 219; Bartal, "Theoretical and Practical Training," 42-45.
35. Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 288-89; Rudolph, Curriculum, 219; Bartal, "Theoretical and Practical Training," 42-45.
36. Doron Niederland, "Influence of German-Jewish Immigrant Doctors on Medicine in Eretz-Israel, 1933-48," Cathedra 30 (1983): 111-60 (Hebrew).
37. Shulamith Cantor was director of nursing at Hadassah from 1934to 1939 and director of the school from 1934 to 1948. She founded the nursing unit in the Ministry of Health when Israel gained its independence in 1948. Bartal, "Theoretical and Practical Training," 85.
38. Yassky was director of HMO in 1928-1948. Levy, History of Medicine, 194. Minutes of the Hadassah school board, 23 November 1941, HSA. On the committee to review nursing education, see Bartal, "Theoretical and Practical Training," 204.
39. Shulamith Cantor, Memoirs, unpublished manuscript, 1968, 75, CZA; minutes of the joint nursing school board of delegates from Junior and Senior Hadassah, New York, 8 January 1934, HANY, box 40, folder 1. Also present were Cantor and Hadassah president Rose Jacobs.
40. Minutes of the joint nursing school board of delegates from Junior and Senior Hadassah, New York, 11 April 1934, HANY, box 40, folder 1.
41. "Memorandum from Dr. Yassky About the Meeting of the Henrietta Szold Hadassah School of Nursing Teachers' Council, 24 May 1937, at the Home of Dr. Yassky," CZA, J117/851 (Hebrew).
42. Report by the Hadassah nursing school board, 29 October 1937, HSA (Hebrew). Dostrovsky was the longest-serving member of the school board and later became dean of the Faculty of Medicine.
43. Zwanger, "Campaign for Higher Education," 9-12.
44. Memorandum, 1947, unsigned, believed to be from Cantor, HSA (Hebrew). On this subject, see Zwanger, "Campaign for Higher Education," 11-12.
45. "The New Agricultural College of the Hebrew University," News Bulletin of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (1944): 1; Shaul Katz of the Hebrew University, interviewed by Nira Bartal, Jerusalem, 1994.
46. Judith T. Shuval, "Social Factors Conditioning the Recruitment of Nurses in Israel," Journal of Health and Human Behavior 3, no. 3 (1962): 82-88.
47. During this time, the curriculum was revised to include topics in the social sciences and public health. Etia Margalit-Kochen was a graduate of the school and its director from 1948 to 1968.
48. Henia Heiman-Elkind was director of nursing at HMO from 1967 to 1980. Steiner-Freud and Heiman-Elkind subsequently earned master's degrees.
49. Professor Rebecca Bergman, interviewed by Adina Gottlieb, Tel Aviv, July 2001. Bergman headed the nursing unit at the Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Public Health, was one of the founders and a professor in the Tel Aviv University nursing department, served as vice-president of the International Council of Nurses, and was awarded the Israel Prize. "Milestones in the Development of Henrietta Szold Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Nursing, 1918-1995," July 1995, HSA; Shuval and Anson, Social Structure and Health, 222-23.
50. Professor Mann was director of HMO in 1951-1981.
51. "Summary of Proposals for a University Nursing School," 13 January 1960, CZA, J117/656 (Hebrew).
52. Margalit to Professor Mann, 29 August 1960, CZA, J117/656 (Hebrew).
53. "Memorandum about a Second Meeting of the Committee to Establish a School of Higher Education in Nursing, 6 June 1964," 11 June 1964, CZA, J117/656; "Draft: Proposed Program in Nursing for an Academic Degree," estimated date 1964, CZA, J117/656 (Hebrew); Professor Mann to Lola Kramarsky, chair of the HMO Committee in New York, 30 December 1966, CZA J117/656.
54. Around that same time, in 1964, Hadassah publicized a program for registered nurses with jobs in administration, education, and public health. Rebecca Bergman, "Baccalaureate Education for Nursing," undated (although from the context it seems to have been written between 1964 and 1966), CZA, J117/656; Bergman interview; Judith Steiner-Freud, "Preparation for Converting the Hadassah School of Nursing into a University School," undated, HSA.
55. Mann to N. D. Perlman, chair of the HMO committee at Hadassah headquarters in New York, 24 November 1960, CZA, J117/656.
56. Minutes of the council of the Faculty of Medicine (bound reports), 19 January 1965, HUA, Jerusalem (Hebrew).
57. See "Memorandum About a Second Meeting."
58. Zwanger, "Campaign for Higher Education," 16-19; Adams-Stockler, "Two Decades of Academic Education," 10-17. Nurses representing Israeli health care institutions also took part in the discussions.
59. Zwanger, "Campaign for Higher Education," 16-19; Adams-Stockler, "Two Decades of Academic Education," 10-17. Nurses representing Israeli health care institutions also took part in the discussions.
60. Shuval, Social Factors, 82-88; Judith T. Shuval, "Perceived Role Components of Nursing in Israel," American Sociological Review 28, no. 1 (1963): 37-46.
61. Shuval, Social Factors, 82-88; Judith T. Shuval, "Perceived Role Components of Nursing in Israel," American Sociological Review 28, no. 1 (1963): 37-46.
62. Hasya Gur-Aryeh, interviewed by the authors, Bat Yam, 30 August 2001. Gur-Aryeh was National Head Nurse from 1959 to 1976.
63. Vera Fry was a former dean of the New York University Division of Nursing. Zwanger, "Campaign for Higher Education," 17-18.
64. Hasya Gur-Aryeh interview.
65. This prediction proved false, as hundreds of candidates applied to the Hadassah School after the academic track opened.
66. Hasya Gur-Aryeh interview.
67. Shuval and Anson, Social Structure and Health, 223.
68. "Hadassah Medical Organization, Memorandum About a Meeting about a 'School of Higher Education in Nursing,' 29 March 1965," CZA, J117/130 (Hebrew); "Meetings and Discussions About the Opening of a School of Higher Education in Nursing at the Hadassah Medical Organization," October 1971, HSA (Hebrew); Nurit Ben-Dov, interviewed by the authors, Petah Tiqva, 30 August 2001. Ben-Dov was National Head Nurse in 1977-91.
69. "Meetings and Discussions About the Opening of a School of Higher Education in Nursing"; Zwanger, "Campaign for Higher Education," 16-17. See also Mann to Kramarsky, 30 December 1966, CZA, J117/656.
70. The funding for the nursing department came from the Ministry of Health, General Health Fund, and Tel Aviv University; Hasya Gur-Aryeh interview; Nurit Ben-Dov interview.
71. Among the prominent nurses were Hasya Gur-Aryeh, Nurit Ben-Dov, and Ziva Tal. Ziva Tal was inspector of nursing education for the Ministry of Health from 1976to 1980 and director of nursing at Chaim Sheba Medical Center, a major hospital in central Israel, from 1980 to 1998. Adams-Stockier, "Two Decades of Academic Education," 25-26.
72. Hasya Gur-Aryeh interview.
73. Nurit Ben-Dov interview.
74. Judith Steiner-Freud, "The Rationale for a University Program in Nursing Education in Hadassah," Autumn 1971, HSA; "The Henrietta Szold Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Nursing, Jerusalem: (a) Philosophy; (b) Goals of the Bachelor of Nursing Curriculum at the Hebrew University," 1974/5, HSA; minutes of the council of the Faculty of Medicine (bound reports), 19 February 1978, HUA; "Meetings and Discussions About the Opening of a School of Higher Education in Nursing"; Chana Kurtzman and Judith Steiner-Freud, "A Decade of the University Track in the Henrietta Szold Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Nursing," HSA; Judith Steiner-Freud, "Survey of a Decade of the University Track at the Commencement Ceremony of the Tenth Graduating Class, 18 June 1985," HSA; Judith Steiner-Freud, "Suggestion for Letter to Council on Higher Education," undated, HSA (Hebrew). Chana Kurtzman was director of the school and associate dean (nursing) in the Hadassah-Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, 1985-90.
75. Report of a meeting held at Hadassah on 26 December 1971, regarding the curriculum for a nursing degree program, CZA, J1l7/246 (Hebrew).
76. Henia Heiman-Elkind, interviewed by Nira Bartal, Jerusalem, 15 August 2001.
77. Professor Lambertsen was former director of the Division of Nursing Education at Columbia University Teachers College in New York. At the time of her trip to Israel, she was serving as dean of the Cornell University-New York Hospital School of Nursing. "Meetings and Discussions About the Opening of a School of Higher Education in Nursing."
78. The decision was announced in September 1970. "Meetings and Discussions about the Opening of a School of Higher Education in Nursing."
79. Judith Steiner-Freud and Shulamit Monin, "Henrietta Szold Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Nursing: A Report on the First Year of the Program," 1975-1976, p. 13, HSA. Monin was one of the first teachers and one of the designers of the curriculum for the academic school. Anne Kibrick had previously served as president of the National League for Nursing and dean of the Boston University School of Nursing. P. Gillon, "Nursing School Changes Direction," Jerusalem Post Magazine, 11 August 1972; Judith Steiner-Freud, address to chief nurses, January 1973, CZA, J117/247; Anne Kibrick, "Proposed Program for a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing," Henrietta Szold Hadassah School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, undated, HSA.
80. Judith Steiner-Freud and Shulamit Monin, "Henrietta Szold Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Nursing: A Report on the First Year of the Program," 1975-1976, p. 13, HSA. Monin was one of the first teachers and one of the designers of the curriculum for the academic school. Anne Kibrick had previously served as president of the National League for Nursing and dean of the Boston University School of Nursing. P. Gillon, "Nursing School Changes Direction," Jerusalem Post Magazine, 11 August 1972; Judith Steiner-Freud, address to chief nurses, January 1973, CZA, J117/247; Anne Kibrick, "Proposed Program for a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing," Henrietta Szold Hadassah School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, undated, HSA.
81. Report by Anne Kibrick to Mann and Aharon Beller, dean of the Faculty of Medicine, undated, CZA J117/247; discussion at a meeting of directors of nursing schools, 5 June 1974, CZA, J117/460; Anne Kibrick, "History of Anne Kibrick's Involvement with Nursing Education at Hadassah School of Nursing," Steiner-Freud, private collection.
82. Minutes of the standing committee (bound reports), 28 June 1972, HUA (Hebrew).
83. Steiner-Freud and Monin, "Henrietta Szold Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Nursing: A Report on the First Year of the Program," 2.
84. "Minutes of the Advisory Committee of Nurses Concerning a Faculty of Nursing in Jerusalem," estimated date 1971, Committee members: Bergman, Ben-Dov, Heiman-Elkind, Monin, Y. Kristall, and Steiner-Freud, CZA, J117/246.
85. Announcement at a discussion of the Faculty Council (bound reports), 4 February 1973, HUA.
86. Application to the Council for Higher Education. Letter from Professors Rabin and Beller to the Council for Higher Education, 9 March 1972, HSA (Hebrew).
87. Lea Zwanger, interviewed by the authors, Ashqelon, 11 September 2001; Bruriah Kedar, interviewed by Nira Bartal, Haifa, 17 June 2001. IN the 1970's, Kedar was director of nursing, and the school of nursing, at Carmel Hospital in Haifa. She was also secretary of the committee.
88. "Summary: Proposals of the Committee Appointed by the Council for Higher Education to Examine the Conversion of the Henrietta Szold School of Nursing in Jerusalem into an Academic Nursing School as Part of the Hebrew University and Hadassah," 13 June 1974, HSA (Hebrew). Regarding the connection between the nursing shortage and the academicization process, it is worth noting that Heiman-Elkind rejected the idea that such a connection existed. Henia Heiman-Elkind interview.
89. Zwanger interview.
90. Council for Higher Education, "Opinion of the Planning and Grants Committee Regarding the Agreement of Acceptance of Hadassah Hospital Nursing School as a University Program," 22 January 1975, HSA (Hebrew); "Summary: Proposals of the Committee Appointed by the Council for Higher Education"; Aryeh Hoffman, assistant secretary of the CHE, to Shlomo Birnbaum, academic secretary, Hebrew University, 3 September 1975, HSA (Hebrew).
91. "Stages on the Road to the Establishment of a University Track at the Hadassah School of Nursing and Turning It into a University School," undated, HSA.
92. Nineteen students (including one man) graduated in 1979.
93. "Proposed Draft of Affiliation Agreement between Hadassah and The Hebrew University in respect of Nursing Education and Research, 12.2.1973", CZA, J117/247.
94. Mann to Baruch Modan, director general of the Ministry of Health, 10 March 1980, HSA (Hebrew).
95. Amalia Shneider and Nava Braverman, members of the first class of the academic track, interviewed by Nira Bartal, Jerusalem, 30 July 2001. Shneider is deputy director of nursing at the Hadassah Medical Center and Braverman is coordinator of the Women's Health Center at Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem. Professor Shuval to Steiner-Freud, 10 August 1978, CZA, J117/67.
96. "Selected Data, 1921-1995, Graduates of Various Courses/Programs, " July 1995, HSA (Hebrew)
97. Nurit Ben-Dov, "The Academization Process in Nursing - Origin and Influences - Points for Discussion," March 1985, summary of CHE discussion of the academicization of the nursing profession in Jerusalem, 11 March 1985, 26 (Hebrew).
98. Professor Debra Hymovich, of the University of Rochester visited the school to help finish elaborating the theoretical model or conceptual framework of the nursing curriculum in accordance with the worldview and aims the staff had formulated beforehand. Ada Ginton-Most, a member of the class of 1956 of the Hadassah School of Nursing, moved to Duke University in North Carolina. Steiner-Freud and Monin, "Henrietta Szold Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Nursing: A Report on the First Year of the Program," 14; "Curriculum - Outline. Preparatory Stages," 17 July 1972 to 27 February 1975, HSA.
99. Adams-Stockler, "Two Decades of Academic Education," 31.
100. Thirteen of the top academic nursing schools in the United States were surveyed.
101. Minutes of the council of the Faculty of Medicine (bound reports), 19 February 1978, HUA, 16; Kurtzman, "Background Material."
102. For further details, see Kurtzman, "Background Material."
103. Kibrick, "History of Anne Kibrick's Involvement," 1, Steiner-Freud private collection.
104. Report on a meeting held at Hadassah on 26 December 1971, regarding preparation of the curriculum for a university degree in nursing, CZA, J117/246.
105. Their studies were made possible by a promise of funding from Hadassah in the United States. Steiner-Freud and Monin, "Henrietta Szold Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Nursing: A Report on the First Year of the Program," 13, HSA. Shulamit Monin, Frances Simon, and Chana Kleinberger, interviews by Steiner-Freud with the teachers sent to the United States, Jerusalem, August 2001.
106. Kibrick's report to Mann and Beller on her meetings during her trip to Israel in June-July 1972, undated, CZA, J117/247.
107. Judith Steiner-Freud, "A Basic University School - Thoughts," 15 June 1983, HSA (Hebrew); Braverman interview; Chana Kurtzman, interviewed by Judith Steiner-Freud, Jerusalem, 16 November 2001.
108. Steiner-Freud, "Survey of a Decade of the University Track."
109. Steiner-Freud and Monin, "Henrietta Szold Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Nursing," 16.
110. Relations between the nursing school and the University of Pennsylvania had developed in 1981, when Claire Fagin, later interim president of the University, visited the school and met with the heads of the Hebrew University and with Steiner-Freud; minutes of the standing committee (bound reports), 6 April 1981, HUA (Hebrew); Kurtzman and Steiner-Freud, "A Decade of the University Track."
111. Steiner-Freud and Monin, "Henrietta Szold Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Nursing," 16.
112. Hasya Gur-Aryeh interview; Shuval and Anson, Social Structure and Health, 223.
113. Ministry of Health Nursing Department, "Expansion of the Academicization of the Nursing Profession, Memorandum to the Council for Higher Education," 16 June 1981, HSA.
114. Nurit Ben-Dov interview.
115. Steiner-Freud, minutes of the council of the Faculty of Medicine, 21 December 1980, HSA.
116. Memorandum on "Turning the Assaf Harofeh nursing school into an extension of the Henrietta Szold Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem School of Nursing," 8 January 1981, HSA (Hebrew).
117. Kurtzman, "Background Material."
118. According to Shaul Feldman, a former dean of the Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, "Judith Steiner is closely connected and identified with nursing education moves into the university. She has invested a lot of effort in it, and we see the results." Feldman, interviewed by Nira Bartal, Jerusalem, 7 November 2001.
119. Malli Ehrenfeld, graduate of the Hadassah School and former head of the Tel Aviv University Department of Nursing, wrote: "It is important to note that a great deal of courage and genuine vision were needed because the field wasn't ready to accept the change, and despite all the preparations, there were many difficulties from within and without." Remarks by Ehrenfeld, November 2001 (Hebrew); Adams-Stockler, "Two Decades of Academic Education," 9-24; Ben-Dov, "Academicization Process," 25.
120. Malli Ehrenfeld, graduate of the Hadassah School and former head of the Tel Aviv University Department of Nursing, wrote: "It is important to note that a great deal of courage and genuine vision were needed because the field wasn't ready to accept the change, and despite all the preparations, there were many difficulties from within and without." Remarks by Ehrenfeld, November 2001 (Hebrew); Adams-Stockier, "Two Decades of Academic Education," 9-24; Ben-Dov, "Academicization Process," 25.
121. Minutes of the council of the Faculty of Medicine (bound reports), 19 February 1978, HUA; "Hadassah Medical Organization, Memorandum About a Meeting on a School of Higher Education in Nursing; Hasya Gur-Aryeh interview; "Summary: Proposals of the Committee Appointed by the Council for Higher Education." Chaim Sheba served as director general of the Ministry of Health and director of Tel-Hashomer Medical Center. Chaim Doron was chairman of the General Health Fund. Baruch Padeh was director general of the Ministry of Health.
122. Feldman was exceptional in that he stressed the importance of academicization for nursing itself. Feldman interview.
123. Gideon Merin, summary of the CHE discussion of the academicization of the nursing profession in Jerusalem, 11 March 1985, 15.
124. Nurit Ben-Dov interview.
125. Miriam Schmidt, "Academization in Nursing," summary of CHE discussion of the academization of the nursing profession in Jerusalem, 11 March 1985, 43; Nitza Bauman, "The Academization of Nursing in Israel: A Snapshot of the Situation," summary CHE discussion, 35; Bruriah Kedar, interviewed by Nira Bartal, Haifa, 17 June 2001; Shulamit Monin, interviewed by Judith Steiner-Freud, 12 July 2001. See also Lorraine Smith, "A Follow-Up Study of the Bachelor of Nursing Graduate, 1982-1990, University of Glasgow, Scotland," Journal of Advanced Nursing 18 (1993): 1840-48.
126. Miriam Schmidt, "Academization in Nursing," summary of CHE discussion of the academization of the nursing profession in Jerusalem, 11 March 1985, 43; Nitza Bauman, "The Academization of Nursing in Israel: A Snapshot of the Situation," summary CHE discussion, 35; Bruriah Kedar, interviewed by Nira Bartal, Haifa, 17 June 2001; Shulamit Monin, interviewed by Judith Steiner-Freud, 12 July 2001. See also Lorraine Smith, "A Follow-Up Study of the Bachelor of Nursing Graduate, 1982-1990, University of Glasgow, Scotland," Journal of Advanced Nursing 18 (1993): 1840-48.
127. Miriam Schmidt, "Academization in Nursing," summary of CHE discussion of the academization of the nursing profession in Jerusalem, 11 March 1985, 43; Nitza Bauman, "The Academization of Nursing in Israel: A Snapshot of the Situation," summary CHE discussion, 35; Bruriah Kedar, interviewed by Nira Bartal, Haifa, 17 June 2001; Shulamit Monin, interviewed by Judith Steiner-Freud, 12 July 2001. See also Lorraine Smith, "A Follow-Up Study of the Bachelor of Nursing Graduate, 1982-1990, University of Glasgow, Scotland," Journal of Advanced Nursing 18 (1993): 1840-48.
128. Michael Rabin, university rector, and Beller, former dean of faculty of medicine, to the Council for Higher Education, 9 March 1972, HSA; Bauman, summary of CHE discussion, 19, 35.
129. Yosef Shenkar, former head of the department of obstetrics, interviewed by Judith Steiner-Freud, Jerusalem, 10 October 2001; Rami Rachmimov, former dean of faculty of medicine, interviewed by Judith Steiner-Freud, Jerusalem, 4 February 2002.
130. Chana Kurtzman, interviewed by Judith Steiner-Freud, Jerusalem, 16 November 2001.
131. Judith Steiner-Freud, "The Rationale for a University Program in Nursing Education in Hadassah," Autumn 1971, HSA.
132. Bergman interview.
133. Remarks by Malli Ehrenfeld.
134. Rachmimov interview.
135. Feldman interview.