Building the normative dimension(s) of a global polity

Review of International Studies

Volumn 29, Issue SPEC. ISS., 2003, Pages 29-55

  Brassett, James ^a   Higgott, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 12144289315     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210503005898     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. For an analysis of the mood swing that is causing a major rethink about the normative dimensions of the globalisation project, see Richard Higgott, 'Contested Globalisation: the Changing Context and Normative Challenges', Review of International Studies, 26 (2000), pp. 131-53.
2. But see the essays in Andrew Hurrell and Ngaire Woods (eds.), Inequality, Globalisation and World Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), and Thomas Pogge (ed.), Global Justice (Oxford: Blackwells, 2001). See also Chris Brown, Sovereignty, Rights and Justice (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002).
3. But see the essays in Andrew Hurrell and Ngaire Woods (eds.), Inequality, Globalisation and World Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), and Thomas Pogge (ed.), Global Justice (Oxford: Blackwells, 2001). See also Chris Brown, Sovereignty, Rights and Justice (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002).
4. But see the essays in Andrew Hurrell and Ngaire Woods (eds.), Inequality, Globalisation and World Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), and Thomas Pogge (ed.), Global Justice (Oxford: Blackwells, 2001). See also Chris Brown, Sovereignty, Rights and Justice (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002).
5. For an explanation of these limitations, see Richard Higgott, 'Taming Economics, Emboldening International Relations: The Theory and Practice of International Political Economy in an Era of Globalisation', Stephanie Lawson (ed.), The New Agenda for International Relations: From Polarisation to Globalisation in World Politics (Cambridge: Polity, 2002).
6. For an elaboration of this line of argument, see Richard Higgott and Morten Ougaard, 'Beyond System and Society: Towards a Global Polity?' in Morten Ougaard and Richard Higgott (eds.), A Global Polity (London: Routledge, 2002).
7. Jim George, 'Creating Globalisation: "Patriotic Internationalism" and Symbiotic Power Relations in the Post WW2 Era', Working Paper 66/01, University of Warwick: Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation, January 2001.
8. See his Transformation of Political Community: The Ethical Foundations of the Post Westphalian Era (Cambridge: Polity, 1998).
9. Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992) and on Rorty: 'Universal Human Rights: A Critique', in Tim Dunne and Nicholas Wheeler (eds.), Human Rights in Global Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 1999), and Molly Cochran, Normative Theory and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
10. Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992) and on Rorty: 'Universal Human Rights: A Critique', in Tim Dunne and Nicholas Wheeler (eds.), Human Rights in Global Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 1999), and Molly Cochran, Normative Theory and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
11. Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992) and on Rorty: 'Universal Human Rights: A Critique', in Tim Dunne and Nicholas Wheeler (eds.), Human Rights in Global Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 1999), and Molly Cochran, Normative Theory and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
12. For the best introductory discussion, see Jan Aart Scholte, Globalisation: A Critical Introduction (London: Macmillan, 2000).
13. Quintessentially, see Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992).
14. Paul Krugman, The Return of Depression Economics (London: The Allen Lane Press, 1999).
15. See Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation State (London: Harper Collins, 1995) and Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
16. See Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation State (London: Harper Collins, 1995) and Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
17. For restatement of the strength of the state, see Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, 'Globalization - a Necessary Myth?' in David Held and Anthony McGrew, The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate (Cambridge Polity Press, 2000).
18. See the essays in Claire Cutler, Virginia Haufler and Tony Porter (eds.), Private Authority and International Affairs (New York: SUNY Press, 1999) and Richard Higgott and Geoffrey Underhill and Andreas Bieler (eds.), Non-State Actors and Authority in the Global System (London: Routledge, 2000).
19. See the essays in Claire Cutler, Virginia Haufler and Tony Porter (eds.), Private Authority and International Affairs (New York: SUNY Press, 1999) and Richard Higgott and Geoffrey Underhill and Andreas Bieler (eds.), Non-State Actors and Authority in the Global System (London: Routledge, 2000).
20. The discussion in this section draws on Higgott and Ougaard, Global Polity.
21. See Robert O Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence (Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1977).
22. See T. J. Sinclair, 'Passing Judgement: Credit Rating Processes as Regulatory Mechanism of Governance in the Emerging World Order', Review of International Political Economy, 1: (1994), pp. 133-49.
23. Roland Robertson, Globalisation, Social Theory and Global Culture (London: Sage, 1992), p. 132.
24. These can range from meetings of small non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and Global Social Movements (GSMs), through to the UN conference system. Gatherings at the global level cover issues as diverse as gender, development, environment, welfare, cities, security to the Davos gatherings of the rich and powerful of the private (and public) sector policymaking world and their counterpart gatherings such as the Porto Allegro World Social Forum.
25. We are aware of the contentious and clichéd status of the terms 'Washington and post-Washington consensus'. We use them to capture the changing international mood at the end of the twentieth century.
26. Gerry Stoker, 'Governance as Theory: Five Propositions', International Social Science Journal, 155 (1999), p. 17.
27. See the pioneering essays in Ernst Otto Czempiel and James N. Rosenau, Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
28. See Higgott, 'Contested Globalisation', pp. 131-53.
29. At its most naïve, this language contended that 'two meta trends - fundamental technological change and a new ethos of openness - will transform our world into the beginnings of a global civilisation, a new civilisation of civilisations, that will blossom through the coming century', Peter Schwarz and Peter Leyden, 'The Long Boom: A History of the Future', Wired, July 1997, p. 116.
30. See Toni Erskine, ' "Citizen of Nowhere" or "Point Where Circles Intersect"? Impartialist and embedded cosmopolitans', Review of International Studies, 28 (2002), pp. 457-78.
31. See Inge Kaul Isabell Grunberg and Marc A. Stern (eds.), Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press for the UNDP and John G. Ruggie).
32. Charles Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: University Press, 1979). Much of Beitz's discussion is set up as a critique of the bounded nature of justice in John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971). For the purposes of this article we concentrate on the side of Beitz's argument which focuses on economic interdependence.
33. Charles Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: University Press, 1979). Much of Beitz's discussion is set up as a critique of the bounded nature of justice in John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971). For the purposes of this article we concentrate on the side of Beitz's argument which focuses on economic interdependence.
34. Ibid., p. 149.
35. Molly Cochran, Normative Theory and International Relations: A Pragmatic Approach (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 28.
36. See Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches, p. 176.
37. See David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge: Polity, 1995), and Held and Anthony McGrew, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Cambridge: Polity, 1999).
38. See David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge: Polity, 1995), and Held and Anthony McGrew, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Cambridge: Polity, 1999).
39. For a defence of this position against some of the more commonly expressed criticisms from within IR, see Barry Buzan and David Held, 'Realism versus Cosmopolitanism', Review of International Studies, 24:3 (1998), p. 390.
40. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (London: Touchstone, 1998), and Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Ballantine Books, 1996).
41. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (London: Touchstone, 1998), and Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Ballantine Books, 1996).
42. The theme of social embeddedness in economic relations is well elaborated by the economic historians and sociologists. See for instance Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston, MA: Beacon Press (1944), and Mark Granovetter, 'Economic Action and Social Embeddedness', in American Journal of Sociology, 91 (1985), pp. 481-510.
43. The theme of social embeddedness in economic relations is well elaborated by the economic historians and sociologists. See for instance Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston, MA: Beacon Press (1944), and Mark Granovetter, 'Economic Action and Social Embeddedness', in American Journal of Sociology, 91 (1985), pp. 481-510.
44. For a discussion along these lines see Richard Higgott, 'The Asian Economic Crisis: A Study in the Politics of Resentment', New Political Economy, 3:3 (1998) and Linda Weiss, 'State Power and the Asian Crisis', New Political Economy, 4:3 (1999), pp. 317-42.
45. For a discussion along these lines see Richard Higgott, 'The Asian Economic Crisis: A Study in the Politics of Resentment', New Political Economy, 3:3 (1998) and Linda Weiss, 'State Power and the Asian Crisis', New Political Economy, 4:3 (1999), pp. 317-42.
46. Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), pp. 62-3.
47. See for instance Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979).
48. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1977), remains the definitive statement on the English School position.
49. Robert Gilpin, 'The Richness of the Tradition of Political Realism', in R.O. Keohane (ed.), Neo-Realism and its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).
50. Gilpin R., The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).
51. This sociological position is best reflected in the work of Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000).
52. On the nature and implications of this impasse for International Relations, see Molly Cochran, Normative Theory and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
53. See Andrew Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community: Ethical Foundations of the Post-Westphalian Era (Oxford: Polity, 1998). See also his earlier work, Men and Citizens in the Theory of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1990).
54. See Andrew Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community: Ethical Foundations of the Post-Westphalian Era (Oxford: Polity, 1998). See also his earlier work, Men and Citizens in the Theory of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1990).
55. Anthony Giddens, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: The Nation-State and Violence (London: Polity, 1985).
56. We do not deal explicitly with Habermas' notion of an 'ideal speech situation' in this article. Briefly, the model rests on the assumption that reason is written into the discursive practices of society through language. Thus an objective standard of 'good' can be achieved through the rational development of clear communication. See The Theory Of Communicative Action, vol. 1: Reason And The Rationalization Of Society (London: Heinemann, 1984).
57. Andrew Linklater, 'The Question of the Next Stage in International Relations Theory: A Critical Theoretical Point of View', Millenium: Journal of International Studies, 21 (1992), pp. 77-98.
58. Ibid., p. 93.
59. See Linklater, A, 'The Evolving Spheres of International Justice', International Affairs, 75:3 (1999), pp. 473-82.
60. Cochran, Normative Theory, p. 90.
61. Andrew Linklater, 'The Achievements of Critical Theory', in Smith Booth and Zalewski (eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 294, cit. Cochran, Normative Theory, p. 91.
62. Andrew Linklater, 'The Achievements of Critical Theory', in Smith Booth and Zalewski (eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 294, cit. Cochran, Normative Theory, p. 91.
63. Robert Jackson, 'Pluralism In International Political Theory', Review of International Studies (April 1992), p. 274. Emphasis added.
64. Richard Rorty, 'Human Rights, Rationality and Sentimentality', in Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 170.
65. Cited in Brown, International Relations Theory, p. 207.
66. Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Oxford: Blackwell, 1980).
67. Rorty, 'Human Rights, Rationality and Sentimentality', p. 169.
68. Thanks to Owen Parker for his advice on this point.
69. For a discussion, see Simon Blackburn, 'Richard Rorty: A Portrait', Prospect (April 2003), pp. 56-60.
70. Richard Rorty, 'Human Rights, Rationality and Sentimentality', in Rorty, Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers, vol. 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 169.
71. See for instance Richard Rorty, 'Postmodernist Bourgois Liberalism', in Objectivity, Relativism and Truth: Philosophical Papers, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 197-202.
72. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. xv, cit. Molly Cochran, Normative Theory, p. 149.
73. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. xv, cit. Molly Cochran, Normative Theory, p. 149.
74. Ibid., p. 79.
75. Ibid., xvi.
76. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony and Solidarity, pp. 85-6.
77. Ibid., p. 87.
78. Molly Cochran, Normative Theory, p. 150.
79. Richard Rorty, The End of Leninism: Havel and Social Hope', in Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 228.
80. Ibid., p. 229.
81. R. W. Cox, 'Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory', in Robert O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 204-54.
82. This situation, and some of the reasons for it, is discussed in Higgott, 'Taming Economies'.
83. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (London: 1936), p. 383.
84. One of the aims of producing the collection of essays on the 'global polity' (Higgott and Ougaard, Global Polity) was to provide an alternative hosting metaphor to the other popular metaphors of international scholarship like the 'anarchical society", 'international system' or a 'community of mankind'.
85. See Dani Rodrik, 'After Neoliberalism, What?' After Neoliberalism: Economic Policies that Work for the Poor, Conference sponsored by the New Rules of Global Finance Coalition, Washington DC, 23-24 May 2002, pp. 11-20, and Inge Kaul, Pedor Conceicao, Katell Le Goulven and Ronald Mendoza, Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalisation (New York: Oxford University Press for the UNDP, 2003).
86. See Dani Rodrik, 'After Neoliberalism, What?' After Neoliberalism: Economic Policies that Work for the Poor, Conference sponsored by the New Rules of Global Finance Coalition, Washington DC, 23-24 May 2002, pp. 11-20, and Inge Kaul, Pedor Conceicao, Katell Le Goulven and Ronald Mendoza, Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalisation (New York: Oxford University Press for the UNDP, 2003).
87. See Robert Cox, 'The Global Political Economy and Social Choice ', in Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair (eds.), Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
88. See a report prepared by Jan Art Scholte for the Ford Foundation, Democratising the Global Economy: The Role of Civil Society (Warwick University: Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation, 2003), and Jan Aart Scholte and Albrecht Schnabel (eds.), Civil Society and Global Finance (London: Routledge, 2001).
89. See a report prepared by Jan Art Scholte for the Ford Foundation, Democratising the Global Economy: The Role of Civil Society (Warwick University: Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation, 2003), and Jan Aart Scholte and Albrecht Schnabel (eds.), Civil Society and Global Finance (London: Routledge, 2001).
90. See George Soros, On Globalisation (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002). For a discussion of this and other initiatives, see the Richard Higgott and Paolo Robbotti, Reshaping Globalisation: Multilateral Dialogues and New Policy Initiatives (Budapest: Central European University, 2002).
91. See George Soros, On Globalisation (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002). For a discussion of this and other initiatives, see the Richard Higgott and Paolo Robbotti, Reshaping Globalisation: Multilateral Dialogues and New Policy Initiatives (Budapest: Central European University, 2002).
92. Dani Rodrik, 'Feasible Globalisations', 〈http://ksghome.harvard.edu/ ~.drodrik.academic.ksg/papers.html〉
93. Ibid., p. 1.
94. Ibid., p. 2.
95. Brown, International Relations Theory, p. 237.
96. Ibid., p. 239.