Whose knowledge for what politics?

Review of International Studies

Volumn 29, Issue SPEC. ISS., 2003, Pages 199-221+1

  Shaw, Karena ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 12144285598     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210503005941     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. There are many possible reference points here, of course, not least: Judith Butler, Ernesto Laclau and Slavoj Zizek, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left (London and New York: Verso, 2000), or Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2000).
2. There are many possible reference points here, of course, not least: Judith Butler, Ernesto Laclau and Slavoj Zizek, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left (London and New York: Verso, 2000), or Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2000).
3. Although I am interested in the study of political practice more generally, in this article I focus particularly on the study of activism and activist knowledge as this is the focus of those texts I engage. However, the approach I develop here is one that could be applied more generally.
4. One well-known example of this kind of critique can be found in Vine Deloria, 'Anthropologists and Other Friends', in Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (New York: Macmillan, 1969), pp. 78-100. A more recent version is expressed in Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (London and New York: Zed Books, 1999).
5. One well-known example of this kind of critique can be found in Vine Deloria, 'Anthropologists and Other Friends', in Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (New York: Macmillan, 1969), pp. 78-100. A more recent version is expressed in Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (London and New York: Zed Books, 1999).
6. Including scholars of IR, who, along with other scholars of the modern social sciences, relied upon anthropologists to document the history of society while they got on with arranging the future of it. See, for example, my discussion of Hedley Bull in Karena Shaw, 'Indigeneity and the International", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 31:1 (2002), pp. 55-82.
7. This is a large literature, but some influential critiques from within the discipline would include Johannes Fabian, Time and The Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Stanley Diamond, 'Anthropology in Question', in Dell Hymes (ed.), Reinventing Anthropology (New York: Pentheon Books, 1972), pp. 401-29; James Clifford, 'On Ethnographic Authority', Representations, 1 (1983), pp. 118-46; Thomas Weaver (ed.), To See Ourselves: Anthropology and Modern Social Issues (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1973); James Clifford and George Marcus (eds.), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, CA:University of California, 1986); George Marcus and Michael Fischer, Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1989). After these relatively early interventions, this debate blossomed not least in journals such as Critical Anthropology and Critique of Anthropology.
8. This is a large literature, but some influential critiques from within the discipline would include Johannes Fabian, Time and The Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Stanley Diamond, 'Anthropology in Question', in Dell Hymes (ed.), Reinventing Anthropology (New York: Pentheon Books, 1972), pp. 401-29; James Clifford, 'On Ethnographic Authority', Representations, 1 (1983), pp. 118-46; Thomas Weaver (ed.), To See Ourselves: Anthropology and Modern Social Issues (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1973); James Clifford and George Marcus (eds.), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, CA:University of California, 1986); George Marcus and Michael Fischer, Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1989). After these relatively early interventions, this debate blossomed not least in journals such as Critical Anthropology and Critique of Anthropology.
9. This is a large literature, but some influential critiques from within the discipline would include Johannes Fabian, Time and The Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Stanley Diamond, 'Anthropology in Question', in Dell Hymes (ed.), Reinventing Anthropology (New York: Pentheon Books, 1972), pp. 401-29; James Clifford, 'On Ethnographic Authority', Representations, 1 (1983), pp. 118-46; Thomas Weaver (ed.), To See Ourselves: Anthropology and Modern Social Issues (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1973); James Clifford and George Marcus (eds.), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, CA:University of California, 1986); George Marcus and Michael Fischer, Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1989). After these relatively early interventions, this debate blossomed not least in journals such as Critical Anthropology and Critique of Anthropology.
10. This is a large literature, but some influential critiques from within the discipline would include Johannes Fabian, Time and The Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Stanley Diamond, 'Anthropology in Question', in Dell Hymes (ed.), Reinventing Anthropology (New York: Pentheon Books, 1972), pp. 401-29; James Clifford, 'On Ethnographic Authority', Representations, 1 (1983), pp. 118-46; Thomas Weaver (ed.), To See Ourselves: Anthropology and Modern Social Issues (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1973); James Clifford and George Marcus (eds.), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, CA:University of California, 1986); George Marcus and Michael Fischer, Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1989). After these relatively early interventions, this debate blossomed not least in journals such as Critical Anthropology and Critique of Anthropology.
11. This is a large literature, but some influential critiques from within the discipline would include Johannes Fabian, Time and The Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Stanley Diamond, 'Anthropology in Question', in Dell Hymes (ed.), Reinventing Anthropology (New York: Pentheon Books, 1972), pp. 401-29; James Clifford, 'On Ethnographic Authority', Representations, 1 (1983), pp. 118-46; Thomas Weaver (ed.), To See Ourselves: Anthropology and Modern Social Issues (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1973); James Clifford and George Marcus (eds.), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, CA:University of California, 1986); George Marcus and Michael Fischer, Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1989). After these relatively early interventions, this debate blossomed not least in journals such as Critical Anthropology and Critique of Anthropology.
12. This is a large literature, but some influential critiques from within the discipline would include Johannes Fabian, Time and The Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Stanley Diamond, 'Anthropology in Question', in Dell Hymes (ed.), Reinventing Anthropology (New York: Pentheon Books, 1972), pp. 401-29; James Clifford, 'On Ethnographic Authority', Representations, 1 (1983), pp. 118-46; Thomas Weaver (ed.), To See Ourselves: Anthropology and Modern Social Issues (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1973); James Clifford and George Marcus (eds.), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, CA:University of California, 1986); George Marcus and Michael Fischer, Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1989). After these relatively early interventions, this debate blossomed not least in journals such as Critical Anthropology and Critique of Anthropology.
13. This is a large literature, but some influential critiques from within the discipline would include Johannes Fabian, Time and The Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Stanley Diamond, 'Anthropology in Question', in Dell Hymes (ed.), Reinventing Anthropology (New York: Pentheon Books, 1972), pp. 401-29; James Clifford, 'On Ethnographic Authority', Representations, 1 (1983), pp. 118-46; Thomas Weaver (ed.), To See Ourselves: Anthropology and Modern Social Issues (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1973); James Clifford and George Marcus (eds.), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, CA:University of California, 1986); George Marcus and Michael Fischer, Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1989). After these relatively early interventions, this debate blossomed not least in journals such as Critical Anthropology and Critique of Anthropology.
14. See, for example, James Clifford, 'Identity in Mashpee", in The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 277-346. For more recent examples, see Dara Culhane, The Pleasure of the Crown: Anthropology, Law and First Nations (Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1998); Frank Cassidy (ed.), Aboriginal Title in British Columbia: Delgamuukw v. the Queen (Lantzville, BC: Oolichan Books & the Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1992), or Noel Dyck and James B. Waldram (eds.), Anthropology, Public Policy and Native Peoples in Canada (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993).
15. See, for example, James Clifford, 'Identity in Mashpee", in The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 277-346. For more recent examples, see Dara Culhane, The Pleasure of the Crown: Anthropology, Law and First Nations (Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1998); Frank Cassidy (ed.), Aboriginal Title in British Columbia: Delgamuukw v. the Queen (Lantzville, BC: Oolichan Books & the Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1992), or Noel Dyck and James B. Waldram (eds.), Anthropology, Public Policy and Native Peoples in Canada (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993).
16. See, for example, James Clifford, 'Identity in Mashpee", in The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 277-346. For more recent examples, see Dara Culhane, The Pleasure of the Crown: Anthropology, Law and First Nations (Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1998); Frank Cassidy (ed.), Aboriginal Title in British Columbia: Delgamuukw v. the Queen (Lantzville, BC: Oolichan Books & the Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1992), or Noel Dyck and James B. Waldram (eds.), Anthropology, Public Policy and Native Peoples in Canada (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993).
17. See, for example, James Clifford, 'Identity in Mashpee", in The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 277-346. For more recent examples, see Dara Culhane, The Pleasure of the Crown: Anthropology, Law and First Nations (Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1998); Frank Cassidy (ed.), Aboriginal Title in British Columbia: Delgamuukw v. the Queen (Lantzville, BC: Oolichan Books & the Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1992), or Noel Dyck and James B. Waldram (eds.), Anthropology, Public Policy and Native Peoples in Canada (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993).
18. For analyses of contemporary relationships, see Thomas Biolsi and Larry J. Zimmerman (eds.), Indians and Anthropologists: Vine Deloria, Jr. and the Critique of Anthropology (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 1997).
19. This research has not least begun to make a substantial contribution to our understanding of contemporary global processes. See, for example: Johantan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo (eds.), The Anthropology of Globalisation (Maiden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell, 2002); Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat (eds.), States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2001); Michael Burawoy, Joseph A. Blum, Sheba George, Zsuzsa Gille, Teresa Gowan, Lynne Haney, Maren Klawiter, Steven H. Lopez, Sean O Riain, and Millie Thayer, Global Ethnography: Forces, Connections, and Imaginations in a Postmodern World (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000); Roxann Prazniak and Arif Dirlik (ed.), Places and Politics in an Age of Globalization (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
20. This research has not least begun to make a substantial contribution to our understanding of contemporary global processes. See, for example: Johantan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo (eds.), The Anthropology of Globalisation (Maiden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell, 2002); Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat (eds.), States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2001); Michael Burawoy, Joseph A. Blum, Sheba George, Zsuzsa Gille, Teresa Gowan, Lynne Haney, Maren Klawiter, Steven H. Lopez, Sean O Riain, and Millie Thayer, Global Ethnography: Forces, Connections, and Imaginations in a Postmodern World (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000); Roxann Prazniak and Arif Dirlik (ed.), Places and Politics in an Age of Globalization (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
21. This research has not least begun to make a substantial contribution to our understanding of contemporary global processes. See, for example: Johantan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo (eds.), The Anthropology of Globalisation (Maiden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell, 2002); Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat (eds.), States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2001); Michael Burawoy, Joseph A. Blum, Sheba George, Zsuzsa Gille, Teresa Gowan, Lynne Haney, Maren Klawiter, Steven H. Lopez, Sean O Riain, and Millie Thayer, Global Ethnography: Forces, Connections, and Imaginations in a Postmodern World (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000); Roxann Prazniak and Arif Dirlik (ed.), Places and Politics in an Age of Globalization (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
22. This research has not least begun to make a substantial contribution to our understanding of contemporary global processes. See, for example: Johantan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo (eds.), The Anthropology of Globalisation (Maiden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell, 2002); Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat (eds.), States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2001); Michael Burawoy, Joseph A. Blum, Sheba George, Zsuzsa Gille, Teresa Gowan, Lynne Haney, Maren Klawiter, Steven H. Lopez, Sean O Riain, and Millie Thayer, Global Ethnography: Forces, Connections, and Imaginations in a Postmodern World (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000); Roxann Prazniak and Arif Dirlik (ed.), Places and Politics in an Age of Globalization (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
23. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996); Margaret E. Keck and Katheryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert O'Brien, Ann Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Many other works might have been chosen; as mentioned above, there has been a veritable explosion of works on activism and international politics. See, for example: Jonathan A. Fox and David L. Brown (eds.), The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998); Barry K. Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000); Alejandro Colas, International Civil Society: Social Movements in World Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 389-420; M.J. Peterson, 'Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 371-89; Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pangucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997); Leslie Paul Thiele, 'Making Democracy Safe for the World: Social Movements and Global Politics, Alternatives, 18:3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 273-305.
24. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996); Margaret E. Keck and Katheryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert O'Brien, Ann Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Many other works might have been chosen; as mentioned above, there has been a veritable explosion of works on activism and international politics. See, for example: Jonathan A. Fox and David L. Brown (eds.), The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998); Barry K. Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000); Alejandro Colas, International Civil Society: Social Movements in World Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 389-420; M.J. Peterson, 'Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 371-89; Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pangucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997); Leslie Paul Thiele, 'Making Democracy Safe for the World: Social Movements and Global Politics, Alternatives, 18:3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 273-305.
25. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996); Margaret E. Keck and Katheryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert O'Brien, Ann Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Many other works might have been chosen; as mentioned above, there has been a veritable explosion of works on activism and international politics. See, for example: Jonathan A. Fox and David L. Brown (eds.), The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998); Barry K. Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000); Alejandro Colas, International Civil Society: Social Movements in World Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 389-420; M.J. Peterson, 'Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 371-89; Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pangucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997); Leslie Paul Thiele, 'Making Democracy Safe for the World: Social Movements and Global Politics, Alternatives, 18:3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 273-305.
26. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996); Margaret E. Keck and Katheryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert O'Brien, Ann Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Many other works might have been chosen; as mentioned above, there has been a veritable explosion of works on activism and international politics. See, for example: Jonathan A. Fox and David L. Brown (eds.), The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998); Barry K. Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000); Alejandro Colas, International Civil Society: Social Movements in World Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 389-420; M.J. Peterson, 'Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 371-89; Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pangucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997); Leslie Paul Thiele, 'Making Democracy Safe for the World: Social Movements and Global Politics, Alternatives, 18:3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 273-305.
27. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996); Margaret E. Keck and Katheryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert O'Brien, Ann Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Many other works might have been chosen; as mentioned above, there has been a veritable explosion of works on activism and international politics. See, for example: Jonathan A. Fox and David L. Brown (eds.), The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998); Barry K. Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000); Alejandro Colas, International Civil Society: Social Movements in World Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 389-420; M.J. Peterson, 'Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 371-89; Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pangucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997); Leslie Paul Thiele, 'Making Democracy Safe for the World: Social Movements and Global Politics, Alternatives, 18:3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 273-305.
28. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996); Margaret E. Keck and Katheryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert O'Brien, Ann Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Many other works might have been chosen; as mentioned above, there has been a veritable explosion of works on activism and international politics. See, for example: Jonathan A. Fox and David L. Brown (eds.), The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998); Barry K. Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000); Alejandro Colas, International Civil Society: Social Movements in World Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 389-420; M.J. Peterson, 'Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 371-89; Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pangucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997); Leslie Paul Thiele, 'Making Democracy Safe for the World: Social Movements and Global Politics, Alternatives, 18:3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 273-305.
29. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996); Margaret E. Keck and Katheryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert O'Brien, Ann Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Many other works might have been chosen; as mentioned above, there has been a veritable explosion of works on activism and international politics. See, for example: Jonathan A. Fox and David L. Brown (eds.), The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998); Barry K. Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000); Alejandro Colas, International Civil Society: Social Movements in World Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 389-420; M.J. Peterson, 'Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 371-89; Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pangucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997); Leslie Paul Thiele, 'Making Democracy Safe for the World: Social Movements and Global Politics, Alternatives, 18:3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 273-305.
30. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996); Margaret E. Keck and Katheryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert O'Brien, Ann Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Many other works might have been chosen; as mentioned above, there has been a veritable explosion of works on activism and international politics. See, for example: Jonathan A. Fox and David L. Brown (eds.), The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998); Barry K. Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000); Alejandro Colas, International Civil Society: Social Movements in World Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 389-420; M.J. Peterson, 'Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 371-89; Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pangucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997); Leslie Paul Thiele, 'Making Democracy Safe for the World: Social Movements and Global Politics, Alternatives, 18:3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 273-305.
31. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996); Margaret E. Keck and Katheryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert O'Brien, Ann Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Many other works might have been chosen; as mentioned above, there has been a veritable explosion of works on activism and international politics. See, for example: Jonathan A. Fox and David L. Brown (eds.), The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998); Barry K. Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000); Alejandro Colas, International Civil Society: Social Movements in World Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 389-420; M.J. Peterson, 'Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 371-89; Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pangucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997); Leslie Paul Thiele, 'Making Democracy Safe for the World: Social Movements and Global Politics, Alternatives, 18:3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 273-305.
32. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996); Margaret E. Keck and Katheryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert O'Brien, Ann Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Many other works might have been chosen; as mentioned above, there has been a veritable explosion of works on activism and international politics. See, for example: Jonathan A. Fox and David L. Brown (eds.), The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998); Barry K. Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000); Alejandro Colas, International Civil Society: Social Movements in World Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 389-420; M.J. Peterson, 'Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics', Millennium, 21:3 (Winter, 1992), pp. 371-89; Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pangucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997); Leslie Paul Thiele, 'Making Democracy Safe for the World: Social Movements and Global Politics, Alternatives, 18:3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 273-305.
33. Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics, p. 153.
34. Ibid., p. 162.
35. Ibid., p. 164.
36. O'Brien et al., Contesting Global Governance, p. 206.
37. Ibid., p. 207.
38. Ibid., p. 207.
39. Keck and Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders, p. 212.
40. Ibid., p. 1-2.
41. Ibid., p. 217.
42. Keck and Sikkink might protest that their framing is trans-disciplinary, in that it explicitly draws from several disciplines and resists reducing its relevance to IR. However, the work is no less framed in relation to disciplinary concerns because of this: its significance remains articulated in relation to disciplinary conventions of knowledge production, if those of more than one discipline.
43. See, for example, Franke Wilmer's analysis in The Indigenous Voice in World Politics (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1993) of the interplay between these discourses in relation to indigenous politics in IR, and my analysis of some of the dangers embedded in relying on the development of normative discourses: Karena Shaw, 'Indigeneity and the International'.
44. See, for example, Franke Wilmer's analysis in The Indigenous Voice in World Politics (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1993) of the interplay between these discourses in relation to indigenous politics in IR, and my analysis of some of the dangers embedded in relying on the development of normative discourses: Karena Shaw, 'Indigeneity and the International'.
45. See, for example, R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Richard K. Ashley and R.B.J. Walker (eds.), 'Speaking the Language of Exile: Dissidence in International Studies', Special Issue of International Studies Quarterly, 34:3 (1990).
46. See, for example, R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Richard K. Ashley and R.B.J. Walker (eds.), 'Speaking the Language of Exile: Dissidence in International Studies', Special Issue of International Studies Quarterly, 34:3 (1990).
47. Book-length examples specifically focused on anti-globalisation activism include: Emma Bircham and John Charlton (eds ), Anti-Capitalism: A Guide to the Movement, 2nd edn. (London: Bookmarks Publications, 2001); Kevin Danaher and Roger Burbach (eds.), Globalize This! The Battle Against the World Trade Organization and Corporate Rule (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000); Naomi Klein, Fences and Windows: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Globalization Debate (London: Flamingo, 2002); Colin Hines, Localization: A Global Manifesto (London: Earthscan Publications, 2000); Waldon Bello, Deglobalization: Ideas for a New World Economy (London: Zed Books, 2002), Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen, Nicholas Faraclas and Claudia Von Werlof (eds.), There is an Alternative: Subsistence and Worldwide Resistance to Corporate Globalization (London and New York: Zed Books, 2001). Of course, much more of this material is available in other formats, particularly on the Internet.
48. Book-length examples specifically focused on anti-globalisation activism include: Emma Bircham and John Charlton (eds ), Anti-Capitalism: A Guide to the Movement, 2nd edn. (London: Bookmarks Publications, 2001); Kevin Danaher and Roger Burbach (eds.), Globalize This! The Battle Against the World Trade Organization and Corporate Rule (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000); Naomi Klein, Fences and Windows: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Globalization Debate (London: Flamingo, 2002); Colin Hines, Localization: A Global Manifesto (London: Earthscan Publications, 2000); Waldon Bello, Deglobalization: Ideas for a New World Economy (London: Zed Books, 2002), Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen, Nicholas Faraclas and Claudia Von Werlof (eds.), There is an Alternative: Subsistence and Worldwide Resistance to Corporate Globalization (London and New York: Zed Books, 2001). Of course, much more of this material is available in other formats, particularly on the Internet.
49. Book-length examples specifically focused on anti-globalisation activism include: Emma Bircham and John Charlton (eds ), Anti-Capitalism: A Guide to the Movement, 2nd edn. (London: Bookmarks Publications, 2001); Kevin Danaher and Roger Burbach (eds.), Globalize This! The Battle Against the World Trade Organization and Corporate Rule (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000); Naomi Klein, Fences and Windows: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Globalization Debate (London: Flamingo, 2002); Colin Hines, Localization: A Global Manifesto (London: Earthscan Publications, 2000); Waldon Bello, Deglobalization: Ideas for a New World Economy (London: Zed Books, 2002), Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen, Nicholas Faraclas and Claudia Von Werlof (eds.), There is an Alternative: Subsistence and Worldwide Resistance to Corporate Globalization (London and New York: Zed Books, 2001). Of course, much more of this material is available in other formats, particularly on the Internet.
50. Book-length examples specifically focused on anti-globalisation activism include: Emma Bircham and John Charlton (eds ), Anti-Capitalism: A Guide to the Movement, 2nd edn. (London: Bookmarks Publications, 2001); Kevin Danaher and Roger Burbach (eds.), Globalize This! The Battle Against the World Trade Organization and Corporate Rule (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000); Naomi Klein, Fences and Windows: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Globalization Debate (London: Flamingo, 2002); Colin Hines, Localization: A Global Manifesto (London: Earthscan Publications, 2000); Waldon Bello, Deglobalization: Ideas for a New World Economy (London: Zed Books, 2002), Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen, Nicholas Faraclas and Claudia Von Werlof (eds.), There is an Alternative: Subsistence and Worldwide Resistance to Corporate Globalization (London and New York: Zed Books, 2001). Of course, much more of this material is available in other formats, particularly on the Internet.
51. Book-length examples specifically focused on anti-globalisation activism include: Emma Bircham and John Charlton (eds ), Anti-Capitalism: A Guide to the Movement, 2nd edn. (London: Bookmarks Publications, 2001); Kevin Danaher and Roger Burbach (eds.), Globalize This! The Battle Against the World Trade Organization and Corporate Rule (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000); Naomi Klein, Fences and Windows: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Globalization Debate (London: Flamingo, 2002); Colin Hines, Localization: A Global Manifesto (London: Earthscan Publications, 2000); Waldon Bello, Deglobalization: Ideas for a New World Economy (London: Zed Books, 2002), Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen, Nicholas Faraclas and Claudia Von Werlof (eds.), There is an Alternative: Subsistence and Worldwide Resistance to Corporate Globalization (London and New York: Zed Books, 2001). Of course, much more of this material is available in other formats, particularly on the Internet.
52. Relevant examples of this kind of literature would be Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance; Michael Edwards and John Gaventa (eds.), Global Citizen Action (London: Earthscan Publications, 2001); Joshua Karliner, The Corporate Planet (Sierra Club Books, 1997); Robin Broad (ed.), Global Backlash (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).
53. Relevant examples of this kind of literature would be Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance; Michael Edwards and John Gaventa (eds.), Global Citizen Action (London: Earthscan Publications, 2001); Joshua Karliner, The Corporate Planet (Sierra Club Books, 1997); Robin Broad (ed.), Global Backlash (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).
54. Relevant examples of this kind of literature would be Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance; Michael Edwards and John Gaventa (eds.), Global Citizen Action (London: Earthscan Publications, 2001); Joshua Karliner, The Corporate Planet (Sierra Club Books, 1997); Robin Broad (ed.), Global Backlash (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).
55. Relevant examples of this kind of literature would be Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance; Michael Edwards and John Gaventa (eds.), Global Citizen Action (London: Earthscan Publications, 2001); Joshua Karliner, The Corporate Planet (Sierra Club Books, 1997); Robin Broad (ed.), Global Backlash (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).
56. Relevant examples of this kind of literature would be Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance; Michael Edwards and John Gaventa (eds.), Global Citizen Action (London: Earthscan Publications, 2001); Joshua Karliner, The Corporate Planet (Sierra Club Books, 1997); Robin Broad (ed.), Global Backlash (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).
57. See, for example, Marie Battiste and James (Sa'ke'j) Youngblood Henderson, Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: A Global Challenge (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Purich Publishing, 2000), or Vandana Shiva, Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge (Totnes, Devon: Green Books, in association with The Gaia Foundation, 1998). For a more wide-ranging consideration of the relationship between contemporary researchers and indigenous peoples, see Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies.
58. See, for example, Marie Battiste and James (Sa'ke'j) Youngblood Henderson, Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: A Global Challenge (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Purich Publishing, 2000), or Vandana Shiva, Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge (Totnes, Devon: Green Books, in association with The Gaia Foundation, 1998). For a more wide-ranging consideration of the relationship between contemporary researchers and indigenous peoples, see Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies.
59. See, for example, Marie Battiste and James (Sa'ke'j) Youngblood Henderson, Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: A Global Challenge (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Purich Publishing, 2000), or Vandana Shiva, Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge (Totnes, Devon: Green Books, in association with The Gaia Foundation, 1998). For a more wide-ranging consideration of the relationship between contemporary researchers and indigenous peoples, see Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies.
60. William Chaloupka, 'There must be some way out of here: strategy, ethics and environmental politics', in Warren Magnusson and Karena Shaw (eds.), A Political Space: Reading the Global through Clayoquot Sound (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2003), pp. 67-90.
61. Interestingly, this isn't true of Keck and Sikkink's work, which uses activist campaigns precisely as a focal point for understanding activist networks. It is partly because of this that I find their book to be the most rich and provocative of those above, as it is capable of a counter-reading that situates it on a broader political terrain than the one it explicitly frames for itself.
62. I have described one such set of campaigns in 'Encountering Clayoquot: Reading the Political', in Magnusson and Shaw (eds.), A Political Space, pp. 25-66. It is probably worth clarifying here that I am referring to specific activist campaigns rather than to general social movements - thus my choice of language throughout the article. Although there has been terrific work produced on social movements, in the context of the argument I am presenting here, a 'social movement' is no less an abstraction than 'international politics', and work that assumes and reproduces these abstractions potentially suffers from the same problematics identified in the previous section. Nonetheless, as suggested by the previous footnote, significant resources for studying activist practices are embedded in this kind of research.
63. Sometimes they rely on academic research, but often they require research quite different from that produced by academics. Partly as a consequence, over the past few years, entire NGO operations have come to focus almost exclusively on producing this kind of research. Examples include Corporate Watch (http://www.corporatewatch.org). See also the kinds of research reports produced by Greenpeace (http://www.greenpeace.org/international_en/reports/).
64. Donna Haraway, 'Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective', in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York and London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 183-203.
65. This latter set of effects - the ways in which these practices are reshaping world politics - is what most interests the authors of the texts discussed above. My approach would seek to extend this interest towards an engagement with the strategic reading of the political that shapes activist practice in this regard.