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Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 81-111

Democracy and public discussion in the progressive and new deal eras: From civic competence to the expression of opinion

Author keywords

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Indexed keywords


EID: 12144285256     PISSN: 0898588X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0898588x04000069     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (11)

References (213)
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    • William Keith, "Dewey, Discussion, and Democracy in Speech Pedagogy," in Rhetorical Democracy: Discursive Practices of Civic Engagement, ed. Gerard A. Hauser and Amy Grim (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004), 205-11.
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    • (1997) History of Education Quarterly , vol.37 , pp. 399
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    • Quoted in Tonn, Mary P. Follett, 211.
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    • For some recent treatments of the Lippmann - Dewey debate see: Michael Schudson, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (New York: Free Press, 1998), 211-15; James T. Kloppenberg, The Virtues of Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 132-37; Eric Alterman, Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 64-69; Robert H. Wiebe, Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 173-77; Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1998), 181-82; Douglas B. Craig, Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States 1920-1940 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 206-9; Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 29-37; Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public, 118-20.
    • (1998) The Good Citizen: a History of American Civic Life , pp. 211-215
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    • For some recent treatments of the Lippmann - Dewey debate see: Michael Schudson, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (New York: Free Press, 1998), 211-15; James T. Kloppenberg, The Virtues of Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 132-37; Eric Alterman, Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 64-69; Robert H. Wiebe, Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 173-77; Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1998), 181-82; Douglas B. Craig, Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States 1920-1940 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 206-9; Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 29-37; Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public, 118-20.
    • (1998) The Virtues of Liberalism , pp. 132-137
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    • Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
    • For some recent treatments of the Lippmann - Dewey debate see: Michael Schudson, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (New York: Free Press, 1998), 211-15; James T. Kloppenberg, The Virtues of Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 132-37; Eric Alterman, Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 64-69; Robert H. Wiebe, Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 173-77; Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1998), 181-82; Douglas B. Craig, Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States 1920-1940 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 206-9; Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 29-37; Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public, 118-20.
    • (1998) Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy , pp. 64-69
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    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • For some recent treatments of the Lippmann - Dewey debate see: Michael Schudson, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (New York: Free Press, 1998), 211-15; James T. Kloppenberg, The Virtues of Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 132-37; Eric Alterman, Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 64-69; Robert H. Wiebe, Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 173-77; Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1998), 181-82; Douglas B. Craig, Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States 1920-1940 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 206-9; Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 29-37; Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public, 118-20.
    • (1995) Self-Rule: a Cultural History of American Democracy , pp. 173-177
    • Wiebe, R.H.1
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    • New York: Norton
    • For some recent treatments of the Lippmann - Dewey debate see: Michael Schudson, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (New York: Free Press, 1998), 211-15; James T. Kloppenberg, The Virtues of Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 132-37; Eric Alterman, Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 64-69; Robert H. Wiebe, Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 173-77; Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1998), 181-82; Douglas B. Craig, Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States 1920-1940 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 206-9; Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 29-37; Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public, 118-20.
    • (1998) The Story of American Freedom , pp. 181-182
    • Foner, E.1
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    • Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press
    • For some recent treatments of the Lippmann - Dewey debate see: Michael Schudson, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (New York: Free Press, 1998), 211-15; James T. Kloppenberg, The Virtues of Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 132-37; Eric Alterman, Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 64-69; Robert H. Wiebe, Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 173-77; Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1998), 181-82; Douglas B. Craig, Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States 1920-1940 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 206-9; Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 29-37; Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public, 118-20.
    • (2000) Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States 1920-1940 , pp. 206-209
    • Craig, D.B.1
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    • New York: Columbia University Press
    • For some recent treatments of the Lippmann - Dewey debate see: Michael Schudson, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (New York: Free Press, 1998), 211-15; James T. Kloppenberg, The Virtues of Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 132-37; Eric Alterman, Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 64-69; Robert H. Wiebe, Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 173-77; Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1998), 181-82; Douglas B. Craig, Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States 1920-1940 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 206-9; Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 29-37; Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public, 118-20.
    • (1999) The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War , pp. 29-37
    • Gary, B.1
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    • For some recent treatments of the Lippmann - Dewey debate see: Michael Schudson, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (New York: Free Press, 1998), 211-15; James T. Kloppenberg, The Virtues of Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 132-37; Eric Alterman, Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 64-69; Robert H. Wiebe, Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 173-77; Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1998), 181-82; Douglas B. Craig, Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States 1920-1940 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 206-9; Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 29-37; Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public, 118-20.
    • Creating a Democratic Public , pp. 118-120
    • Mattson1
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    • New York: Free Press
    • Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (1922; New York: Free Press, 1997), 158.
    • (1922) Public Opinion , pp. 158
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    • University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press
    • The issue of civic competence still preoccupies political scientists - see the interesting contributions to Stephen L. Elkin and Karol Edward Soltan, eds., Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999).
    • (1999) Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions
    • Elkin, S.L.1    Soltan, K.E.2
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    • [Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press]
    • Robert B. Westbrook contends that Dewey chose to address the "democratic realist with whom he had the greatest affinity" (John Dewey and American Democracy [Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991], 294).
    • (1991) John Dewey and American Democracy , pp. 294
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    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Charles E. Merriam, New Aspects of Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1925), 203-5.
    • (1925) New Aspects of Politics , pp. 203-205
    • Merriam, C.E.1
  • 61
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    • Ibid., 206. Merriam also wrote about civic education in his The Making of Citizens: A Comparative Study of Methods of Civic Training (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931). See also Barry D. Karl, Charles E. Merriam and the Study of Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), chap. 9.
    • New Aspects of Politics , pp. 206
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    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Ibid., 206. Merriam also wrote about civic education in his The Making of Citizens: A Comparative Study of Methods of Civic Training (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931). See also Barry D. Karl, Charles E. Merriam and the Study of Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), chap. 9.
    • (1931) The Making of Citizens: a Comparative Study of Methods of Civic Training
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    • (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), chap. 9
    • Ibid., 206. Merriam also wrote about civic education in his The Making of Citizens: A Comparative Study of Methods of Civic Training (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931). See also Barry D. Karl, Charles E. Merriam and the Study of Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), chap. 9.
    • (1974) Charles E. Merriam and the Study of Politics
    • Karl, B.D.1
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    • Wiebe, Self Rule, 207. Richard Hofstadter commented that the New Deal "produced no ⋯ body of political writing that would survive the day's headlines" (The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR [New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966], 316-17).
    • Self Rule , pp. 207
    • Wiebe1
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    • [New York: Alfred A. Knopf]
    • Wiebe, Self Rule, 207. Richard Hofstadter commented that the New Deal "produced no ⋯ body of political writing that would survive the day's headlines" (The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR [New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966], 316-17).
    • (1966) The Age of Reform: from Bryan to FDR , pp. 316-317
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    • America talks it over
    • April
    • Stanley High, "America Talks It Over," Reader's Digest, April 1938, 73-74.
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    • Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Education
    • Paul H. Sheats, Forums on the Air (Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Education, 1939), 8.
    • (1939) Forums on the Air , pp. 8
    • Sheats, P.H.1
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    • New York: Routledge
    • See Johanna Meehan, ed., Feminists Read Habermas: Gendering the Subject of Discourse (New York: Routledge, 1995); Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); Bruce Robbins, ed., The Phantom Public Sphere (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
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    • Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • See Johanna Meehan, ed., Feminists Read Habermas: Gendering the Subject of Discourse (New York: Routledge, 1995); Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); Bruce Robbins, ed., The Phantom Public Sphere (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
    • (1992) Habermas and the Public Sphere
    • Calhoun, C.1
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    • Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
    • See Johanna Meehan, ed., Feminists Read Habermas: Gendering the Subject of Discourse (New York: Routledge, 1995); Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); Bruce Robbins, ed., The Phantom Public Sphere (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
    • (1993) The Phantom Public Sphere
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    • (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press), chaps. 2-4
    • Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996), chaps. 2-4.
    • (1996) Democracy and Disagreement
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    • Iris Marion Young, Inclusion and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press), chap. 3
    • Barber, Strong Democracy, p.167; Iris Marion Young, Inclusion and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), chap. 3.
    • Strong Democracy , pp. 167
    • Barber1
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    • (New York: Oxford University Press), chap. 3
    • Barber, Strong Democracy, p.167; Iris Marion Young, Inclusion and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), chap. 3.
    • (2000) Inclusion and Democracy
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    • Washington DC: U.S. Office of Education
    • J. W. Studebaker, Education for Democracy, (Washington DC: U.S. Office of Education, 1936), 18.
    • (1936) Education for Democracy , pp. 18
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    • Washington DC: National Home Library Foundation
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    • (1936) Plain Talk , pp. 16
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    • Letter, Carroll H. Wooddy (Des Moines Public Schools, Department of Adult Education, Division of Public Forums) to Lyman Bryson, Nov. 5, 1934. Box 5, Lyman Bryson Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division
    • Letter, Carroll H. Wooddy (Des Moines Public Schools, Department of Adult Education, Division of Public Forums) to Lyman Bryson, Nov. 5, 1934. Box 5, Lyman Bryson Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division.
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    • Box 1, Folder 12, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections. Aired on the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 10:15 pm, Sept. 8, 1935. The presence of the speech in Williams's papers suggests that he may have written it
    • Radio address by John W. Studebaker, "Democracy's Demands Upon Education," Box 1, Folder 12, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections. Aired on the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 10:15 pm, Sept. 8, 1935. The presence of the speech in Williams's papers suggests that he may have written it.
    • Democracy's Demands upon Education
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    • Memorandum to Dr. Studebaker, May 21, 1940, Entry 189, Box 5, Office of Education records, RG 12, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, MD
    • Memorandum to Dr. Studebaker, May 21, 1940, Entry 189, Box 5, Office of Education records, RG 12, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, MD.
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    • 'Let there be light': Federal emergency funds advance education
    • J. W. Studebaker, "'Let There Be Light': Federal Emergency Funds Advance Education," Work 3 (1936).
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    • Memorandum, Paul Sheats to Studebaker, May 7, 1937, Entry 190, Federal Forum Project Correspondence File, Box 1, RG 12, NARA
    • Memorandum, Paul Sheats to Studebaker, May 7, 1937, Entry 190, Federal Forum Project Correspondence File, Box 1, RG 12, NARA.
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    • Entry 196, Box 1 Promotional Programs File; Federal Forums Project, RG 12, NARA
    • Press Release, U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Education, "Statement of Plans for the Federal Forum Demonstrations," Entry 196, Box 1 Promotional Programs File; Federal Forums Project, RG 12, NARA.
    • Statement of Plans for the Federal Forum Demonstrations
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    • Annual Report, Pulaski County Public Forums, June 1938, pp. 12-13, Entry 194, Box 1, RG 12, NARA
    • Annual Report, Pulaski County Public Forums, June 1938, pp. 12-13, Entry 194, Box 1, RG 12, NARA.
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    • Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Education
    • J. W. Studebaker, Forum Planning Handbook (Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Education, 1939), 59.
    • (1939) Forum Planning Handbook , pp. 59
    • Studebaker, J.W.1
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    • Box 1, Folder 12, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections. This address aired on Radio KSO (National Broadcasting Corporation [NBC]) Des Moines, IA, July 4, 1935
    • Radio Address, J. W. Studebaker, "Still Fighting for the Ideal of 1776," Box 1, Folder 12, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections. This address aired on Radio KSO (National Broadcasting Corporation [NBC]) Des Moines, IA, July 4, 1935.
    • Still Fighting for the Ideal of 1776
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    • Memorandum, Paul Sheats to Studebaker and Williams, 30 Mar. 1937, Entry 190, Box 1, Office of Education records, RG 12, NARA
    • Memorandum, Paul Sheats to Studebaker and Williams, 30 Mar. 1937, Entry 190, Box 1, Office of Education records, RG 12, NARA.
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    • Bulletin No. 1 . On the other side, adult education leaders viewed Roper himself as a fascist. On July 13, 1938, Morse Cartwright of the AAAE phoned Frederick Keppel of the Carnegie Corporation to talk about Roper: "MAC called up to discuss Roper, who, he says, is a very bothersome person and is really a fascist, but thinks he can handle him" (Box 11, Folder 3, Carnegie Corporation Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University)
    • R. C. Roper, The American Discussion League, Bulletin No. 1 (1936): 14. On the other side, adult education leaders viewed Roper himself as a fascist. On July 13, 1938, Morse Cartwright of the AAAE phoned Frederick Keppel of the Carnegie Corporation to talk about Roper: "MAC called up to discuss Roper, who, he says, is a very bothersome person and is really a fascist, but thinks he can handle him" (Box 11, Folder 3, Carnegie Corporation Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University).
    • (1936) The American Discussion League , pp. 14
    • Roper, R.C.1
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    • note
    • This argument echoed those heard in American society at the same time about radio broadcasting. With a little prompting from industry publicists, many Americans professed difficulty imagining that a publicly-funded broadcaster could be anything other than a propaganda arm of the government of the day.
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    • Letter, Chester Snell to George V. Denny Jr., Feb. 1, 1940, Box 13, Town Hall Inc. Records, New York Public Library Manuscript and Archives Division
    • Letter, Chester Snell to George V. Denny Jr., Feb. 1, 1940, Box 13, Town Hall Inc. Records, New York Public Library Manuscript and Archives Division.
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    • Office of Education, Ways and Means, 5.
    • Ways and Means , pp. 5
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    • The figure of $5000 per year for a forum leader ⋯ is approximately the compensation that will attract good forum leaders to a community program, and the figure is low rather than high
    • "The figure of $5000 per year for a forum leader ⋯ is approximately the compensation that will attract good forum leaders to a community program, and the figure is low rather than high" Studebaker and Williams, Forum Planning Handbook, 27.
    • Forum Planning Handbook , pp. 27
    • Studebaker1    Williams2
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    • Oct. 20, 1936, Box 20, Lyman Bryson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress
    • Lyman Bryson, "Public Forums" Oct. 20, 1936, Box 20, Lyman Bryson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
    • Public Forums
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    • Madison: University of Wisconsin College of Agriculture Extension Service
    • A. F. Wileden and H. L. Ewbank, How to Conduct Group Discussion (Madison: University of Wisconsin College of Agriculture Extension Service, 1935), 6.
    • (1935) How to Conduct Group Discussion , pp. 6
    • Wileden, A.F.1    Ewbank, H.L.2
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    • Letter, Chester Williams to John Studebaker, 5 Feb. 1935, Box 1 Folder 9, Chester Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections
    • Letter, Chester Williams to John Studebaker, 5 Feb. 1935, Box 1 Folder 9, Chester Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections.
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    • Box 1, Chester Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections
    • "Interrogatory with Chester Williams," 18; Box 1, Chester Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections.
    • Interrogatory with Chester Williams , pp. 18
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    • Memorandum, C. S. Williams to J. W. Studebaker, 10 Mar. 1936, Entry 190, Box 2, RG 12, NARA
    • Memorandum, C. S. Williams to J. W. Studebaker, 10 Mar. 1936, Entry 190, Box 2, RG 12, NARA.
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    • New York: American Association for Adult Education
    • Mary L. Ely, Why Forums? (New York: American Association for Adult Education, 1937), 211.
    • (1937) Why Forums? , pp. 211
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    • Mutual respect as a device of exclusion
    • ed., Stephen Macedo New York: Oxford University Press
    • Stanley Fish, "Mutual Respect as a Device of Exclusion," in Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement, ed., Stephen Macedo (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 93.
    • (1999) Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement , pp. 93
    • Fish, S.1
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    • 12144276371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • typescript, Apr. 1937, Box 20, Lyman Bryson Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division
    • Lyman Bryson, "The Limits of Discussion," 6; typescript, Apr. 1937, Box 20, Lyman Bryson Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division.
    • The Limits of Discussion , pp. 6
    • Bryson, L.1
  • 136
    • 85193590571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), chap. 4, for an argument along these lines about the New Deal era in general
    • See Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race And Nation in the Twentieth-Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), chap. 4, for an argument along these lines about the New Deal era in general.
    • (2001) American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth-century
    • Gerstle, G.1
  • 139
    • 12144280138 scopus 로고
    • Editorial
    • 7 Sept.
    • "Editorial," Chattanooga News, 7 Sept. 1936, 21.
    • (1936) Chattanooga News , pp. 21
  • 143
    • 12144281455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mar. 16, 1936 to 31 May 1937, 13, Entry 194, Box 4, RG 12, NARA
    • Final Report Colorado Springs Public Forums, Mar. 16, 1936 to 31 May 1937, 13, Entry 194, Box 4, RG 12, NARA.
    • Final Report Colorado Springs Public Forums
  • 145
    • 28244475190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • January 1939, Entry 194, Federal Forum Project, State Projects File, 1936-41, Box 5, RG 12 NARA
    • "Progress Report," January 1939, Entry 194, Federal Forum Project, State Projects File, 1936-41, Box 5, RG 12 NARA.
    • Progress Report
  • 146
  • 148
  • 149
    • 12144281471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The four freedoms
    • ed. Maureen Hart Hennessey and Anne Knutson (New York: Harry N. Abrams)
    • Maureen Hart Hennessey, "The Four Freedoms," in Norman Rockwell: Pictures for the American People, ed. Maureen Hart Hennessey and Anne Knutson (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999), 100.
    • (1999) Norman Rockwell: Pictures for the American People , pp. 100
    • Hennessey, M.H.1
  • 150
    • 84860083044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • interesting website
    • On this point, see M. F. Baker's interesting website: http://web.syr.edu/~mfbaker/freedom_of_speech.html.
    • Baker's, M.F.1
  • 151
    • 12144281076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entry 189, Federal Forum Project, Subject File, Box 1, RG 12, NARA
    • "Report on Federal Forum Project 1936-1941," 12, Entry 189, Federal Forum Project, Subject File, Box 1, RG 12, NARA.
    • Report on Federal Forum Project 1936-1941 , pp. 12
  • 153
    • 12144270151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walter Paschall Report, Mar. 4, 1937, Entry 194, Box 6, RG 12, NARA
    • Walter Paschall Report, Mar. 4, 1937, Entry 194, Box 6, RG 12, NARA.
  • 155
    • 12144262515 scopus 로고
    • Separate advisory board of outstanding Negro citizens
    • Mar. 4, Entry 194, Box 6, RG 12, NARA
    • For example, Atlanta had a "separate advisory board of outstanding Negro citizens" (Walter Paschall Report, Mar. 4, 1937, Entry 194, Box 6, RG 12, NARA).
    • (1937) Walter Paschall Report
  • 159
    • 12144262947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entry 194, Box 6, RG 12, NARA
    • Atlanta Federal Forum Project, "Bulletin No.2, February 1937," 1; Entry 194, Box 6, RG 12, NARA.
    • Bulletin No.2, February 1937 , pp. 1
  • 161
  • 165
  • 166
    • 12144271123 scopus 로고
    • Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press
    • Emily Woodward, Forums: Why and How (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1943), 24.
    • (1943) Forums: Why and How , pp. 24
    • Woodward, E.1
  • 167
    • 12144250067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Additions, Box 1, Emily Woodward Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University
    • Typescript, "Report to May 1941," Additions, Box 1, Emily Woodward Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University.
    • Report to May 1941
  • 169
    • 12144250439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Additions, Box 1, Emily Woodward Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University
    • Emily Woodward, "Georgia Public Forums: A History," 1, Additions, Box 1, Emily Woodward Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University.
    • Georgia Public Forums: a History , pp. 1
    • Woodward, E.1
  • 175
    • 12144269739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • typescript, [1933?], Additions Box 2, Emily Woodward Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University
    • Emily Woodward, "Feminism at the Bat," typescript, [1933?], Additions Box 2, Emily Woodward Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University.
    • Feminism at the Bat
    • Woodward, E.1
  • 176
    • 12144269674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, Doxey A. Wilkerson to Emily Woodward, 20 Nov. 1939; letter, Emily Woodward to Doxey A. Wilkerson, 25 Mar. 1940, Additions, Box 1, Emily Woodward Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University
    • Letter, Doxey A. Wilkerson to Emily Woodward, 20 Nov. 1939; letter, Emily Woodward to Doxey A. Wilkerson, 25 Mar. 1940, Additions, Box 1, Emily Woodward Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University.
  • 177
    • 12144251853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcript of forum led by Emily Woodward at Foremen's Club, 9 Apr. 1945, Box 4, Emily Woodward Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University
    • Transcript of forum led by Emily Woodward at Foremen's Club, 9 Apr. 1945, Box 4, Emily Woodward Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University.
  • 178
    • 0009236725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Charles E. Merriam, Systematic Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945), 74.
    • (1945) Systematic Politics , pp. 74
    • Merriam, C.E.1
  • 179
    • 12144281863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Charles E. Merriam, Prologue to Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939), 27. See also Charles E. Merriam, The New Democracy and the New Despotism (New York: McGraw Hill, 1939).
    • (1939) Prologue to Politics , pp. 27
    • Merriam, C.E.1
  • 180
    • 12144257885 scopus 로고
    • New York: McGraw Hill
    • Charles E. Merriam, Prologue to Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939), 27. See also Charles E. Merriam, The New Democracy and the New Despotism (New York: McGraw Hill, 1939).
    • (1939) The New Democracy and the New Despotism
    • Merriam, C.E.1
  • 183
    • 12144261359 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Charles E. Merriam, On the Agenda of Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941), 101.
    • (1941) On the Agenda of Democracy , pp. 101
    • Merriam, C.E.1
  • 185
    • 12144285135 scopus 로고
    • Box 2, Folder 4, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections
    • Draft of incomplete book by Chester S. Williams, The Crisis of Education 1938, 30; Box 2, Folder 4, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections.
    • (1938) The Crisis of Education , pp. 30
    • Williams, C.S.1
  • 186
    • 12144272314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memorandum, Williams to Commissioner Studebaker, 5 June 1940, Entry 190, Federal Forum Project, Correspondence File 1936-1941, RG 12, NARA
    • Memorandum, Williams to Commissioner Studebaker, 5 June 1940, Entry 190, Federal Forum Project, Correspondence File 1936-1941, RG 12, NARA.
  • 187
    • 12144262946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memorandum, Williams to Commissioner Studebaker, 8 Nov. 1940, Entry 190, Federal Forum Project, Correspondence File 1936-1941, RG 12, NARA
    • Memorandum, Williams to Commissioner Studebaker, 8 Nov. 1940, Entry 190, Federal Forum Project, Correspondence File 1936-1941, RG 12, NARA.
  • 189
    • 12144252654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memorandum, Williams to Studebaker, Oct. 24, 1940, Entry 190, Federal Forum Project, Correspondence File 1936-1941, RG 12, NARA
    • Memorandum, Williams to Studebaker, Oct. 24, 1940, Entry 190, Federal Forum Project, Correspondence File 1936-1941, RG 12, NARA.
  • 190
    • 12144255663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposal for a Pictorial Institute for Democracy, Box 3, Folder 2, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections
    • Proposal for a Pictorial Institute for Democracy, Box 3, Folder 2, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections.
  • 191
    • 12144256451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • offprint of Approaches to World Peace, Box 4, Folder 6, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections
    • Chester S. Williams, "The Beam in Our Own Eye," 439; offprint of Approaches to World Peace, Box 4, Folder 6, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections.
    • The Beam in Our Own Eye , pp. 439
    • Williams, C.S.1
  • 192
    • 12144271121 scopus 로고
    • New York: Macmillan
    • Letter, John Studebaker to Chester Williams, Feb. 28, 1942, Box 4, Folder 6, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections. The book he refers to is possibly Mary Ellen Chase, Windswept (New York: Macmillan, 1941).
    • (1941) Windswept
    • Chase, M.E.1
  • 194
    • 12144270150 scopus 로고
    • Aug. 11
    • Atlanta Journal, Aug. 11, 1944, 6; Atlanta Journal, Nov. 12, 1944, 5.
    • (1944) Atlanta Journal , pp. 6
  • 195
    • 12144277782 scopus 로고
    • Nov. 12
    • Atlanta Journal, Aug. 11, 1944, 6; Atlanta Journal, Nov. 12, 1944, 5.
    • (1944) Atlanta Journal , pp. 5
  • 197
    • 12144252653 scopus 로고
    • Mar. 12
    • Variety, Mar. 12, 1947.
    • (1947) Variety
  • 198
    • 12144250440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Box 4, Folder 10, Commission on the Freedom of the Press Papers, University of Chicago library, Special Collections Research Center
    • "Records of Discussion on January 27-29 1946, New York City," 144; Box 4, Folder 10, Commission on the Freedom of the Press Papers, University of Chicago library, Special Collections Research Center.
    • Records of Discussion on January 27-29 1946, New York City , pp. 144
  • 199
    • 84937375888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Democratic revival and the promise of cyberspace: Lessons from the forum movement
    • One exception is William Keith's recent contrasting of the history of the Federal Forum project with attempts to foster electronic democracy - although Keith elides the Progressive and New Deal programs for public discussion ("Democratic Revival and the Promise of Cyberspace: Lessons from the Forum Movement," Rhetoric and Public Affairs 5 [2002]: 311-26).
    • (2002) Rhetoric and Public Affairs , vol.5 , pp. 311-326
  • 200
    • 12144265670 scopus 로고
    • UCLA provost ousts five students for 'revolutionary activities'
    • See Chester S. Williams, "UCLA Provost Ousts Five Students for 'Revolutionary Activities'," The Open Forum 11 (1934). Williams had written: "They wanted to invite speakers such as their parents may hear at the public forums in the city, to fire questions at them, and to cross intellectual swords on controversial subjects among themselves."
    • (1934) The Open Forum , vol.11
    • Williams, C.S.1
  • 201
    • 12144281452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, John Studebaker to Robert G. Sproul, 31 Mar. 1942, Box 1, Folder 15, Chester S. Williams Papers, Box 4, Folder 6, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections
    • Letter, John Studebaker to Robert G. Sproul, 31 Mar. 1942, Box 1, Folder 15, Chester S. Williams Papers, Box 4, Folder 6, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections.
  • 202
    • 84860083040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Transcript of Testimony before Harold E. Brennan, Investigation Office, Central Administrative Services of the Office for Emergency Management," Oct. 1943, 14, Box 4, Folder 6, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections
    • "Transcript of Testimony before Harold E. Brennan, Investigation Office, Central Administrative Services of the Office for Emergency Management," Oct. 1943, 14, Box 4, Folder 6, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections.
  • 203
    • 12144256912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter, Conrad E. Snow to Chester Williams, Apr. 4, 1952, Box 1, Folder 15, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections
    • Letter, Conrad E. Snow to Chester Williams, Apr. 4, 1952, Box 1, Folder 15, Chester S. Williams Papers, University of Oregon Library, Special Collections.
  • 204
    • 12144280137 scopus 로고
    • Footsteps after the March
    • Oct. 23
    • "Footsteps After the March," Christian Science Monitor, Oct. 23, 1995: 1.
    • (1995) Christian Science Monitor , pp. 1
  • 205
    • 12144285123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conversation grants
    • Apr. 13
    • "Conversation Grants," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Apr. 13, 1996, A6.
    • (1996) Pittsburgh Post-gazette
  • 206
    • 84860078414 scopus 로고
    • 30 Mar. (accessed on June 15, 2004)
    • Remarks by Sheldon Hackney at Vanderbilt University, 30 Mar. 1994; published online at http://www.vanderbilt.edu/rpw_center/conversation.htm (accessed on June 15, 2004).
    • (1994)
  • 207
    • 12144280476 scopus 로고
    • Can we talk? We'd better - Or else multicultural america is in big trouble
    • June 26
    • Russell Jacoby, "Can We Talk? We'd Better - Or Else Multicultural America Is in Big Trouble," Washington Post, June 26, 1994, C1.
    • (1994) Washington Post
    • Jacoby, R.1
  • 208
    • 12144281860 scopus 로고
    • Unity to be theme of town meetings
    • Jan. 16
    • William H. Honan, "Unity to be Theme of Town Meetings," New York Times, Jan. 16, 1994, 22.
    • (1994) New York Times , pp. 22
    • Honan, W.H.1
  • 209
    • 12144261345 scopus 로고
    • Apr. 18
    • Quoted in The Nation, Apr. 18, 1994. Vol. 258, No.15: 513.
    • (1994) The Nation , vol.258 , Issue.15 , pp. 513
  • 210
    • 12144274536 scopus 로고
    • Let's talk about the conversation
    • Mar. 26
    • George Will, "Let's talk about the conversation," Pittsbirgh Post-Gazette, Mar. 26, 1995, F3.
    • (1995) Pittsbirgh Post-gazette
    • Will, G.1
  • 211
    • 84860083039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on June 15, 2004
    • http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~niman/neh.html (accessed on June 15, 2004).
  • 212
    • 84860081256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on June 15, 2004
    • http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itsv/0897/ijse/clintl1.htm (accessed on June 15, 2004).


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.