Ethylene biosynthesis

Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 1993, Pages 283-307

  Kende, Hans ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

1 aminocyclopropane 1 carboxylate (ACC); ACC oxidase; ACC synthase; Ethylene forming enzyme (EFE)

Indexed keywords

EID: 12044255243     PISSN: 10402519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.001435     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Abeles, F. B., Morgan, P. W., Saltveit, M. E. Jr. 1992. Ethylene in Plant Biology. San Diego: Academic. 414 pp. 2nd ed.
2. Acaster, M. A., Kende, H. 1983. Properties and partial purification of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase. Plant Physiol. 72:139-45
3. Adams, D. O., Yang, S. F. 1979. Ethylene biosynthesis: identification of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:170-74
4. Apelbaum, A., Burgoon, A. C., Anderson, J. D., Solomos, T., Lieberman, M. 1981. Some characteristics of the system converting 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene. Plant Physiol. 67:80-84
5. Apelbaum, A., Wang, S. Y., Burgoon, A. C., Baker, J. E., Lieberman, M. 1981. Inhibition of the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene by structural analogs, inhibitors of electron transfer, uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, and free radical scavengers. Plant Physiol. 67:74-79
6. Atta-Aly, M. A., Saltveit, M. E. Jr., Hobson, G. E. 1987. Effect of silver ions on ethylene biosynthesis by tomato fruit tissue. Plant Physiol. 83:44-48
7. Bleecker, A. B. 1987. The regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in plants; properties of ACC synthase. In Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, ed. D. D. Randall, R. E. Sharp, A. J. Novacky, D. G. Blevins, 6:15-24. Columbia, MO: Univ. Missouri
8. Bleecker, A. B., Estelle, M. A., Somerville, C., Kende, H. 1988. Insensitivity to ethylene conferred by a dominant mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Science 241:1086-89
9. Bleecker, A. B., Kenyon, W. H., Somerville, S. C., Kende, H. 1986. Use of monoclonal antibodies in the purification and characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, an enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7755-59
10. Bleecker, A. B., Robinson, G., Kende, H. 1988. Studies on the regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in tomato using monoclonal antibodies. Planta 173:385-90
11. Bleecker, A. B., Rose-John, S., Kende, H. 1987. An evaluation of 2,5-norbornadiene as a reversible inhibitor of ethylene action in deepwater rice. Plant Physiol. 84:395-98
12. Boller, T. 1984. Superinduction of ACC synthase in tomato pericarp by lithium ions. See Ref. 34, pp. 87-88
13. Boiler, T. 1985. Time-dependent inactivation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase by its substrate, S-adenosylmethionine. In 12th International Conference on Plant Growth Substances, p. 36 (Abstr.). Heidelberg: Int. Plant Growth Substances Assoc.
14. Boiler, T., Herner, R. C., Kende, H. 1979. Assay for and enzymatic formation of an ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Planta 145:293-303
15. Botella, J. R., Arteca, J. M., Schlagnhaufer, C. D., Arteca, R. N., Phillips, A. T. 1992. Identification and characterization of a full-length cDNA encoding for an auxininduced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from etiolated mung bean hypocotyl segments and expression of its mRNA in response to indole-3-acetic acid. Plant Mol. Biol. 20:425-36
16. Botella, J. R., Schlagnhaufer, C. D., Arteca, J. M., Arteca, R. N., Phillips, A. T. 1993. Identification of two new members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase multigene family in mung bean Gene. 123:249-53
17. Botella, J. R., Schlagnhaufer, C. D., Arteca, R. N., Phillips, A. T. 1992. Identification and characterization of three putative genes for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from etiolated mung bean hypocotyl segments. Plant Mol. Biol. 18:793-97
18. Bouzayen, M., Felix, G., Latché, A., Pech, J.-C., Boiler, T. 1991. Iron: an essential cofactor for the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene. Planta 184:244-47
19. Bouzayen, M., Latché, A., Pech, J.-C. 1990. Subcellular localization of the sites of conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid into ethylene in plant cells. Planta 180:175-80
20. Bufler, G., Bangerth, F. 1983. Effects of propylene and oxygen on the ethylene production systems of apples. Physiol. Plant. 58:486-92
21. Chalutz, E., Mattoo, A. K., Solomos, T., Anderson, J.D.I 984. Enhancement by ethylene of cellulysin-induced ethylene production by tobacco leaf discs. Plant Physiol. 74:99-103
22. Chappell, J., Hahlbrock, K., Boiler, T. 1984. Rapid induction of ethylene biosynthesis in cultured parsley cells by fungal elicitor and its relationship to the induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Planta 161:475-80
23. Clijsters, H., De Proft, M., Marcelle, R., Van Poucke, M., eds. 1989. Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Ethylene Production in Lower and Higher Plants. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 354 pp.
24. Cordes, S., Deikman, J., Margossian, L. J., Fischer, R. L. 1989. Interaction of a developmentally regulated DNA-binding factor with sites flanking two different fruit-ripening genes from tomato. Plant Cell 1:1025-34
25. Deikman, J., Fischer, R. L. 1988. Interaction of a DNA binding factor with the 5′-flanking region of an ethylene-responsive fruit ripening gene from tomato. EMBO J. 7:3315-20
26. Dong, J. G., Fernández-Maculet, J. C., Yang, S. F. 1992. Purification and characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase from apple fruit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:9789-93
27. Dong, J. G., Kim, W. T., Yip, W. K., Thompson, G. A., Li, L., et al. 1991. Cloning of a cDNA encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and expression of its mRNA in ripening apple fruit. Planta 185:38-45
28. Dong, J. G., Olson, D., Silverstone, A., Yang, S. F. 1992. Sequence of a cDNA coding for a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase homolog from apple fruit. Plant Physiol. 98:1530-31
29. Dong, J. G., Yip, W. K., Yang, S. F. 1991. Monoclonal antibodies against apple 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase. Plant Cell Physiol. 32:25-31
30. Edelman, L., Kende, H. 1990. A comparison of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in vitro translation product and in-vivo-labeled protein in ripening tomatoes. Planta 182:635-38
31. Erdmann, H., Griesbach, R. J., Lawson, R. H., Mattoo, A. K. 1989. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-dependent ethylene production during re-formation of vacuoles in evacuolated protoplasts of Petunia hybrida. Planta 179:196-202
32. Felix, G., Grosskopf, D. G., Regenass, M., Basse, C. W., Boiler, T. 1991. Elicitor-induced ethylene biosynthesis in tomato cells. Characterization and use as a bioassay for elicitor action. Plant Physiol. 97:19-25
33. Fernández-Maculet, J. C., Yang, S. F. 1992. Extraction and partial characterization of the ethylene-forming enzyme from apple fruit. Plant Physiol. 99:751-54
34. Fuchs, Y., Chalutz, E., eds. 1984. Ethylene: Biochemical, Physiological and Applied Aspects. The Hague: Nijhoff/Junk. 348 pp.
35. Fujino, D. W., Burger, D. W., Yang, S. F., Bradford, K. J. 1988. Characterization of an ethylene overproducing mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cultivar VFN8). Plant Physiol. 88:774-79
36. Grierson, D., Slater, A., Speirs, J., Tucker, G. A. 1985. The appearance of polygalacturonase mRNA in tomatoes: one of a series of changes in gene expression during development and ripening. Planta 163:263-71
37. Guy, M. 1990. Vacuolar ethylene formation does not depend on membrane potential. Physiol. Plant. 79:526-30
38. Guy, M., Kende, H. 1984. Conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene by isolated vacuoles of Pisum sativum L. Planta 160:281-87
39. Guzman, P., Ecker, J. R. 1990. Exploiting the triple response of Arabidopsis to identify ethylene-related mutants. Plant Cell 2:513-23
40. Hamilton, A. J., Bouzayen, M., Grierson, D. 1991. Identification of a tomato gene for the ethylene-forming enzyme by expression in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:7434-37
41. Hamilton, A. J., Lycett, G. W., Grierson, D. 1990. Antisense gene that inhibits synthesis of the hormone ethylene in transgenic plants. Nature 346:284-87
42. Hanley, K. M., Meir, S., Bramlage, W. J. 1989. Activity of aging carnation flower parts and the effects of 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-induced ethylene. Plant Physiol. 91:1126-30
43. Harpham, N. V. J., Berry, A. W., Knee, E. M., Roveda-Hoyos, G., Raskin, I., et al. 1991. The effect of ethylene on the growth and development of wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Ann. Bot. 68:55-61
44. Hoffman, N. E., Yang, S. F. 1982. Enhancement of wound-induced ethylene synthesis by ethylene in preclimacteric cantaloupe. Plant Physiol. 69:317-22
45. Holdsworth, M. J., Bird, C. R., Ray, J., Schuch, W., Grierson, D. 1987. Structure and expression of an ethylene-related mRNA from tomato. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:731-39
46. Holdsworth, M. J., Schuch, W., Grierson, D. 1987. Nucleotide sequence of an ethylene-related gene from tomato. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:10600
47. Holdsworth, M. J., Schuch, W., Grierson, D. 1988. Organization and expression of a wound/ripening-related small multigene family from tomato. Plant Mol. Biol. 11:81-88
48. Huang, R-L., Parks, J. E., Rottmann, W. H., Theologis, A. 1991. Two genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) are clustered and similar but differentially regulated. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:7021-25
49. Hyodo, H., Tanaka, K., Watanabe, K. 1983. Wound-induced ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase in mesocarp tissue of winter squash fruit. Plant Cell Physiol. 24:963-69
50. Imaseki, H. 1991. The biochemistry of ethylene biosynthesis. See Ref. 71, pp. 1-20
51. Imaseki, H., Nakajima, N., Todaka, I. 1988. Biosynthesis of ethylene and its regulation in plants. In Biomechanisms Regulating Growth and Development, ed. G. L. Steffens, T. S. Rumsey, pp. 205-27. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 479 pp.
52. Jiao, X.-Z., Philosoph-Hadas, S., Su, L.-Y., Yang, S. F. 1986. The conversion of 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid in plant tissues. Plant Physiol. 81:637-41
53. Jiao, X.-Z., Yip, W.-K., Yang, S. F. 1987. The effect of light and phytochrome on 1-aminocyclopropane-1 -carboxylic acid metabolism in etiolated wheat seedling leaves. Plant Physiol. 85:643-47
54. John, P. 1983. The coupling of ethylene biosynthesis to a transmembrane, electrogenic proton flux. FEBS Lett. 152:141-43
55. John, P. 1991. How plant molecular biologists revealed a surprising relationship between two enzymes, which took an enzyme out of a membrane where it was not located, and put it into the soluble phase where it could be studied. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 9:192-94
56. John, P., Porter, A. J. R., Miller, A. J. 1985. Activity of the ethylene-forming enzyme measured in vivo at different cell potentials. J. Plant Physiol. 121:397-406
57. Kende, H. 1989. Enzymes of ethylene biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 91:1-4
58. Kim, W. T., Silverstone, A., Yip, W. K., Dong, J. G., Yang, S. F. 1992. Induction of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase mRNA by auxin in mung bean hypocotyls and cultured apple shoots. Plant Physiol 98:465-71
59. Klee, H. J., Hayford, M. B., Kretzmer, K. A., Barry, G. F., Kishore, G. M. 1991. Control of ethylene synthesis by expression of a bacterial enzyme in transgenic tomato plants. Plant Cell 3:1187-93
60. Köck, M., Hamilton, A., Grierson, D. 1991. eth1, a gene involved in ethylene synthesis in tomato. Plant Mol. Biol. 17:141-42
61. Kuai, J., Dilley, D. R. 1992. Extraction, partial purification, and characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase from apple fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 1:203-11
62. Li, N., Parsons, B. L., Liu, D., Mattoo, A. K. 1992. Accumulation of wound-inducible ACC synthase transcript in tomato fruit is inhibited by salicylic acid and polyamines. Plant Mol. Biol. 18:477-87
63. Lieberman, M. 1979. Biosynthesis and action of ethylene. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 30:533-91
64. Lincoln, J. E., Cordes, S., Read, E., Fischer, R. L. 1987. Regulation of gene expression by ethylene during Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) fruit development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:2793-97
65. Lincoln, J. E., Fischer, R. L. 1988. Diverse mechanisms for the regulation of ethylene-inducible gene expression. Mol. Gen. Genet. 212:71-75
66. Liu, Y., Hoffman, N. E., Yang, S. F. 1985. Promotion by ethylene of the capability to convert 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene in preclimacteric tomato and cantaloupe fruits. Plant Physiol. 77:407-11
67. Liu, Y., Hoffman, N. E., Yang, S. F. 1985. Ethylene-promoted malonylation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid participates in autoinhibition of ethylene synthesis in grapefruit flavedo discs. Planta 164:565-68
68. Liu, Y., Su, L.-Y., Yang, S. F. 1985. Ethylene promotes the capability to malonylate 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and D-amino acids in preclimacteric tomato fruits. Plant Physiol. 77:891-95
69. Lürssen, K., Naumann, K., Schröder, R. 1979. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid - a new intermediate of ethylene biosynthesis. Naturwissenschaften 66:264-65
70. Manning, K. 1985. The ethylene forming enzyme system in carnation flowers. See Ref. 101, pp. 83-92
71. Mattoo, A. K., Suttle, J. C., eds. 1991. The Plant Hormone Ethylene. Boca Raton, FL: CRC. 337 pp.
72. Mattoo, A. K., White, W. B. 1991. Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis. See Ref. 71, pp. 21-42
73. Maunders, M. J., Holdsworth, M. J., Slater, A., Knapp, J. E., Bird, C. R., et al. 1987. Ethylene stimulates the accumulation of ripening-related mRNAs in tomatoes Plant Cell Environ. 10:177-84
74. Mayne, R. G., Kende, H. 1986. Ethylene biosynthesis in isolated vacuoles of Vicia faba L. - requirement for membrane integrity. Planta 167:159-65
75. McGarvey, D. J., Christoffersen, R. E. 1992. Characterization and kinetic parameters of ethylene-forming enzyme from avocado fruit. J. Biol. Chem. 267:5964-67
76. McGarvey, D. J., Sirevåg, R., Christoffersen, R. E. 1992. Ripening-related gene from avocado fruit. Ethylene-inducible expression of the mRNA and polypeptide. Plant Physiol. 98:554-59
77. McGarvey, D. J., Yu, H., Christoffersen, R. E. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of a ripening-related cDNA from avocado fruit. Plant Mol. Biol. 15:165-67
78. McKeon, T. A., Yang, S. F. 1988. Biosynthesis and metabolism of ethylene. In Plant Hormones and Their Role in Plant Growth and Development, ed. P. J. Davies, pp. 94-112. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 681 pp.
79. Mehta, A. M., Jordan, R. L., Anderson, J. D., Mattoo, A. K. 1988. Identification of a unique isoform of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase by monoclonal antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8810-14
80. Mitchell, T., Porter, A. J. R., John, P. 1988. Authentic activity of the ethylene-forming enzyme observed in membranes obtained from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). New Phytol. 109:313-19
81. Miyazaki, J. H., Yang, S. F. 1987. The methionine salvage pathway in relation to ethylene and polyamine biosynthesis. Physiol. Plant. 69:366-70
82. Nakagawa, N., Mori, H., Yamazaki, K., Imaseki, H. 1991. Cloning of a complementary DNA for auxin-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and differential expression of the gene by auxin and wounding. Plant Cell Physiol. 32:1153-63
83. Nakagawa, N., Nakajima, N., Imaseki, H. 1988. Immunochemical difference of wound-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from the auxin-induced enzyme. Plant Cell Physiol. 29:1255-59
84. Nakajima, N., Imaseki, H. 1986. Purification and properties of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase of mesocarp of Cucurbita maxima Duch. fruits. Plant Cell Physiol. 27:969-80
85. Nakajima, N., Mon, H., Yamazaki, K., Imaseki, H. 1990. Molecular cloning and sequence of a complementary DNA encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase induced by tissue wounding. Plant Cell Physiol. 31:1021-29
86. Nakajima, N., Nakagawa, N., Imaseki, H. 1988. Molecular size of wound-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from Cucurbita maxima Duch. and change of translatable mRNA of the enzyme after wounding. Plant Cell Physiol. 29:989-98
87. Oeller, P. W., Min-Wong, L., Taylor, L. P., Pike, D. A., Theologis, A. 1991. Reversible inhibition of tomato fruit senescence by antisense RNA. Science 254:437-39
88. Olson, D. C., White, J. A., Edelman, L., Harkins, R. N., Kende, H. 1991. Differential expression of two genes for I-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in tomato fruits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5340-44
89. Park, K. Y., Drory, A., Woodson, W. R. 1992. Molecular cloning of an 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from senescing carnation flower petals. Plant Mol. Biol. 18:377-86
90. Pech, J.-C., Latché, A., Balagué, C., eds. 1993. Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene. Dordrecht: Kluwer. In press
91. Peck, S. C., Olson, D. C., Kende, H. 1993. A cDNA sequence encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase from pea. Plant Physiol. 140:681-86
92. Peck, S. C., Reinhardt, D., Olson, D. C., Boiler, T., Kende, H. 1992. Localization of the ethylene-forming enzyme from tomatoes, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, in transgenic yeast. J. Plant Physiol. In press
93. Peiser, G. D., Wang, T.-T., Hoffman, N. E., Yang, S. F., Liu, H.-W., Walsh, C. T. 1984. Formation of cyanide from carbon 1 of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid during its conversion to ethylene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3059-63
94. Peñarrubia, L., Aguilar, M., Margossian, L., Fischer, R. L. 1992. An antisense gene stimulates ethylene hormone production during tomato fruit ripening. Plant Cell 4:681-87
95. Philosoph-Hadas, S., Meir, S., Aharoni, N. 1985. Autoinhibition of ethylene production in tobacco leaf discs: enhancement of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid conjugation. Physiol. Plant. 63:431-37
96. Picton, S., Barton, S. L., Bouzayen, M., Hamilton, A. J., Grierson, D. 1992. Altered fruit ripening and leaf senescence in tomatoes expressing an antisense ethyleneforming enzyme transgene. Plant J. In press
97. Porter, A. J. R., Borlakoglu, J. T., John, P. 1986. Activity of the ethylene-forming enzyme in relation to plant cell structure and organization. J. Plant Physiol. 125:207-16
98. Privalle, L. S., Graham, J. S. 1987. Radiolabeling of a wound-inducible pyridoxal phosphate-utilizing enzyme: evidence for its identification as ACC synthase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 253:333-40
99. Ramalingam, K., Lee, K.-M., Woodard, R. W., Bleecker, A. B., Kende, H. 1985. Stereochemical course of the reaction catalyzed by the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7820-24
100. Riov, J., Yang, S. F. 1982. Effects of exogenous ethylene on ethylene production in citrus leaf tissue. Plant Physiol. 70:136-41
101. Roberts, J. A., Tucker, G. A., eds. 1985. Ethylene and Plant Development. London: Butterworths. 416 pp.
102. Ross, G. S., Knighton, M. L., Lay-Yee, M. 1992. An ethylene-related cDNA from ripening apples. Plant Mol. Biol. 19:231-38
103. Rottmann, W. H., Peter, G. E, Oeller, P. W., Keller, J. A., Shen, N. F., et al. 1991. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in tomato is encoded by a multigene family whose transcription is induced during fruit and floral senescence. J. Mol. Biol. 222:937-61
104. Sato, T., Oeller, P. W., Theologis, A. 1991. The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase of Cucurbita. Purification, properties, expression in Escherichia coli, and primary structure determination by DNA sequence analysis. J. Biol. Chem. 266:3752-59
105. Sato, T., Theologis, A. 1989. Cloning the mRNA encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, the key enzyme for ethylene biosynthesis in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6621-25
106. Satoh, S., Esashi, Y. 1986. Inactivation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase of etiolated mung bean hypocoty 1 segments by its substrate, S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Plant Cell Physiol. 27:285-91
107. Satoh, S., Yang, S. F. 1988. S-Adenosylmethionine-dependent inactivation and radiolabeling of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase isolated from tomato fruits. Plant Physiol. 88:109-14
108. Satoh, S., Yang, S. F. 1989. Specificity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the inactivation and the labeling of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase isolated from tomato fruits. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 271:107-12
109. Satoh, S., Yang, S. F. 1989. Inactivation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase by L-vinylglycine as related to the mechanism-based inactivation of the enzyme by S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Plant Physiol. 91:1036-39
110. Sisler, E. C., Goren, R., Huberman, M. 1985. Effect of 2,5-norbomadiene on abscission and ethylene production in citrus leaf expiants. Physiol. Plant. 63:114-20
111. Sitrit, Y., Riov, J., Blumenfeld, A. 1986. Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in avocado fruit during ripening. Plant Physiol. 81:130-35
112. Slater, A., Maunders, M. J., Edwards, K., Schuch, W., Grierson, D. 1985. Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for tomato polygalacturonase and other ripening-related proteins. Plant Mol. Biol. 5:137-47
113. Smith, C. J. S., Slater, A., Grierson, D. 1986. Rapid appearance of an mRNA correlated with ethylene synthesis encoding a protein of molecular weight 35000. Planta 168:94-100
114. Smith, J. J., Ververidis, P., John, P. 1992. Characterization of the ethylene-forming enzyme partially purified from melon. Phytochem. 31:1485-94
115. Spanu, P., Boiler, T. 1989. Ethylene biosynthesis in tomato plants infected by Phytophthora infestans. J. Plant Physiol. 134:533-37
116. Spanu, P., Felix, G., Boller, T. 1990. Inactivation of stress induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in vivo differs from substrate-dependent inactivation in vitro. Plant Physiol. 93:1482-85
117. Spanu, P., Reinhardt, D., Boiler, T. 1991. Analysis and cloning of the ethylene-forming enzyme from tomato by functional expression of its mRNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes. EMBO J. 10:2007-13
118. Theologis, A. 1992. One rotten apple spoils the whole bushel: the role of ethylene in fruit ripening. Cell 70:181-84
119. Tsai, D.-S., Arteca, R. N., Arteca, J. M., Phillips, A. T. 1991. Characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase purified from mung bean hypocotyls. J. Plant Physiol. 137:301-6
120. Tsai, D.-S., Arteca, R. N., Bachman, J. M., Phillips, A. T. 1988. Purification and characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from etiolated mung bean hypocotyls. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 264:632-40
121. Van Der Straeten, D., Van Wiemeersch, L., Goodman, H. M., Van Montagu, M. 1989. Purification and partial characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from tomato pericarp. Eur. J. Biochem. 182:639-47
122. Van Der Straeten, D., Van Wiemeersch, L., Goodman, H. M., Van Montagu, M. 1990. Cloning and sequence of two different cDNAs encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in tomato. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4859-63
123. Ververidis, P., John, P. 1991. Complete recovery in vitro of ethylene-forming enzyme activity. Phytochemistry 30:725-27
124. Walsh, C. T. 1979. Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms, pp. 823-25. San Francisco: Freeman. 978 pp.
125. Wang, H., Woodson, W. R. 1991. A flower senescence-related mRNA from carnation shares sequence similarity with fruit ripening-related mRNAs involved in ethylene biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 96:1000-1
126. White, J. A., Kende, H. 1990. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase: are there charge and size variants in tomato? J. Plant Physiol. 136:646-52
127. Wiesendanger, R., Martinoni, B., Boiler, T., Arigoni, D. 1986. Biosynthesis of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid: steric course of the reaction at the α-position. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., pp. 238-39
128. Wiesendanger, R., Martinoni, B., Boiler, T., Arigoni, D. 1986. Biosynthesis of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid: steric course of the reaction at the C-4 position. Experientia 42:207-9
129. Woodson, W. R., Park, K. Y., Drory, A., Larsen, P. B., Wang, H. 1992. Expression of ethylene biosynthetic pathway transcripts in senescing carnation flowers. Plant Physiol. 99:526-32
130. Yang, S. F. 1980. Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis. HortScience 15:238-43
131. Yang, S. F., Hoffman, N. E. 1984. Ethylene biosynthesis and its regulation in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35:155-89
132. Yip, W.-K., Dong, J.-G., Kenny, J.-W., Thompson, G. A., Yang, S. F. 1990. Characterization and sequencing of the active site of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7930-34
133. Yip, W.-K., Dong, J.-G., Yang, S. F. 1991. Purification and characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from apple fruits. Plant Physiol. 95:251-57
134. Yip, W.-K., Jiao, X.-Z., Yang, S. F. 1988. Dependence of in vivo ethylene production rate on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content and oxygen concentrations. Plant Physiol 88:553-58
135. Yip, W.-K., Moore, T., Yang, S. F. 1992. Differential accumulation of transcripts for four tomato 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase homologs under various conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2475-79
136. Yip, W.-K., Yang, S. F. 1988. Cyanide metabolism in relation to ethylene production in plant tissues. Plant Physiol. 88:473-76
137. Yu, Y-B., Adams, D. O., Yang, S. F. 1979. 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase, a key enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 198:280-86
138. Yu, Y-B., Adams, D. O., Yang, S. F. 1980. Inhibition of ethylene production by 2,4-dinitrophenol and high temperature. Plant Physiol. 66:286-90