The recalcitrance of aggression: An aporetic moment in Cicero's De inventione

Rhetorica - Journal of the History of Rhetoric

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 235-262

  Kastely, James L ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 11944268864     PISSN: 07348584     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/rh.2002.20.3.235     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Cicero, De inventione, De optimo genere oratorum, Topica, trans. H. M. Hubbell, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976).
2. G. Kennedy Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980) p. 91.
3. Cicero, De oratore, trans. E. W. Sutton and H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library, 2 vols (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988).
4. M. L. Clarke, Rhetoric at Rome: A Historical Survey, 3rd edition, revised with intro. by D. H. Bury (New York: Routledge, 1996) p. 53.
5. L. Edelstein, The Idea of Progress in Classical Antiquity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967), p. 3.
6. See also S. C. Jarratt, Rereading the Sophists: Classical Rhetoric Refigured (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991) pp. 9-11;
7. and W. K. C. Guthrie, The Sophists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971) p. 62.
8. P. W. Rose, Sons of the Gods, Children of Earth: Ideology and Literary Form in Ancient Greece (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992) p. 274.
9. J. de Romilly, The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens, trans. Janet Lloyd (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1992) p. 166.
10. Plato, Protagoras, trans. B. Jowett, extensively revised by M. Ostwald, intro. G. Vlastos, Library of the Liberal Arts, (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1956).
11. E. A. Havelock has argued that the section of the myth in which Protagoras claims that Zeus intervened to implant a sense of justice and respect in all citizens is a strategic insertion of Plato's own perspective as a way to coopt the myth (The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957) pp. 88-91). Jarratt believes that there is serious merit to Havelock's argument (pp. 17-18), but she also acknowledges that other scholars have found Plato's Protagoras to be a faithful reproduction of the original (p. 128, n. 14).
12. E. Schiappa (Protagoras and Logos: A Study in Greek Philosophy and Rhetoric (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991) pp. 180-83),
13. and De Romilly (The Great Sophists, p. 162) argue that Plato's depiction of Protagoras is accurate. Guthrie, who also believes that the Great Speech is a fair representation of Protagoras's view, provides a helpful discussion of the controversy (p. 64, n. 1)
14. Isocrates, Nicocles or the Cyprians in Isocrates, vol. 1, trans. G. Norlin, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1928) p. 79.
15. See also Antidosis in Isocrates, vol. 2, trans. G. Norlin, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1929) pp. 253-54
16. C. Glenn, Rhetoric Retold: Regendering the Tradition from Antiquity through the Renaissance (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997) p. 36.
17. Y. L. Too, The Rhetoric of Identity in Isocrates: Text, Power, and Pedagogy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) p. 4.
18. For a discussion of the influence of Isocrates on Cicero, see H. M. Hubbell, The Influence of Isocrates on Cicero, Dionysius and Aristides (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1914) esp. p. 17.
19. J. Swearingen, Rhetoric and Irony: Western Literacies and Western Lies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) p. 142.
20. M. Schofield, "Cicero's Definition of Res Publica," in Cicero the Philosopher: Twelve Papers, ed. and intro. J. G. F. Powell (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), p. 71.
21. See especially J. de Romilly, Magic and Rhetoric in Ancient Greece (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975).
22. De Romilly, Magic and Rhetoric, pp. 20-21,
23. and N. S. Struever, The Language of History in the Renaissance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970) pp. 13-14.
24. C. P. Segal, "Gorgias and the Psychology of the Logos," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 66 (1962) p. 127.
25. Such sublimation of aggression marked the moment of civilization or rule by law. The classic example is Aeschylus's Oresteia in which Clytemenstra's blood furies are transformed into the benevolent Eumendies who protect Athens (de Romilly, The Great Sophists, p. 175).
26. C. Habicht, Cicero the Politician (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990) p. 9,
27. and A. W. Lintott, Violence in Republican Rome (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968) pp. 175-200.
28. For a good discussion of the tradition of anti-democratic theorizing, see J. Ober, Political Dissent in Democratic Athens (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998) pp. 14-27.
29. R. McKeon, "Introduction", Brutus (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 150) pp. 22-23,
30. and J. E. Siegel, Rhetoric and Philosophy in Renaissance Humanism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968) pp. xi-xv,
31. and Streuver, Language of History, pp. 5-39.
32. A. Braet, "The Classical Doctrine of status and the Rhetorical Theory of Argumentation," Philosophy and Rhetoric 20/2 (1987), p. 85.
33. D. A. Russell, Greek Declamation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983) p. 43.
34. O. L. A. Dieter, "Stasis" in Landmark Essays on Greek Rhetoric, ed. E. Schiappa (Davis: Hermagoras Press, 1994) p. 231.
35. J. G. A. Pocock, "Verbalizing a Political Act: Towards a Politics of Speech", in Language and Politics, ed. M. J. Shapiro (New York: New York University Press, 1984) p. 39.