U.S. nuclear nonproliferation policy in the Northeast Asian region during the Cold War: The South Korean case

East Asia

Volumn 16, Issue 3-4, 1998, Pages 41-86

  Siler, Michael J ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 11744251616     PISSN: 10966838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12140-998-0003-7     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. In defining "Third World," this study accepts Mohammed Ayoob's analysis in Conflict and Intervention in the Third World (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980). He states "that the Third World concept encompasses in its totality the feeling of deprivation, both in terms of the recent past and the current situation, among a large section of the world's population vis-à-vis the privileged few. What binds the Third World together in an emotional and psychological sense is the perception of having been on the receiving end for the last 300 to 400 years, at the receiving end economically, militarily, politically, and above all technologically" (p. 241).
2. The literature on the causes of nuclear proliferation is quite extensive, and yet it continues to face problems in identifying the real causes for why countries pursue nuclear weapons. For the early debate, see Christoph Bentram, ed., Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s: Perspectives and Proposals (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982), pp. 27-41; Steve Chan, "Incentives for Nuclear Proliferation: The Case of International Pariahs," Journal of Strategic Studies 3 (May 1980): pp. 26-53; Lewis Dunn, Controlling the Bomb: Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982); Ashok Kapur, "Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s," International Journal 36 (Summer 1981): pp. 535-55; and Ashok Kapur, International Nuclear Proliferation: Multilateral Diplomacy and Regional Aspects (New York: Praeger, 1979).
3. The literature on the causes of nuclear proliferation is quite extensive, and yet it continues to face problems in identifying the real causes for why countries pursue nuclear weapons. For the early debate, see Christoph Bentram, ed., Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s: Perspectives and Proposals (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982), pp. 27-41; Steve Chan, "Incentives for Nuclear Proliferation: The Case of International Pariahs," Journal of Strategic Studies 3 (May 1980): pp. 26-53; Lewis Dunn, Controlling the Bomb: Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982); Ashok Kapur, "Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s," International Journal 36 (Summer 1981): pp. 535-55; and Ashok Kapur, International Nuclear Proliferation: Multilateral Diplomacy and Regional Aspects (New York: Praeger, 1979).
4. The literature on the causes of nuclear proliferation is quite extensive, and yet it continues to face problems in identifying the real causes for why countries pursue nuclear weapons. For the early debate, see Christoph Bentram, ed., Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s: Perspectives and Proposals (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982), pp. 27-41; Steve Chan, "Incentives for Nuclear Proliferation: The Case of International Pariahs," Journal of Strategic Studies 3 (May 1980): pp. 26-53; Lewis Dunn, Controlling the Bomb: Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982); Ashok Kapur, "Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s," International Journal 36 (Summer 1981): pp. 535-55; and Ashok Kapur, International Nuclear Proliferation: Multilateral Diplomacy and Regional Aspects (New York: Praeger, 1979).
5. The literature on the causes of nuclear proliferation is quite extensive, and yet it continues to face problems in identifying the real causes for why countries pursue nuclear weapons. For the early debate, see Christoph Bentram, ed., Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s: Perspectives and Proposals (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982), pp. 27-41; Steve Chan, "Incentives for Nuclear Proliferation: The Case of International Pariahs," Journal of Strategic Studies 3 (May 1980): pp. 26-53; Lewis Dunn, Controlling the Bomb: Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982); Ashok Kapur, "Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s," International Journal 36 (Summer 1981): pp. 535-55; and Ashok Kapur, International Nuclear Proliferation: Multilateral Diplomacy and Regional Aspects (New York: Praeger, 1979).
6. The literature on the causes of nuclear proliferation is quite extensive, and yet it continues to face problems in identifying the real causes for why countries pursue nuclear weapons. For the early debate, see Christoph Bentram, ed., Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s: Perspectives and Proposals (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982), pp. 27-41; Steve Chan, "Incentives for Nuclear Proliferation: The Case of International Pariahs," Journal of Strategic Studies 3 (May 1980): pp. 26-53; Lewis Dunn, Controlling the Bomb: Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982); Ashok Kapur, "Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s," International Journal 36 (Summer 1981): pp. 535-55; and Ashok Kapur, International Nuclear Proliferation: Multilateral Diplomacy and Regional Aspects (New York: Praeger, 1979).
7. Mohan, "Why Nations Go Nuclear," p. 27, n. 2.
8. The inspiration for my alternative approach - in refuting incentive and disincentive explanations for nuclear proliferation in the Third World - comes from the traditional incentive and disincentive analysis by Stephen W. Meyer, The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); George H. Quester, The Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1973); Mitchell Reiss, Without the Bomb: The Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1988); and Leonard Spector, Nuclear Proliferation Today (New York: Vintage Books, 1984).
9. The inspiration for my alternative approach - in refuting incentive and disincentive explanations for nuclear proliferation in the Third World - comes from the traditional incentive and disincentive analysis by Stephen W. Meyer, The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); George H. Quester, The Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1973); Mitchell Reiss, Without the Bomb: The Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1988); and Leonard Spector, Nuclear Proliferation Today (New York: Vintage Books, 1984).
10. The inspiration for my alternative approach - in refuting incentive and disincentive explanations for nuclear proliferation in the Third World - comes from the traditional incentive and disincentive analysis by Stephen W. Meyer, The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); George H. Quester, The Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1973); Mitchell Reiss, Without the Bomb: The Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1988); and Leonard Spector, Nuclear Proliferation Today (New York: Vintage Books, 1984).
11. The inspiration for my alternative approach - in refuting incentive and disincentive explanations for nuclear proliferation in the Third World - comes from the traditional incentive and disincentive analysis by Stephen W. Meyer, The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); George H. Quester, The Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1973); Mitchell Reiss, Without the Bomb: The Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1988); and Leonard Spector, Nuclear Proliferation Today (New York: Vintage Books, 1984).
12. Meyer, The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation, pp. 132-33, n. 4.
13. Edward A. Olsen, "The Arms Race on the Korean Peninsula," Asian Survey Vol. 28, No. 8, (August 1986): pp. 851-67.
14. Why Third World states do and do not go nuclear dominates the non-proliferation literature. The debate developed in earnest in the mid-1970s and reached its peak in the late 1980s. Please see William Epstein, "Why States Go - and Don't Go - Nuclear," in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 430 (March 1977): pp. 16-28. Also see C. Raja Mohan, "Why Nations Go Nuclear: An Alternative History," in William H. Kincade and John Simpson, ed., Nuclear Non-Prolifération: An Agenda for the 1990s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); and Roger K. Smith, "Explaining The Non-Proliferation Regimes: Anomalies for Contemporary International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Spring 1987): pp. 253-81.
15. Why Third World states do and do not go nuclear dominates the non-proliferation literature. The debate developed in earnest in the mid-1970s and reached its peak in the late 1980s. Please see William Epstein, "Why States Go - and Don't Go - Nuclear," in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 430 (March 1977): pp. 16-28. Also see C. Raja Mohan, "Why Nations Go Nuclear: An Alternative History," in William H. Kincade and John Simpson, ed., Nuclear Non-Prolifération: An Agenda for the 1990s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); and Roger K. Smith, "Explaining The Non-Proliferation Regimes: Anomalies for Contemporary International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Spring 1987): pp. 253-81.
16. Why Third World states do and do not go nuclear dominates the non-proliferation literature. The debate developed in earnest in the mid-1970s and reached its peak in the late 1980s. Please see William Epstein, "Why States Go - and Don't Go - Nuclear," in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 430 (March 1977): pp. 16-28. Also see C. Raja Mohan, "Why Nations Go Nuclear: An Alternative History," in William H. Kincade and John Simpson, ed., Nuclear Non-Prolifération: An Agenda for the 1990s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); and Roger K. Smith, "Explaining The Non-Proliferation Regimes: Anomalies for Contemporary International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Spring 1987): pp. 253-81.
17. Editors, 1993. "S&T Minister Urges Development of Nuclear Fuel Technology." JPRS-TND-93-034, (October 27), p. 17; Pak Tu-sik, Choson IIbo (Seoul) October 10, 1993, p. 3; in JPRS-TND-93-034, October 27, 1993, pp. 15-16, "Article Reviews Government's Nuclear Policy."
18. Editors, 1993. "S&T Minister Urges Development of Nuclear Fuel Technology." JPRS-TND-93-034, (October 27), p. 17; Pak Tu-sik, Choson IIbo (Seoul) October 10, 1993, p. 3; in JPRS-TND-93-034, October 27, 1993, pp. 15-16, "Article Reviews Government's Nuclear Policy."
19. Editors, 1993. "S&T Minister Urges Development of Nuclear Fuel Technology." JPRS-TND-93-034, (October 27), p. 17; Pak Tu-sik, Choson IIbo (Seoul) October 10, 1993, p. 3; in JPRS-TND-93-034, October 27, 1993, pp. 15-16, "Article Reviews Government's Nuclear Policy."
20. See Office of Technology Assessment, Nuclear Proliferation and Safeguards (New York: Praeger, 1977).
21. See Peter Hayes, Pacific Powderkeg: American Nuclear Dilemmas in Korea (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1991).
22. Meyer, The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation, pp. 132-33, n. 4.
23. Ibid., p. 133.
24. See Tong Whan Park, "Issues of Arms Control Between the Two Koreas," Asian Survey Vol. 33, No. 4 (April 1992):350-65.
25. See David Hart, "India," in Harald Muller, ed., A European Non-Proliferation Policy: Prospects and Problems (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987).
26. One could argue compellingly that South Korea signed both the NPT and IAEA treaties to maintain the integrity of the U.S.-ROK security treaty in the face of American pressure, while maintaining its option to secretly pursue nuclear weapons. At the same time, the use of American pressure on states without a bilateral security treaty can be a long-drawn-out process, witness the Brazilian example. See Wolf Grabendorff, "Brazil," in Harald Muller, ed., A European Non-Proliferation Policy: Prospects and Problems (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987).
27. Meyer, The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation, pp. 132-33, n. 4.
28. S.B. Bacharach and E.J. Lawler, Power and Politics in Organization (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1981):105.
29. Ibid., p. 106.
30. Ole Elgstrom, "Negotiating with the LDCs: Situation and Context," Cooperation and Conflict 2, (September 1987): p. 136. For a discussion on the differing negotiation styles between the West and the Third World, see Raymond Cohen, Negotiating Across Cultures: Communication Obstacles in International Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1991); William M. Habeeb, Power and Tactics in International Negotiations (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1988); and Lloyd Jensen, Bargaining for National Security: The Postwar Disarmament Negotiations (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988). For a review of how the United States has negotiated with both allies and enemies, see Linda P. Brady, The Politics of Negotiation: America's Dealings with Allies, Adversaries, and Friends (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
31. Ole Elgstrom, "Negotiating with the LDCs: Situation and Context," Cooperation and Conflict 2, (September 1987): p. 136. For a discussion on the differing negotiation styles between the West and the Third World, see Raymond Cohen, Negotiating Across Cultures: Communication Obstacles in International Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1991); William M. Habeeb, Power and Tactics in International Negotiations (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1988); and Lloyd Jensen, Bargaining for National Security: The Postwar Disarmament Negotiations (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988). For a review of how the United States has negotiated with both allies and enemies, see Linda P. Brady, The Politics of Negotiation: America's Dealings with Allies, Adversaries, and Friends (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
32. Ole Elgstrom, "Negotiating with the LDCs: Situation and Context," Cooperation and Conflict 2, (September 1987): p. 136. For a discussion on the differing negotiation styles between the West and the Third World, see Raymond Cohen, Negotiating Across Cultures: Communication Obstacles in International Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1991); William M. Habeeb, Power and Tactics in International Negotiations (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1988); and Lloyd Jensen, Bargaining for National Security: The Postwar Disarmament Negotiations (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988). For a review of how the United States has negotiated with both allies and enemies, see Linda P. Brady, The Politics of Negotiation: America's Dealings with Allies, Adversaries, and Friends (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
33. Ole Elgstrom, "Negotiating with the LDCs: Situation and Context," Cooperation and Conflict 2, (September 1987): p. 136. For a discussion on the differing negotiation styles between the West and the Third World, see Raymond Cohen, Negotiating Across Cultures: Communication Obstacles in International Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1991); William M. Habeeb, Power and Tactics in International Negotiations (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1988); and Lloyd Jensen, Bargaining for National Security: The Postwar Disarmament Negotiations (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988). For a review of how the United States has negotiated with both allies and enemies, see Linda P. Brady, The Politics of Negotiation: America's Dealings with Allies, Adversaries, and Friends (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
34. Ole Elgstrom, "Negotiating with the LDCs: Situation and Context," Cooperation and Conflict 2, (September 1987): p. 136. For a discussion on the differing negotiation styles between the West and the Third World, see Raymond Cohen, Negotiating Across Cultures: Communication Obstacles in International Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1991); William M. Habeeb, Power and Tactics in International Negotiations (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1988); and Lloyd Jensen, Bargaining for National Security: The Postwar Disarmament Negotiations (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988). For a review of how the United States has negotiated with both allies and enemies, see Linda P. Brady, The Politics of Negotiation: America's Dealings with Allies, Adversaries, and Friends (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
35. See Robert B. McKersie and Richard E. Walton, A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations (New York: McGraw Hill, 1965).
36. See Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little and Brown, 1977).
37. Paul Diesing and Glenn H. Snyder, Conflict Among Nations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977):28.
38. See Maureen R. Berman and William I. Zartman, The Practical Negotiator (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 207. See also Howard Raiffa, The Art and Science of Negotiation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982).
39. See Maureen R. Berman and William I. Zartman, The Practical Negotiator (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 207. See also Howard Raiffa, The Art and Science of Negotiation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982).
40. Arend Lijphart, Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method (Turin, Italy: International Political Science Association, September 1969): p. 2. Also see Arend Lijphart, "The Comparable-Case Strategy in Comparative Research," Comparative Political Science 8, (July 1975):158-77.
41. Arend Lijphart, Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method (Turin, Italy: International Political Science Association, September 1969): p. 2. Also see Arend Lijphart, "The Comparable-Case Strategy in Comparative Research," Comparative Political Science 8, (July 1975):158-77.
42. See J. B. Kim, "South Korea and Nuclear Proliferation," in J. K. Park, ed., Nuclear Proliferation in Developing Countries (Seoul: Kyingnam University Press, 1979).
43. Ronald D. McLaurin and Chung-in Moon, The United States and the Defense of the Pacific, IFES, No. 18 (Boulder, CO.: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 137-38.
44. Yonk Suk Jung, "The Rise of American National Interest in Korea: 1845-1950," DAI 31, 12 (June 1971), pp. 6689-A, UM 71-13, 704. Also see John Clay, "The First Three Decades of American-Korean Relations, 1882-1910: Reassessments and Reflections," in Tae-Hwan Kwak, ed., U.S.-Korean Relations, 1882-1982 (Seoul: Kyungnam University Press, 1983), pp. 15-33.
45. Yonk Suk Jung, "The Rise of American National Interest in Korea: 1845-1950," DAI 31, 12 (June 1971), pp. 6689-A, UM 71-13, 704. Also see John Clay, "The First Three Decades of American-Korean Relations, 1882-1910: Reassessments and Reflections," in Tae-Hwan Kwak, ed., U.S.-Korean Relations, 1882-1982 (Seoul: Kyungnam University Press, 1983), pp. 15-33.
46. There was an initial agreement among high Administration officials that Japan, and not South Korea, should form the basis of American geopolitical policy in Asia. See Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969), p. 430. Also see J. Collins for the views of senior American military officers who concurred with Acheson, in War in Peacetime: History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Miffin Company, 1969), p. 31.
47. There was an initial agreement among high Administration officials that Japan, and not South Korea, should form the basis of American geopolitical policy in Asia. See Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969), p. 430. Also see J. Collins for the views of senior American military officers who concurred with Acheson, in War in Peacetime: History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Miffin Company, 1969), p. 31.
48. See Michael Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan (London: Oxford University Press, 1985).
49. For an interesting debate on the alleged use of U.S. atomic diplomacy during the Korean War, see Roger Dingman, "Atomic Diplomacy During the Korean War," International Security Vol. 13, No. 3 (Winter 1988/89); and Rosemary J. Foot, "Nuclear Coercion and the Ending of the Korean Conflict," International Security Vol. 13, No. 3 (Winter 1988/89).
50. For an interesting debate on the alleged use of U.S. atomic diplomacy during the Korean War, see Roger Dingman, "Atomic Diplomacy During the Korean War," International Security Vol. 13, No. 3 (Winter 1988/89); and Rosemary J. Foot, "Nuclear Coercion and the Ending of the Korean Conflict," International Security Vol. 13, No. 3 (Winter 1988/89).
51. Hayes' argument that American nuclear hegemony precluded South Korea from considering the pursuit of the nuclear option did not work out as he predicted. See Peter Hayes, "American Nuclear Hegemony in Korea," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 25, No. 4 (1988):351.
52. U-Gene Lee, "American Policy Towards Korea, 1942-1947: Formulation and Execution," DAI 34, No. 30 (April 1974), pp. 6569-A, UM 74-6424.
53. Young Whan Kihl, "The Korean Peninsula and Security Dilemma in the Late 1980s," in Young Whan Kihl and Lawrence E. Grinter, eds., Security, Strategy, and Policy Responses in the Pacific Rim (London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990), p. 141.
54. Fredicka M. Bunge, ed., South Korea: A Country Study (Washington D.C.: Foreign Area Studies, The American University, July 1981), p. 239.
55. William E. Berry, Jr., "Republic of Korea," in Douglas J. Murray and Paul R. Viotti, eds., The Defense Polities of Nations: A Comparative Study (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), p. 407.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Kyongsoo Llo, "The Military Balance in the Korean Peninsula," Asian Affairs 19, Part 1 (February 1988):37.
59. Bunge, South Korea, p. 239.
60. Mitchell Reiss, Without the Bomb: The Politics of Nuclear Nonproliferation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), p. 86.
61. Ibid., p. 87.
62. Berry, Jr., "Republic of Korea," p. 407.
63. Bunge, South Korea, p. 213.
64. McLaurin and Moon, The United States and the Defense of the Pacific, p. 139.
65. Young-sun Ha, "Nuclearization of Small States and World Order: The Case of Korea," Asian Survey Vol. 18, No. 11 (November 1978): p. 1142.
66. Editor, "The Pacific Doctrine," Department of State Bulletin Vol. 72, No. 1905 (December 1975): p. 915.
67. Peter Hayes, "American Nuclear Hegemony in Korea," Journal of Peace Research Vol. 25, No. 4 (1988): p. 351.
68. Bunge, South Korea, p. 214.
69. Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on International Organization, Investigation of Korean-American Relations (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, October 31, 1979), pp. 78-9.
70. Ibid.
71. Donald Stone MacDonald, The Koreas: Contemporary Politics and Society (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988), p. 228; and see Edward A. Olsen, "The Arms Race on the Korean Peninsula," Asian Survey, Vol. 26 (August 1986): pp. 852-53.
72. Donald Stone MacDonald, The Koreas: Contemporary Politics and Society (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988), p. 228; and see Edward A. Olsen, "The Arms Race on the Korean Peninsula," Asian Survey, Vol. 26 (August 1986): pp. 852-53.
73. Leonard S. Spector, The Undeclared Bomb (Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1988), p. 341.
74. Ibid.
75. See Robert Gillette, "U.S. Squelched Apparent South Korea A-Bomb Drive," Los Angeles Times (November 4,1978), pp. 1-4
76. Editor, "French/South Korean Nuclear Talks," The New York Times (October 29, 1975), p. 1.
77. Reiss, Without the Bomb, p. 87.
78. John R. Sano, "U.S. Foreign Policy Towards South Korea: An Immediate Post-Vietnam View," Korea and World Affairs: A Quarterly Review 1, 4 (Winter 1977): p. 379.
79. Committee on Foreign Affairs, Third Review Conference on the Treaty on The NonProliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986), pp. 143-49.
80. Ha, "Nuclearization of Small States," p. 1142.
81. Reiss, Without the Bomb, p. 87.
82. Young-Sun Ha, Nuclear Proliferation, World Order and Korea (Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 1983), p. 132.
83. Ha, "Nuclearization of Small States," p. 1142. Also see T. Shorrock and O. Gadacaz, "U.S. Intervention in Nuclear Fuel Project Still a Mystery," Business Korea (April 1985), p. 47; and John Taylor, "Ottawa Denies U.S. Killed A Deal," Globe and Mail (October 16, 1984), p. 1.
84. Ha, "Nuclearization of Small States," p. 1142. Also see T. Shorrock and O. Gadacaz, "U.S. Intervention in Nuclear Fuel Project Still a Mystery," Business Korea (April 1985), p. 47; and John Taylor, "Ottawa Denies U.S. Killed A Deal," Globe and Mail (October 16, 1984), p. 1.
85. Ha, "Nuclearization of Small States," p. 1142. Also see T. Shorrock and O. Gadacaz, "U.S. Intervention in Nuclear Fuel Project Still a Mystery," Business Korea (April 1985), p. 47; and John Taylor, "Ottawa Denies U.S. Killed A Deal," Globe and Mail (October 16, 1984), p. 1.
86. Historically, U.S. troop withdrawals created much consternation among South Korea decision-makers and, as this study argues, opened the door to South Korea's pursuit of the nuclear option. For analysis of U.S. troop withdrawals in South Korea, see William H. Gleysteen, Jr., "The Republic of Korea and the United States in East Asia," Asia-Pacific Defense Forum Vol. 3, No. 4 (Spring 1979), pp. 9-10; and Larry A. Niksch, "U.S. Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects," Asian Survey Vol. 21, No. 3 (March 1981):326-28. For a historical review of U.S. nuclear weapons in South Korea, see Committee on Atomic Energy, Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974), p. 17; and Russell Spurr, "Korea, 1978," Far Eastern Economic Review (May 26,1978), p. 51.
87. Historically, U.S. troop withdrawals created much consternation among South Korea decision-makers and, as this study argues, opened the door to South Korea's pursuit of the nuclear option. For analysis of U.S. troop withdrawals in South Korea, see William H. Gleysteen, Jr., "The Republic of Korea and the United States in East Asia," Asia-Pacific Defense Forum Vol. 3, No. 4 (Spring 1979), pp. 9-10; and Larry A. Niksch, "U.S. Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects," Asian Survey Vol. 21, No. 3 (March 1981):326-28. For a historical review of U.S. nuclear weapons in South Korea, see Committee on Atomic Energy, Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974), p. 17; and Russell Spurr, "Korea, 1978," Far Eastern Economic Review (May 26,1978), p. 51.
88. Historically, U.S. troop withdrawals created much consternation among South Korea decision-makers and, as this study argues, opened the door to South Korea's pursuit of the nuclear option. For analysis of U.S. troop withdrawals in South Korea, see William H. Gleysteen, Jr., "The Republic of Korea and the United States in East Asia," Asia-Pacific Defense Forum Vol. 3, No. 4 (Spring 1979), pp. 9-10; and Larry A. Niksch, "U.S. Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects," Asian Survey Vol. 21, No. 3 (March 1981):326-28. For a historical review of U.S. nuclear weapons in South Korea, see Committee on Atomic Energy, Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974), p. 17; and Russell Spurr, "Korea, 1978," Far Eastern Economic Review (May 26,1978), p. 51.
89. Historically, U.S. troop withdrawals created much consternation among South Korea decision-makers and, as this study argues, opened the door to South Korea's pursuit of the nuclear option. For analysis of U.S. troop withdrawals in South Korea, see William H. Gleysteen, Jr., "The Republic of Korea and the United States in East Asia," Asia-Pacific Defense Forum Vol. 3, No. 4 (Spring 1979), pp. 9-10; and Larry A. Niksch, "U.S. Troop Withdrawal from South Korea: Past Shortcomings and Future Prospects," Asian Survey Vol. 21, No. 3 (March 1981):326-28. For a historical review of U.S. nuclear weapons in South Korea, see Committee on Atomic Energy, Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974), p. 17; and Russell Spurr, "Korea, 1978," Far Eastern Economic Review (May 26,1978), p. 51.
90. Bunge, South Korea, p. 214.
91. Reiss, Without the Bomb, p. 87.
92. McLaurin and Moon, The United States and the Defense of the Pacific, pp. 139-40.
93. Reiss, Without the Bomb, pp. 92-3.
94. Ibid., pp. 87-8.
95. FBIS-Haptong, "Three Kinds of Nuclear Plants Planned for Year 2000," August 1, 1979, p. E6.
96. FBIS-Haptong, "French Nuclear Power Offer Considered," June 21, 1979, p. E6; FBIS-Tong-A Libo, "Government Discussing Nuclear Pacts with U.S., France, and Australia," May 1, 1979, p. El.
97. FBIS-Haptong, "French Nuclear Power Offer Considered," June 21, 1979, p. E6; FBIS-Tong-A Libo, "Government Discussing Nuclear Pacts with U.S., France, and Australia," May 1, 1979, p. El.
98. Berry, Jr., "Republic of Korea," pp. 409-10.
99. Robert Gillette, "U.S. Squelched Apparent South Korea A-Bomb Drive," p. 4.
100. Sungjoo Han, "South Korea 1978: The Growing Security Dilemma," Asian Survey Vol. 19, No. 1 (January 1979), pp. 42-3.
101. Bunge, South Korea, p. 217.
102. FBIS-SINMUM, "Haig's Comments on U.S. Presence in Korea Approved," January 16, 1981, p. El.
103. Editors, 1995, "Seoul 'Was Building A Bomb'." London Times (October 6), p.l; and Editors, 1995, "Seoul Denies Building A Bomb." International Herald Tribune (October 7), p.1.
104. Editors, 1995, "Seoul 'Was Building A Bomb'." London Times (October 6), p.l; and Editors, 1995, "Seoul Denies Building A Bomb." International Herald Tribune (October 7), p.1.
105. FBIS-The Korea Times, "Renewed U.S. Commitment," February 25, 1981, p. El.
106. Ha, "Nuclearization of Small States," p. 1142.
107. Ernest W. Lefever, Nuclear Arms in the Third World: US. Policy Dilemma (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1979), pp. 27-8.
108. Richard Bocklet, "International Defense Profile: North and South Korea," International Combat Arms Mo. 7 (November 1989), pp. 143-51.
109. Andrew Mack, "The Nuclear Crisis on the Korean Peninsula," Asian Survey Vol. 33, No. 4, April 1993), pp. 339-59.
110. The pursuit of nuclear weapons by South Korea reached its peak in the early 1990s, after over 25 years of research and development. American pressure on South Korea not to develop nuclear weapons has a long political history. See Paul Shin, 1994, "U.S. Said to Stop South Korea's Nuke Bomb Plans," Washington Times (March 29), p. A11; and Editors, 1994. "Seoul Planned Nuclear Weapons Until 1991." Jane's Defense Weekly (April 2), p. 1.
111. The pursuit of nuclear weapons by South Korea reached its peak in the early 1990s, after over 25 years of research and development. American pressure on South Korea not to develop nuclear weapons has a long political history. See Paul Shin, 1994, "U.S. Said to Stop South Korea's Nuke Bomb Plans," Washington Times (March 29), p. A11; and Editors, 1994. "Seoul Planned Nuclear Weapons Until 1991." Jane's Defense Weekly (April 2), p. 1.
112. In the early 1990s, there were fierce debates in the South Korean Parliament on whether or not the nation should abide by denuclearization treaties that the United States forced the Government to sign. See Editors, Kyonghyang Sinmun (Seoul), October 10, 1993, p. 3; in JPRS-TND-93-034. "Denuclearization Policy in Need of Reassessment", October 27, 1993, pp. 16-17; and Editors, Korean Herald, October 23, 1993, p. 2; in JPRD-TND-93-035. "Opposition Calls for Revision of Denuclearization Document" November 10, 1993, pp. 20-21,
113. In the early 1990s, there were fierce debates in the South Korean Parliament on whether or not the nation should abide by denuclearization treaties that the United States forced the Government to sign. See Editors, Kyonghyang Sinmun (Seoul), October 10, 1993, p. 3; in JPRS-TND-93-034. "Denuclearization Policy in Need of Reassessment", October 27, 1993, pp. 16-17; and Editors, Korean Herald, October 23, 1993, p. 2; in JPRD-TND-93-035. "Opposition Calls for Revision of Denuclearization Document" November 10, 1993, pp. 20-21,
114. In the early 1990s, there were fierce debates in the South Korean Parliament on whether or not the nation should abide by denuclearization treaties that the United States forced the Government to sign. See Editors, Kyonghyang Sinmun (Seoul), October 10, 1993, p. 3; in JPRS-TND-93-034. "Denuclearization Policy in Need of Reassessment", October 27, 1993, pp. 16-17; and Editors, Korean Herald, October 23, 1993, p. 2; in JPRD-TND-93-035. "Opposition Calls for Revision of Denuclearization Document" November 10, 1993, pp. 20-21,
115. In the early 1990s, there were fierce debates in the South Korean Parliament on whether or not the nation should abide by denuclearization treaties that the United States forced the Government to sign. See Editors, Kyonghyang Sinmun (Seoul), October 10, 1993, p. 3; in JPRS-TND-93-034. "Denuclearization Policy in Need of Reassessment", October 27, 1993, pp. 16-17; and Editors, Korean Herald, October 23, 1993, p. 2; in JPRD-TND-93-035. "Opposition Calls for Revision of Denuclearization Document" November 10, 1993, pp. 20-21,
116. Mark Hibbs, 1994. "South Korea Must Reprocess If DPRK Has Weapons Program," Nuclear Fuel (June 6), pp. 6-7; and John Burton, 1994. "U.S. is Blamed for Crisis," Financial Times (June 23), p. 4.
117. Mark Hibbs, 1994. "South Korea Must Reprocess If DPRK Has Weapons Program," Nuclear Fuel (June 6), pp. 6-7; and John Burton, 1994. "U.S. is Blamed for Crisis," Financial Times (June 23), p. 4.
118. Sano, "U.S. Foreign Policy Towards South Korea," p. 379.
119. The status of Japan's nuclear weapons program is shrouded in mystery. The question which experts are concerned with is whether or not Japan's nuclear weapons program is alive or dormant. For this debate, see Matake Kamiya, "Nuclear Credibility Gap," By The Way Vol. 4, No. 4 Quly/August 1994), pp. 7-13; Rajan Menon, "The Once and Future Superpower," Bulletin of Atomic Saentists Vol. 53, No. 1 (January-February 1997), pp. 29-35; and Arjun Makhijani, "Open the Files, Please," Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Vol. 51, No. 1 (January-February 1995), p. 4.
120. The status of Japan's nuclear weapons program is shrouded in mystery. The question which experts are concerned with is whether or not Japan's nuclear weapons program is alive or dormant. For this debate, see Matake Kamiya, "Nuclear Credibility Gap," By The Way Vol. 4, No. 4 Quly/August 1994), pp. 7-13; Rajan Menon, "The Once and Future Superpower," Bulletin of Atomic Saentists Vol. 53, No. 1 (January-February 1997), pp. 29-35; and Arjun Makhijani, "Open the Files, Please," Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Vol. 51, No. 1 (January-February 1995), p. 4.
121. The status of Japan's nuclear weapons program is shrouded in mystery. The question which experts are concerned with is whether or not Japan's nuclear weapons program is alive or dormant. For this debate, see Matake Kamiya, "Nuclear Credibility Gap," By The Way Vol. 4, No. 4 Quly/August 1994), pp. 7-13; Rajan Menon, "The Once and Future Superpower," Bulletin of Atomic Saentists Vol. 53, No. 1 (January-February 1997), pp. 29-35; and Arjun Makhijani, "Open the Files, Please," Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Vol. 51, No. 1 (January-February 1995), p. 4.
122. The pursuit of nuclear weapons by North Korea dominates the Northeast Asian security literature, while South Korea's historical interest in nuclear weapons is rarely addressed. See Kathleen C. Bailey, "The Nuclear Deal with North Korea: Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?" Comparative Strategy Vol. 14, No. 2 (April/June 1995), pp. 137-39; David Albright, "How Much Plutonium Does North Korea Have?" Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Vol. 50, No. 5 (September/October 1994), pp. 20-4; and Mack Andrew, "A Nuclear North Korea," World Policy Journal Vol. 11, No. 2 (Summer 1994), pp. 27-35. For an excellent discussion on the PRC's position towards the Koreas, see Xiaoxiong Yi, "China's Korea Policy: From One Korea' to 'Two Koreas'," Asian Affairs: An American Review Vol. 22, No. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 119-40.
123. The pursuit of nuclear weapons by North Korea dominates the Northeast Asian security literature, while South Korea's historical interest in nuclear weapons is rarely addressed. See Kathleen C. Bailey, "The Nuclear Deal with North Korea: Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?" Comparative Strategy Vol. 14, No. 2 (April/June 1995), pp. 137-39; David Albright, "How Much Plutonium Does North Korea Have?" Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Vol. 50, No. 5 (September/October 1994), pp. 20-4; and Mack Andrew, "A Nuclear North Korea," World Policy Journal Vol. 11, No. 2 (Summer 1994), pp. 27-35. For an excellent discussion on the PRC's position towards the Koreas, see Xiaoxiong Yi, "China's Korea Policy: From One Korea' to 'Two Koreas'," Asian Affairs: An American Review Vol. 22, No. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 119-40.
124. The pursuit of nuclear weapons by North Korea dominates the Northeast Asian security literature, while South Korea's historical interest in nuclear weapons is rarely addressed. See Kathleen C. Bailey, "The Nuclear Deal with North Korea: Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?" Comparative Strategy Vol. 14, No. 2 (April/June 1995), pp. 137-39; David Albright, "How Much Plutonium Does North Korea Have?" Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Vol. 50, No. 5 (September/October 1994), pp. 20-4; and Mack Andrew, "A Nuclear North Korea," World Policy Journal Vol. 11, No. 2 (Summer 1994), pp. 27-35. For an excellent discussion on the PRC's position towards the Koreas, see Xiaoxiong Yi, "China's Korea Policy: From One Korea' to 'Two Koreas'," Asian Affairs: An American Review Vol. 22, No. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 119-40.
125. The pursuit of nuclear weapons by North Korea dominates the Northeast Asian security literature, while South Korea's historical interest in nuclear weapons is rarely addressed. See Kathleen C. Bailey, "The Nuclear Deal with North Korea: Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?" Comparative Strategy Vol. 14, No. 2 (April/June 1995), pp. 137-39; David Albright, "How Much Plutonium Does North Korea Have?" Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Vol. 50, No. 5 (September/October 1994), pp. 20-4; and Mack Andrew, "A Nuclear North Korea," World Policy Journal Vol. 11, No. 2 (Summer 1994), pp. 27-35. For an excellent discussion on the PRC's position towards the Koreas, see Xiaoxiong Yi, "China's Korea Policy: From One Korea' to 'Two Koreas'," Asian Affairs: An American Review Vol. 22, No. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 119-40.
126. Some analysts have argued that American foreign security policy towards the Korean Peninsula has been mediocre and yielded few positive foreign policy results. For this debate, see Winston Lord, "U.S. Policy Towards the Korean Peninsula," U.S. Department of State Dispatch Vol. 7, No. 14 (April 1,1996), pp. 165-68. William G. Hyland, "Mediocre Record," Foreign Policy No. 101 (Winter 1995-1996), pp. 70-4; and Michael J. Mazarr, "Going Just a Little Nuclear: Nonproliferation Lessons from North Korea," International Security Vol. 20, No. 2 (Fall 1995), pp. 92-123.
127. Some analysts have argued that American foreign security policy towards the Korean Peninsula has been mediocre and yielded few positive foreign policy results. For this debate, see Winston Lord, "U.S. Policy Towards the Korean Peninsula," U.S. Department of State Dispatch Vol. 7, No. 14 (April 1,1996), pp. 165-68. William G. Hyland, "Mediocre Record," Foreign Policy No. 101 (Winter 1995-1996), pp. 70-4; and Michael J. Mazarr, "Going Just a Little Nuclear: Nonproliferation Lessons from North Korea," International Security Vol. 20, No. 2 (Fall 1995), pp. 92-123.
128. Some analysts have argued that American foreign security policy towards the Korean Peninsula has been mediocre and yielded few positive foreign policy results. For this debate, see Winston Lord, "U.S. Policy Towards the Korean Peninsula," U.S. Department of State Dispatch Vol. 7, No. 14 (April 1,1996), pp. 165-68. William G. Hyland, "Mediocre Record," Foreign Policy No. 101 (Winter 1995-1996), pp. 70-4; and Michael J. Mazarr, "Going Just a Little Nuclear: Nonproliferation Lessons from North Korea," International Security Vol. 20, No. 2 (Fall 1995), pp. 92-123.
129. The growth of anti-Americanism in South Korea is related both to Korean nationalism and the rise of South Korea's economic and financial power. This study has argued that South Korea's nuclear policy was a direct expression of these powerful socio-economic forces. See Gi-Wook Shin, "South Korean AntiAmericanism," Asian Survey Vol. 36, No. 8 (August 1996), pp. 787-803; Scott Synder, "A Framework for Achieving Reconciliation on the Korean Peninsula: Beyond the Geneva Agreement," Asian Survey Vol. 35, No. 8 (August 1995), pp. 699-710; Hyunn Hong-Choo, "Korean Perceptions of America," Korean Focus Vol. 13 (January-February 1995), pp. 29-39; and Jimwung Kim, "From Patron-Client to Partners," Journal of American-East Asian Relations Vol. 2, No. 3 (Fall 1993), pp. 303-25.
130. The growth of anti-Americanism in South Korea is related both to Korean nationalism and the rise of South Korea's economic and financial power. This study has argued that South Korea's nuclear policy was a direct expression of these powerful socio-economic forces. See Gi-Wook Shin, "South Korean AntiAmericanism," Asian Survey Vol. 36, No. 8 (August 1996), pp. 787-803; Scott Synder, "A Framework for Achieving Reconciliation on the Korean Peninsula: Beyond the Geneva Agreement," Asian Survey Vol. 35, No. 8 (August 1995), pp. 699-710; Hyunn Hong-Choo, "Korean Perceptions of America," Korean Focus Vol. 13 (January-February 1995), pp. 29-39; and Jimwung Kim, "From Patron-Client to Partners," Journal of American-East Asian Relations Vol. 2, No. 3 (Fall 1993), pp. 303-25.
131. The growth of anti-Americanism in South Korea is related both to Korean nationalism and the rise of South Korea's economic and financial power. This study has argued that South Korea's nuclear policy was a direct expression of these powerful socio-economic forces. See Gi-Wook Shin, "South Korean AntiAmericanism," Asian Survey Vol. 36, No. 8 (August 1996), pp. 787-803; Scott Synder, "A Framework for Achieving Reconciliation on the Korean Peninsula: Beyond the Geneva Agreement," Asian Survey Vol. 35, No. 8 (August 1995), pp. 699-710; Hyunn Hong-Choo, "Korean Perceptions of America," Korean Focus Vol. 13 (January-February 1995), pp. 29-39; and Jimwung Kim, "From Patron-Client to Partners," Journal of American-East Asian Relations Vol. 2, No. 3 (Fall 1993), pp. 303-25.
132. The growth of anti-Americanism in South Korea is related both to Korean nationalism and the rise of South Korea's economic and financial power. This study has argued that South Korea's nuclear policy was a direct expression of these powerful socio-economic forces. See Gi-Wook Shin, "South Korean AntiAmericanism," Asian Survey Vol. 36, No. 8 (August 1996), pp. 787-803; Scott Synder, "A Framework for Achieving Reconciliation on the Korean Peninsula: Beyond the Geneva Agreement," Asian Survey Vol. 35, No. 8 (August 1995), pp. 699-710; Hyunn Hong-Choo, "Korean Perceptions of America," Korean Focus Vol. 13 (January-February 1995), pp. 29-39; and Jimwung Kim, "From Patron-Client to Partners," Journal of American-East Asian Relations Vol. 2, No. 3 (Fall 1993), pp. 303-25.
133. The literature on the pros and cons of Korean unification is growing. The best works include the following: Selig S. Harrison, "Promoting a Soft Landing in Korea," Foreign Policy No. 106 (Spring 1997), pp. 57-76; Sung Chull Kim, "A Logic of Two Koreas Policy for the United States," Korea and World Affairs Vol. Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 474-91; Kang Suk Rhee, "Korea's Unification: The Applicability of the German Experience." Asian Survey Vol. 33, No. 4, (April 1993), pp. 360-75; Thomas Naughter, "Reforming Northeast Asia's Dagger? U.S. Strategy and Korean Unification," The Brookings Review Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 12-7; Nicholas Eberstaqdt, "Can the Two Koreas Be One?" Foreign Affairs Vol. 71, No. 5 (Winter 1992-93), pp. 150-65; Jin Min Chung and John D. Nagle, "Generational Dynamics and the Politics of German and Korean Unification," The Western Political Quarterly Vol. 45, No. 4 (December 1992), pp. 851-67; and Bruce Cummings, "The Two Koreas: On the Road to Reunification?" Headline Series No. 294, (Fall 1990), pp. 1-87.
134. The literature on the pros and cons of Korean unification is growing. The best works include the following: Selig S. Harrison, "Promoting a Soft Landing in Korea," Foreign Policy No. 106 (Spring 1997), pp. 57-76; Sung Chull Kim, "A Logic of Two Koreas Policy for the United States," Korea and World Affairs Vol. Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 474-91; Kang Suk Rhee, "Korea's Unification: The Applicability of the German Experience." Asian Survey Vol. 33, No. 4, (April 1993), pp. 360-75; Thomas Naughter, "Reforming Northeast Asia's Dagger? U.S. Strategy and Korean Unification," The Brookings Review Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 12-7; Nicholas Eberstaqdt, "Can the Two Koreas Be One?" Foreign Affairs Vol. 71, No. 5 (Winter 1992-93), pp. 150-65; Jin Min Chung and John D. Nagle, "Generational Dynamics and the Politics of German and Korean Unification," The Western Political Quarterly Vol. 45, No. 4 (December 1992), pp. 851-67; and Bruce Cummings, "The Two Koreas: On the Road to Reunification?" Headline Series No. 294, (Fall 1990), pp. 1-87.
135. The literature on the pros and cons of Korean unification is growing. The best works include the following: Selig S. Harrison, "Promoting a Soft Landing in Korea," Foreign Policy No. 106 (Spring 1997), pp. 57-76; Sung Chull Kim, "A Logic of Two Koreas Policy for the United States," Korea and World Affairs Vol. Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 474-91; Kang Suk Rhee, "Korea's Unification: The Applicability of the German Experience." Asian Survey Vol. 33, No. 4, (April 1993), pp. 360-75; Thomas Naughter, "Reforming Northeast Asia's Dagger? U.S. Strategy and Korean Unification," The Brookings Review Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 12-7; Nicholas Eberstaqdt, "Can the Two Koreas Be One?" Foreign Affairs Vol. 71, No. 5 (Winter 1992-93), pp. 150-65; Jin Min Chung and John D. Nagle, "Generational Dynamics and the Politics of German and Korean Unification," The Western Political Quarterly Vol. 45, No. 4 (December 1992), pp. 851-67; and Bruce Cummings, "The Two Koreas: On the Road to Reunification?" Headline Series No. 294, (Fall 1990), pp. 1-87.
136. The literature on the pros and cons of Korean unification is growing. The best works include the following: Selig S. Harrison, "Promoting a Soft Landing in Korea," Foreign Policy No. 106 (Spring 1997), pp. 57-76; Sung Chull Kim, "A Logic of Two Koreas Policy for the United States," Korea and World Affairs Vol. Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 474-91; Kang Suk Rhee, "Korea's Unification: The Applicability of the German Experience." Asian Survey Vol. 33, No. 4, (April 1993), pp. 360-75; Thomas Naughter, "Reforming Northeast Asia's Dagger? U.S. Strategy and Korean Unification," The Brookings Review Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 12-7; Nicholas Eberstaqdt, "Can the Two Koreas Be One?" Foreign Affairs Vol. 71, No. 5 (Winter 1992-93), pp. 150-65; Jin Min Chung and John D. Nagle, "Generational Dynamics and the Politics of German and Korean Unification," The Western Political Quarterly Vol. 45, No. 4 (December 1992), pp. 851-67; and Bruce Cummings, "The Two Koreas: On the Road to Reunification?" Headline Series No. 294, (Fall 1990), pp. 1-87.
137. The literature on the pros and cons of Korean unification is growing. The best works include the following: Selig S. Harrison, "Promoting a Soft Landing in Korea," Foreign Policy No. 106 (Spring 1997), pp. 57-76; Sung Chull Kim, "A Logic of Two Koreas Policy for the United States," Korea and World Affairs Vol. Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 474-91; Kang Suk Rhee, "Korea's Unification: The Applicability of the German Experience." Asian Survey Vol. 33, No. 4, (April 1993), pp. 360-75; Thomas Naughter, "Reforming Northeast Asia's Dagger? U.S. Strategy and Korean Unification," The Brookings Review Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 12-7; Nicholas Eberstaqdt, "Can the Two Koreas Be One?" Foreign Affairs Vol. 71, No. 5 (Winter 1992-93), pp. 150-65; Jin Min Chung and John D. Nagle, "Generational Dynamics and the Politics of German and Korean Unification," The Western Political Quarterly Vol. 45, No. 4 (December 1992), pp. 851-67; and Bruce Cummings, "The Two Koreas: On the Road to Reunification?" Headline Series No. 294, (Fall 1990), pp. 1-87.
138. The literature on the pros and cons of Korean unification is growing. The best works include the following: Selig S. Harrison, "Promoting a Soft Landing in Korea," Foreign Policy No. 106 (Spring 1997), pp. 57-76; Sung Chull Kim, "A Logic of Two Koreas Policy for the United States," Korea and World Affairs Vol. Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 474-91; Kang Suk Rhee, "Korea's Unification: The Applicability of the German Experience." Asian Survey Vol. 33, No. 4, (April 1993), pp. 360-75; Thomas Naughter, "Reforming Northeast Asia's Dagger? U.S. Strategy and Korean Unification," The Brookings Review Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 12-7; Nicholas Eberstaqdt, "Can the Two Koreas Be One?" Foreign Affairs Vol. 71, No. 5 (Winter 1992-93), pp. 150-65; Jin Min Chung and John D. Nagle, "Generational Dynamics and the Politics of German and Korean Unification," The Western Political Quarterly Vol. 45, No. 4 (December 1992), pp. 851-67; and Bruce Cummings, "The Two Koreas: On the Road to Reunification?" Headline Series No. 294, (Fall 1990), pp. 1-87.
139. The literature on the pros and cons of Korean unification is growing. The best works include the following: Selig S. Harrison, "Promoting a Soft Landing in Korea," Foreign Policy No. 106 (Spring 1997), pp. 57-76; Sung Chull Kim, "A Logic of Two Koreas Policy for the United States," Korea and World Affairs Vol. Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 474-91; Kang Suk Rhee,
140. See Kim Hyeh-won, "United Korea Should Have Nuclear Weapons: Park TJ," Korea Herald (October 18, 1992).