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Volumn 36, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-19

Entrenched interests and exogenous change: Doctors, the state and policy change in Canada and the United Kingdom

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Indexed keywords


EID: 11544346347     PISSN: 03063631     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14662049808447758     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (4)

References (88)
  • 1
    • 0004032241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chicago: Chicago University Press
    • R. Alford, Health Care Politics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1975); H. Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1960); E. Ginzberg, The Medical Triangle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); E. Freidson, Professional Dominance (New York: Atherton, 1970); D. Cobum et al., 'Medical Dominance in Canada in Historical Perspective: The Rise and Fall of Medicine?', International Journal of Health Services, 13, 3 (1983), 407-32, D. Wilsford, Doctors and the Stale: The Politics of Health Care in France and the United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991); E. Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); P. Day and R. Klein, 'Constitutional and Distributional Conflict in British Medical Practice: the Case of General Practice, 1911-1991', Political Studies, 40, 3 (1992), 462-78; P. Starr, The Social Transformation in American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
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    • Alford, R.1
  • 2
    • 0003569926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Allen & Unwin
    • R. Alford, Health Care Politics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1975); H. Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1960); E. Ginzberg, The Medical Triangle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); E. Freidson, Professional Dominance (New York: Atherton, 1970); D. Cobum et al., 'Medical Dominance in Canada in Historical Perspective: The Rise and Fall of Medicine?', International Journal of Health Services, 13, 3 (1983), 407-32, D. Wilsford, Doctors and the Stale: The Politics of Health Care in France and the United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991); E. Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); P. Day and R. Klein, 'Constitutional and Distributional Conflict in British Medical Practice: the Case of General Practice, 1911-1991', Political Studies, 40, 3 (1992), 462-78; P. Starr, The Social Transformation in American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
    • (1960) Pressure Group Politics
    • Eckstein, H.1
  • 3
    • 84930560046 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Harvard University Press
    • R. Alford, Health Care Politics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1975); H. Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1960); E. Ginzberg, The Medical Triangle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); E. Freidson, Professional Dominance (New York: Atherton, 1970); D. Cobum et al., 'Medical Dominance in Canada in Historical Perspective: The Rise and Fall of Medicine?', International Journal of Health Services, 13, 3 (1983), 407-32, D. Wilsford, Doctors and the Stale: The Politics of Health Care in France and the United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991); E. Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); P. Day and R. Klein, 'Constitutional and Distributional Conflict in British Medical Practice: the Case of General Practice, 1911-1991', Political Studies, 40, 3 (1992), 462-78; P. Starr, The Social Transformation in American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
    • (1990) The Medical Triangle
    • Ginzberg, E.1
  • 4
    • 0003605387 scopus 로고
    • New York: Atherton
    • R. Alford, Health Care Politics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1975); H. Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1960); E. Ginzberg, The Medical Triangle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); E. Freidson, Professional Dominance (New York: Atherton, 1970); D. Cobum et al., 'Medical Dominance in Canada in Historical Perspective: The Rise and Fall of Medicine?', International Journal of Health Services, 13, 3 (1983), 407-32, D. Wilsford, Doctors and the Stale: The Politics of Health Care in France and the United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991); E. Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); P. Day and R. Klein, 'Constitutional and Distributional Conflict in British Medical Practice: the Case of General Practice, 1911-1991', Political Studies, 40, 3 (1992), 462-78; P. Starr, The Social Transformation in American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
    • (1970) Professional Dominance
    • Freidson, E.1
  • 5
    • 0020964429 scopus 로고
    • Medical Dominance in Canada in Historical Perspective: The Rise and Fall of Medicine?
    • R. Alford, Health Care Politics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1975); H. Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1960); E. Ginzberg, The Medical Triangle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); E. Freidson, Professional Dominance (New York: Atherton, 1970); D. Cobum et al., 'Medical Dominance in Canada in Historical Perspective: The Rise and Fall of Medicine?', International Journal of Health Services, 13, 3 (1983), 407-32, D. Wilsford, Doctors and the Stale: The Politics of Health Care in France and the United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991); E. Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); P. Day and R. Klein, 'Constitutional and Distributional Conflict in British Medical Practice: the Case of General Practice, 1911-1991', Political Studies, 40, 3 (1992), 462-78; P. Starr, The Social Transformation in American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
    • (1983) International Journal of Health Services , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 407-432
    • Cobum, D.1
  • 6
    • 0003558209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Durham: Duke University Press
    • R. Alford, Health Care Politics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1975); H. Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1960); E. Ginzberg, The Medical Triangle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); E. Freidson, Professional Dominance (New York: Atherton, 1970); D. Cobum et al., 'Medical Dominance in Canada in Historical Perspective: The Rise and Fall of Medicine?', International Journal of Health Services, 13, 3 (1983), 407-32, D. Wilsford, Doctors and the Stale: The Politics of Health Care in France and the United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991); E. Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); P. Day and R. Klein, 'Constitutional and Distributional Conflict in British Medical Practice: the Case of General Practice, 1911-1991', Political Studies, 40, 3 (1992), 462-78; P. Starr, The Social Transformation in American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
    • (1991) Doctors and the Stale: The Politics of Health Care in France and the United States
    • Wilsford, D.1
  • 7
    • 0003525845 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • R. Alford, Health Care Politics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1975); H. Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1960); E. Ginzberg, The Medical Triangle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); E. Freidson, Professional Dominance (New York: Atherton, 1970); D. Cobum et al., 'Medical Dominance in Canada in Historical Perspective: The Rise and Fall of Medicine?', International Journal of Health Services, 13, 3 (1983), 407-32, D. Wilsford, Doctors and the Stale: The Politics of Health Care in France and the United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991); E. Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); P. Day and R. Klein, 'Constitutional and Distributional Conflict in British Medical Practice: the Case of General Practice, 1911-1991', Political Studies, 40, 3 (1992), 462-78; P. Starr, The Social Transformation in American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
    • (1992) Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe
    • Immergut, E.1
  • 8
    • 0000356002 scopus 로고
    • Constitutional and Distributional Conflict in British Medical Practice: The Case of General Practice, 1911-1991
    • R. Alford, Health Care Politics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1975); H. Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1960); E. Ginzberg, The Medical Triangle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); E. Freidson, Professional Dominance (New York: Atherton, 1970); D. Cobum et al., 'Medical Dominance in Canada in Historical Perspective: The Rise and Fall of Medicine?', International Journal of Health Services, 13, 3 (1983), 407-32, D. Wilsford, Doctors and the Stale: The Politics of Health Care in France and the United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991); E. Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); P. Day and R. Klein, 'Constitutional and Distributional Conflict in British Medical Practice: the Case of General Practice, 1911-1991', Political Studies, 40, 3 (1992), 462-78; P. Starr, The Social Transformation in American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
    • (1992) Political Studies , vol.40 , Issue.3 , pp. 462-478
    • Day, P.1    Klein, R.2
  • 9
    • 0003442918 scopus 로고
    • New York: Basic Books
    • R. Alford, Health Care Politics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1975); H. Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1960); E. Ginzberg, The Medical Triangle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); E. Freidson, Professional Dominance (New York: Atherton, 1970); D. Cobum et al., 'Medical Dominance in Canada in Historical Perspective: The Rise and Fall of Medicine?', International Journal of Health Services, 13, 3 (1983), 407-32, D. Wilsford, Doctors and the Stale: The Politics of Health Care in France and the United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991); E. Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); P. Day and R. Klein, 'Constitutional and Distributional Conflict in British Medical Practice: the Case of General Practice, 1911-1991', Political Studies, 40, 3 (1992), 462-78; P. Starr, The Social Transformation in American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
    • (1982) The Social Transformation in American Medicine
    • Starr, P.1
  • 12
    • 0025616038 scopus 로고
    • The Development of National Medical Care Programs in the United Kingdom and Canada: Applicability to Current Conditions in the United States
    • For a discussion comparing this aspect of the Canadian and British health systems see: C. Sakala, 'The Development of National Medical Care Programs in the United Kingdom and Canada: Applicability to Current Conditions in the United States', Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 15, 4 (1990), 709-53 and M.I. Roemer, National Health Systems of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
    • (1990) Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 709-753
    • Sakala, C.1
  • 13
    • 0025616038 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • For a discussion comparing this aspect of the Canadian and British health systems see: C. Sakala, 'The Development of National Medical Care Programs in the United Kingdom and Canada: Applicability to Current Conditions in the United States', Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 15, 4 (1990), 709-53 and M.I. Roemer, National Health Systems of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
    • (1991) National Health Systems of the World
    • Roemer, M.I.1
  • 18
    • 0003569926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics, and M.G. Taylor, Health Insurance and Canadian Public Policy: The Seven Decisions that Created the Canadian Health Insurance System and their Outcomes (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987).
    • Pressure Group Politics
    • Eckstein1
  • 24
    • 0002438254 scopus 로고
    • Understanding Medical Dominance in the Modem World
    • D. Kelleher et al. (eds.), London: Routledge
    • One of the best discussions of the roots and sources of medical dominance are to be found in D. Kelleher et al., 'Understanding Medical Dominance in the Modem World', in D. Kelleher et al. (eds.), Challenging Medicine (London: Routledge, 1994), xi-xxix. In this essay the authors describe how medicine pushed out other healing arts from the marketplace with the state's complicit acceptance. A situation further consolidated through concessions made to medicine such as the right to self-regulate.
    • (1994) Challenging Medicine
    • Kelleher, D.1
  • 25
    • 0003569926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examples of this expectation on the part of the British profession are described by Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics, 78-90. In the Canadian case the sense of the CMA's access to decision makers can be assessed from a 1980 declaration by then CMA president, Larry Wilson, who stated 'no more weight was given to the CMA's concern that physicians have a minimal input into government policy making. There's little effective consultation going on before major decisions'. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 4 Oct. 1980, 689.
    • Pressure Group Politics , pp. 78-90
    • Eckstein1
  • 26
    • 11544289142 scopus 로고
    • 4 Oct.
    • Examples of this expectation on the part of the British profession are described by Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics, 78-90. In the Canadian case the sense of the CMA's access to decision makers can be assessed from a 1980 declaration by then CMA president, Larry Wilson, who stated 'no more weight was given to the CMA's concern that physicians have a minimal input into government policy making. There's little effective consultation going on before major decisions'. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 4 Oct. 1980, 689.
    • (1980) Canadian Medical Association Journal , pp. 689
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    • Privatization: An Attempt that Failed
    • G. Gray, 'Privatization: An Attempt that Failed', Politics, 22, 2 (1987), 17-18, 19.
    • (1987) Politics , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 17-18
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    • 0004145897 scopus 로고
    • London: Longman
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    • (1995) The New Politics of the NHS , pp. 199-201
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    • 0004031766 scopus 로고
    • London: MacMillan
    • R. Klein, The New Politics of the NHS (London: Longman, 1995), 199-201; C. Ham, Health Policy in Britain (London: MacMillan, 1992), 52, 68.
    • (1992) Health Policy in Britain , pp. 52
    • Ham, C.1
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    • 0004215486 scopus 로고
    • London: HMSO
    • Department of Health and Social Security, Promoting Better Health (London: HMSO, 1987).
    • (1987) Promoting Better Health
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    • Personal interview, senior British Medical Association (BMA) official
    • Personal interview, senior British Medical Association (BMA) official.
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    • Klein, Politics of the NHS, 200; S. Harrison and C. Pollitt, Controlling Health Professionals (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1994), 127.
    • Politics of the NHS , pp. 200
    • Klein1
  • 44
    • 11544375840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The governing attitude or policy style of the Liberal government following this re-election is helpful in understanding its decision to stand against both the provinces and the CMA by outlawing extra-billing. As one former Prime Minister's Office staffer during the 1980-82 period stated, '[the new mandate was interpreted as] a ticket to implement any left wing policy it wanted'. Personal interview.
  • 49
    • 84982434528 scopus 로고
    • The Canada Health Act and the Cabinet Decision-Making System of Pierre Elliot Trudeau
    • Personal interview, senior adviser to Monique Begin (1983-1984). Also, P. Barker, 'The Canada Health Act and the Cabinet Decision-Making System of Pierre Elliot Trudeau,' Canadian Public Administration, 32, 1 (1989), 98.
    • (1989) Canadian Public Administration , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 98
    • Barker, P.1
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    • 0003899399 scopus 로고
    • 7 Dec.
    • Independent, 7 Dec. 1987.
    • (1987) Independent
  • 66
    • 84981654766 scopus 로고
    • The Politics of Health Care Reform in Britain
    • E. Griggs, 'The Politics of Health Care Reform in Britain', Political Quarterly, 62, 4 (1991), 419-30.
    • (1991) Political Quarterly , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 419-430
    • Griggs, E.1
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    • 0003899399 scopus 로고
    • 26 Jan.
    • Independent, 26 Jan. 1988.
    • (1988) Independent
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    • 11544279379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal interview, senior official, BMA
    • Personal interview, senior official, BMA.
  • 71
    • 0004270387 scopus 로고
    • London: HMSO
    • Department of Health and Social Security, Working for Patients (London: HMSO, 1989).
    • (1989) Working for Patients
  • 72
    • 11544257423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal interview, senior official, BMA
    • Personal interview, senior official, BMA.
  • 75
    • 11544370107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal interview, senior official, BMA
    • Personal interview, senior official, BMA.
  • 78
    • 11544285314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal interview, senior officials of the BMA and Royal College of General Practitioners
    • Personal interview, senior officials of the BMA and Royal College of General Practitioners.
  • 81
    • 11544370108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal interview, senior official, CMA
    • Personal interview, senior official, CMA.
  • 82
    • 11544265956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal interview, senior official, Canadian Nurses Association
    • Personal interview, senior official, Canadian Nurses Association.
  • 84
    • 11544365743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10 Nov.
    • See London Free Press, 10 Nov. 1996; Canadian Press Wire Service, 14 Oct. 1996;
    • (1996) London Free Press
  • 85
  • 86
    • 11544310323 scopus 로고
    • Who Decides? Organized Medicine, the State and the Making of Health Policy: The Case of Quebec's Health System Reforms
    • M. O'Neill and M. Boulet, 'Who Decides? Organized Medicine, the State and the Making of Health Policy: The Case of Quebec's Health System Reforms', British Journal of Canadian Studies, 11, 1 (1994), 11-24.
    • (1994) British Journal of Canadian Studies , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 11-24
    • O'Neill, M.1    Boulet, M.2


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