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17
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85037182307
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T. E. Glover, Ph.D. thesis, University of California at Berkeley, 1993 (University Microfilms Inc., 300 North Zeed Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346)
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T. E. Glover, Ph.D. thesis, University of California at Berkeley, 1993 (available from University Microfilms Inc., 300 North Zeed Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346).
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18
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85037182647
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A general explanation of time-correlated photon counting can be found in, for instance, the Stanford Research Systems instrument catalog (application notes). In our application of the technique we work in a photon counting regime [Formula Presented] detected photons per laser shot) and proceed as follows: (i) a signal from the microchannel plate detector is sent to a constant fraction discriminator (CFD) (ORTEC model 934) and (ii) the signal from the CFD is sent to a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) (ORTEC model 566). A (laser) photodiode signal triggers the TAC, which now waits for a signal from the CFD. When this signal is received (a photon is detected), the TAC outputs a voltage to indicate the time delay between the laser trigger and the detected photon. A personal computer reads the TAC voltage on every laser shot to determine if (and when) a photon was detected. As indicated in the text, frequency-doubled laser pulses [Formula Presented] were used to determine the time resolution of the apparatus; we also note that the same laser pulses determine time zero for the experiment
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A general explanation of time-correlated photon counting can be found in, for instance, the Stanford Research Systems instrument catalog (application notes). In our application of the technique we work in a photon counting regime (∼0.1 detected photons per laser shot) and proceed as follows: (i) a signal from the microchannel plate detector is sent to a constant fraction discriminator (CFD) (ORTEC model 934) and (ii) the signal from the CFD is sent to a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) (ORTEC model 566). A (laser) photodiode signal triggers the TAC, which now waits for a signal from the CFD. When this signal is received (a photon is detected), the TAC outputs a voltage to indicate the time delay between the laser trigger and the detected photon. A personal computer reads the TAC voltage on every laser shot to determine if (and when) a photon was detected. As indicated in the text, frequency-doubled laser pulses (∼100 fs) were used to determine the time resolution of the apparatus; we also note that the same laser pulses determine time zero for the experiment.
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19
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85037256130
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We calculate that the spectral response of the detection apparatus varies by [Formula Presented] between 55 and 120 eV. Three factors are included in the calculation. First, the wavelength-dependent reflectivity of gold (a collection optic and a gold-coated diffraction gratings) is calculated using a commercial software package (XCAL, Oxford Research Group). Second, the wavelength-dependent efficiency of a balzed diffraction grating is calculated [see, for instance, Anne P. Thorpe, Spectrosphysics (Chapman and Hall, London, 1988)]. Finally, the detection efficiency of the microchannel plate detector is taken from experimental data [O. H. W. Siegmund (unpublished)]
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We calculate that the spectral response of the detection apparatus varies by ∼15% between 55 and 120 eV. Three factors are included in the calculation. First, the wavelength-dependent reflectivity of gold (a collection optic and a gold-coated diffraction gratings) is calculated using a commercial software package (XCAL, Oxford Research Group). Second, the wavelength-dependent efficiency of a balzed diffraction grating is calculated [see, for instance, Anne P. Thorpe, Spectrosphysics (Chapman and Hall, London, 1988)]. Finally, the detection efficiency of the microchannel plate detector is taken from experimental data [O. H. W. Siegmund (unpublished)].
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25
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85037218017
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U. Mohideen, Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University, 1993 (unpublished)
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U. Mohideen, Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University, 1993 (unpublished).
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26
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0001467967
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M. V. Ammosov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. xx, xxx (19xx) [Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191 (1986)]
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(1986)
Sov. Phys. JETP
, vol.64
, pp. 1191
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Ammosov, M.V.1
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35
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85037243681
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(unpublished). The code FLY can be obtained by contacting R. W. Lee
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R. W. Lee (unpublished). The code FLY can be obtained by contacting R. W. Lee.
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Lee, R.W.1
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43
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85037181112
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Lyman Spitzer, Physics of Fully Ionized Gases (Interscience, New York, 1956)
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Lyman Spitzer, Physics of Fully Ionized Gases (Interscience, New York, 1956).
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