The campaign against the Anglo-Iranian agreement of 1919

British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 5-46

  Katouzian, Homa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 11544318621     PISSN: 13530194     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13530199808705653     Document Type: Article

References (220)

1. This brief account of the background to the present study is based on numerous British and Iranian sources. See, for example, William J. Olson, 'The Genesis of the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919', in, Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim (eds), Towards A Modern Iran (London: Frank Cass, 1980); pp. 185-216, Houshang Sabahi, British Policy in Persia, 1918-1925 (London: Frank Cass, 1990), 'Abdullah Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendagani-ye Man vols. 2 and 3 (Tehran: Zawar, 1964); Mokhber al-Saltaneh (Hedayat), Khaterat va Khatart (Tehran: Zawar, 1984), British Public Record Office files P.O. 371/3263, F.O.371/3858, F.O.371/3859, F.O. 371/3860. See further, Homa Katouzian, State and Society in Iran: From Constitutionalism to the Fall of the Pahlavi State (London: I. B. Tauris, forthcoming).
2. This brief account of the background to the present study is based on numerous British and Iranian sources. See, for example, William J. Olson, 'The Genesis of the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919', in, Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim (eds), Towards A Modern Iran (London: Frank Cass, 1980); pp. 185-216, Houshang Sabahi, British Policy in Persia, 1918-1925 (London: Frank Cass, 1990), 'Abdullah Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendagani-ye Man vols. 2 and 3 (Tehran: Zawar, 1964); Mokhber al-Saltaneh (Hedayat), Khaterat va Khatart (Tehran: Zawar, 1984), British Public Record Office files P.O. 371/3263, F.O.371/3858, F.O.371/3859, F.O. 371/3860. See further, Homa Katouzian, State and Society in Iran: From Constitutionalism to the Fall of the Pahlavi State (London: I. B. Tauris, forthcoming).
3. This brief account of the background to the present study is based on numerous British and Iranian sources. See, for example, William J. Olson, 'The Genesis of the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919', in, Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim (eds), Towards A Modern Iran (London: Frank Cass, 1980); pp. 185-216, Houshang Sabahi, British Policy in Persia, 1918-1925 (London: Frank Cass, 1990), 'Abdullah Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendagani-ye Man vols. 2 and 3 (Tehran: Zawar, 1964); Mokhber al-Saltaneh (Hedayat), Khaterat va Khatart (Tehran: Zawar, 1984), British Public Record Office files P.O. 371/3263, F.O.371/3858, F.O.371/3859, F.O. 371/3860. See further, Homa Katouzian, State and Society in Iran: From Constitutionalism to the Fall of the Pahlavi State (London: I. B. Tauris, forthcoming).
4. This brief account of the background to the present study is based on numerous British and Iranian sources. See, for example, William J. Olson, 'The Genesis of the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919', in, Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim (eds), Towards A Modern Iran (London: Frank Cass, 1980); pp. 185-216, Houshang Sabahi, British Policy in Persia, 1918-1925 (London: Frank Cass, 1990), 'Abdullah Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendagani-ye Man vols. 2 and 3 (Tehran: Zawar, 1964); Mokhber al-Saltaneh (Hedayat), Khaterat va Khatart (Tehran: Zawar, 1984), British Public Record Office files P.O. 371/3263, F.O.371/3858, F.O.371/3859, F.O. 371/3860. See further, Homa Katouzian, State and Society in Iran: From Constitutionalism to the Fall of the Pahlavi State (London: I. B. Tauris, forthcoming).
5. This brief account of the background to the present study is based on numerous British and Iranian sources. See, for example, William J. Olson, 'The Genesis of the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919', in, Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim (eds), Towards A Modern Iran (London: Frank Cass, 1980); pp. 185-216, Houshang Sabahi, British Policy in Persia, 1918-1925 (London: Frank Cass, 1990), 'Abdullah Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendagani-ye Man vols. 2 and 3 (Tehran: Zawar, 1964); Mokhber al-Saltaneh (Hedayat), Khaterat va Khatart (Tehran: Zawar, 1984), British Public Record Office files P.O. 371/3263, F.O.371/3858, F.O.371/3859, F.O. 371/3860. See further, Homa Katouzian, State and Society in Iran: From Constitutionalism to the Fall of the Pahlavi State (London: I. B. Tauris, forthcoming).
6. See Yaya Dawlat-Abadi, Hayat-e Yahya, vols 3 and 4 (Tehran: Attar & Ferdawsi, 1983), pp. 127-128.
7. See Mokhber al-Saltaneh, Khaterat va Khatarat, pp. 309-310. See further Kollyiat-e 'Eshqi, Ali Akbar Moshir Salimi (ed.) (Tehran: Javidan, 1978), 'Abdullah Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani... vol. 3.
8. See Mokhber al-Saltaneh, Khaterat va Khatarat, pp. 309-310. See further Kollyiat-e 'Eshqi, Ali Akbar Moshir Salimi (ed.) (Tehran: Javidan, 1978), 'Abdullah Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani... vol. 3.
9. See Mokhber al-Saltaneh, Khaterat va Khatarat, pp. 309-310. See further Kollyiat-e 'Eshqi, Ali Akbar Moshir Salimi (ed.) (Tehran: Javidan, 1978), 'Abdullah Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani... vol. 3.
10. Cox to Curzon, 1/9/19, Documents of British Foreign Policy (hereafter, DBFP), vol. iv, no. 749.
11. Cox to Vosuq, 9/9/19, ibid., no. 785.
12. Cox to Curzon, 22/8/19, ibid., no. 732.
13. See Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani..., vol. 3, p. 20. The pamphlet was not published at the time, but it is the most comprehensive and articulate source on the subject.
14. Ibid., p.24.
15. Ibid., pp. 45-46.
16. See Divan-e Bahar, Mohammad Malekzadeh (ed.) vol. 2 (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1956), pp. 395-396 for Bahar's contribution, and the matla' of Vosuq's lyric which is as follows: Thou who plunder the tribe of the heart and the faith/Who transgress against the harvest of the hearts; Divan-e Kamel-e Iraj Mirza, Mohammad Ja'far Mahjub (ed.), 5th edn (America: Sherkat-e Ketab, 1989), pp. 71, 225.
17. See Divan-e Bahar, Mohammad Malekzadeh (ed.) vol. 2 (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1956), pp. 395-396 for Bahar's contribution, and the matla' of Vosuq's lyric which is as follows: Thou who plunder the tribe of the heart and the faith/Who transgress against the harvest of the hearts; Divan-e Kamel-e Iraj Mirza, Mohammad Ja'far Mahjub (ed.), 5th edn (America: Sherkat-e Ketab, 1989), pp. 71, 225.
18. See Divan-e 'Aref, 'Abd al-Rahman Saif-e Azad (ed.) (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1979), respectively p. 325, and pp. 246-248. 'Aref has another esteqbal for Vosuq's poem which contains critical asides but no invective. See, ibid, p. 235.
19. See Divan-e 'Aref, 'Abd al-Rahman Saif-e Azad (ed.) (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1979), respectively p. 325, and pp. 246-248. 'Aref has another esteqbal for Vosuq's poem which contains critical asides but no invective. See, ibid, p. 235.
20. See Kolliyat-e 'Eshqi, respectively, pp. 309-311, and 334-336.
21. See Divan-e Farrokhi Yazdi, Hussein Makki (ed.) (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1978), respectively, pp. 194 and 196.
22. See Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and The Struggle for Power in Iran (London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 1990), Homa Katouzian (ed. and intro.), Musaddiq's Memoirs (London: Jebheh, 1988).
23. See Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and The Struggle for Power in Iran (London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 1990), Homa Katouzian (ed. and intro.), Musaddiq's Memoirs (London: Jebheh, 1988).
24. The full text of the speech is quoted in Hussein Makki, Tarikh-e Bistsaleh-ye Iran, vol. 4 (Tehran: 'Elmi, 1995). See p. 152.
25. See also, idem, Doktor Mosaddeq va Notq-ha-ye Tarikhi-ye U (Tehran: 'Elmi, 1985).
26. For the full text of the speech, see Makki, ibid., and Tarikhh-e Bistsaleh.
27. For the full text of the speech, see Makki, ibid., and Tarikhh-e Bistsaleh.
28. For the full text of the speech, see Makki, ibid., pp. 167-176, and Doktor Mosaddeq ..., pp. 209-219.
29. For the full text of the speech, see Makki, ibid., pp. 167-176, and Doktor Mosaddeq ..., pp. 209-219.
30. See Martin Sicker, The Bear and The Lion (London: Praeger, 1988), ch. 2, pp. 36-38.
31. Ibid., p. 39.
32. Curzon to Cox, 4/9/19, DBFP, vol iv, no. 756.
33. Cox to Curzon, 22/8/19, ibid., no. 732.
34. Cox to Curzon, 30/11/18, F.O. 371/3263.
35. Cox to Curzon, 6/12/19, F.O. 371/3263. The three-man delegation also took two Iranian and a French assistant with them, though this is not mentioned in Cox's telegram.
36. The letter is quoted in Javad Shaikholeslami, Sima-ye Ahmad Shall Qajar, vol. 1 (Tehran: Nashr-e Goftar, 1989), pp. 173-175.
37. Curzon to Cox, 12/3/19, F.O. 371/3859.
38. Curzon to Cox, 23/1/19, F.O. 371/3858.
39. Curzon to Balfour, F.O., 25/1/19, 371/3858.
40. Curzon to Cox, 5/3/19, F.O. 371/3859.
41. Curzon to Balfour, 11/3/19, P.O. 371/3859; Curzon to Cox, 12/3/19, F.O. 371/3859.
42. Curzon to Cox, 17/3/19, F.O. 371/3859.
43. Cox to Curzon, 18/13/19, F.O. 371/3859.
44. Curzon to Cox, 21/3/19, F.O. 371/3859.
45. Sir G. Grahame (Paris) to Curzon, DBFP, vol. iv, no. 722.
46. Curzon to Cox, 6/4/19, F.O., 371/3860.
47. Cox to Curzon, 14/4/19, F.O. 371/3860.
48. Cox to Curzon, 19/4/19, F.O. 371/3860.
49. Curzon to Balfour, 23/4/19, F.O. 371/3860.
50. See, for example, Alfred Cobban, A History of Modern France, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 1871-1962, (London: Pelican Books, 1965).
51. Curzon to Cambon, 11/3/19, F.O. 371/3859.
52. Grahame to Curzon, 30/8/19, DBFP, vol. iv, no. 747.
53. Grahame to Curzon, 21/8/19, ibid., no 730.
54. Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani ..., vol. 3, p. 20.
55. Cox to Curzon, 13/8/19, DBFP, vol. iv, no. 716.
56. Curzon to Cox, 19/8/19, ibid., no. 728.
57. Curzon to Cox, 25/9/19, ibid., no. 793.
58. Curzon to Cox, 11/9/19, ibid., no. 773.
59. Cox to Curzon, 28/8/19, ibid., no. 738.
60. Cox to Curzon, 13/9/19, ibid., no. 779.
61. Curzon to, Cox, 1/11/19, ibid., no. 832.
62. Curzon to Cox, 31/5/20, ibid., vol. xiii, no. 448.
63. Wardrop (Tiflis) to Curzon, 28/11/19, ibid., vol. iv, no. 855, and its Enclosure 1.
64. Curzon to Lindsay (Washington), 18/8/19, ibid., no. 727; Curzon to Cox, 1/9/19., ibid., no. 748.
65. Curzon to Lindsay (Washington), 18/8/19, ibid., no. 727; Curzon to Cox, 1/9/19., ibid., no. 748.
66. Cox to Curzon 10/9/19, ibid., no. 770. For the full text of the US statement (as released by their legation in Tehran) in Persian, see Mokhber al-Saltaneh, Khaterat va Khatarat, p. 310; Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani ..., p. 73.
67. Cox to Curzon 10/9/19, ibid., no. 770. For the full text of the US statement (as released by their legation in Tehran) in Persian, see Mokhber al-Saltaneh, Khaterat va Khatarat, p. 310; Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani ..., p. 73.
68. Cox to Curzon 10/9/19, ibid., no. 770. For the full text of the US statement (as released by their legation in Tehran) in Persian, see Mokhber al-Saltaneh, Khaterat va Khatarat, p. 310; Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani ..., p. 73.
69. Davis to Curzon, 9/10/19, no. 808.
70. Cox to Curzon, 8/11/19, ibid., no. 840.
71. Cox to Curzon, 10/9/19, ibid., no. 770.
72. Curzon to Davis, 11/9/19, ibid., no. 774.
73. Davis to Curzon, 12/9/19, ibid., no. 778.
74. Curzon to Davis, 14/9/19, ibid., no. 780.
75. Davis to Curzon, 7/10/19, ibid., no. 808, emphasis added.
76. Minute by Curzon, ibid.
77. Curzon to Grey, 21/10/19, ibid., no. 824.
78. Grey to Curzon, 28/9/19, ibid., no. 794.
79. Curzon to Grey, 1/10/19, ibid., no. 803, emphasis added.
80. Cox to Curzon, 9/10/19, ibid., no. 812.
81. Grey to Curzon, 17/10/19, ibid., no. 818.
82. Curzon to Grey, 21/10/19, ibid., no. 824.
83. Grey to Curzon, 27/10/19, ibid., no. 826.
84. Minute by Curzon, ibid.
85. Cox to Curzon, 21/1219, ibid., no. 876.
86. Ibid., n. 2.
87. Lindsay to Curzon, 13/1/20, ibid., vol. xiii, no. 366.
88. Curzon to Lidsay, 20/1/20, ibid., no. 368.
89. There are a number of sources on the history of the Iranian Cossack force. For the latest and most comprehensive study, see Stephanie Cronin, The Army and the Creation of the Pahlavi State in Iran, 1910-1926 (London and New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 1997).
90. See General Hassan Arfa, Under Five Shahs (London: John Murray, 1964), ch. 5; Malek al-Sho'ara Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhtasar-e Ahzab-e Siyasi dar Iran, vol. 1 (Tehran: Jibi, 1978), ch. 20.
91. See General Hassan Arfa, Under Five Shahs (London: John Murray, 1964), ch. 5; Malek al-Sho'ara Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhtasar-e Ahzab-e Siyasi dar Iran, vol. 1 (Tehran: Jibi, 1978), ch. 20.
92. See ibid., and Richard H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-1921, vol. 3, The Anglo-Soviet Accord (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972). Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhtasar ..., vol. 1, is very explicit on the reason behind the coup. It is also mentioned in Arfa, Under Five Shahs.
93. See ibid., and Richard H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-1921, vol. 3, The Anglo-Soviet Accord (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972). Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhtasar ..., vol. 1, is very explicit on the reason behind the coup. It is also mentioned in Arfa, Under Five Shahs.
94. See ibid., and Richard H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-1921, vol. 3, The Anglo-Soviet Accord (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972). Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhtasar ..., vol. 1, is very explicit on the reason behind the coup. It is also mentioned in Arfa, Under Five Shahs.
95. See ibid., and Richard H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-1921, vol. 3, The Anglo-Soviet Accord (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972). Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhtasar ..., vol. 1, is very explicit on the reason behind the coup. It is also mentioned in Arfa, Under Five Shahs.
96. See Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhlasar ..., vol. 1, chapter 20, General Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi, Khaterat-e Nakhostin Sepahbod-e Iran, Gholamhussein Zargarinezhad (ed.), vol. 1 (Tehran: Mo'ssehseh-ye Pazhuhesh-ha-ye Farhangi, 1994), pp. 117-118.
97. See Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhlasar ..., vol. 1, chapter 20, General Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi, Khaterat-e Nakhostin Sepahbod-e Iran, Gholamhussein Zargarinezhad (ed.), vol. 1 (Tehran: Mo'ssehseh-ye Pazhuhesh-ha-ye Farhangi, 1994), pp. 117-118.
98. See Cronin, The Army and the Creation of the Pahlavi State ..., p. 69.
99. See, ibid., ch. 2, Houshang Sabahi, British Policy in Persia, ch. 2; James Balfour, Recent Happenings in Persia (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1922), ch. v.
100. See, ibid., ch. 2, Houshang Sabahi, British Policy in Persia, ch. 2; James Balfour, Recent Happenings in Persia (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1922), ch. v.
101. See, ibid., ch. 2, Houshang Sabahi, British Policy in Persia, ch. 2; James Balfour, Recent Happenings in Persia (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1922), ch. v.
102. The Cossacks were notorious for looting and plundering peaceful villages. For first-hand neutral reports of the attitude of the peasants and common folk towards them, see The Edmonds Papers, The Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, Oxford.
103. Cox to Curzon, 29/8/19, DBFP, vol. iv, no. 741.
104. Cox to Curzon, 30/9/19, ibid., 798.
105. Cox to Curzon, 30/9/19, ibid., no. 799.
106. Cox to Curzon, 1/10/19, ibid., no. 800.
107. Curzon to Cox, 21/10/19, ibid., no. 822.
108. Curzon to Cox, 4/12/19, ibid., no. 861.
109. Curzon to Cox, 29/10/19, ibid., no. 828.
110. Cox to Curzon, 21/11/19, ibid., no. 852.
111. Cox to Curzon, 4/12/19, ibid., no. 860.
112. Curzon to Cox, 20/12/19, ibid., no. 873.
113. Cox to Curzon, 17/1/20, ibid., vol. xiii, 367, 29/1/20, no. 371; Cox to Curzon, 18/2/20, no. 374.
114. Curzon to Cox, 7/2/20, ibid., no. 373.
115. Cox to Curzon, 21/2/20, ibid., no. 375.
116. The sources on Kuchik and the Jangalis are now numerous. See, for example, Ebrahim Fakhra'i, Sardar-e Jangal, Mirza Kuchik Khan (Tehran: Javidan, 1978); Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh-ye Azerbaijan (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1992), Cosroe Chaquri, The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1995); Y. Yodfat, The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Sicker, The Bear and The Lion; Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord. For a very informative contemporary source on the period under consideration, see The Edmonds Papers.
117. The sources on Kuchik and the Jangalis are now numerous. See, for example, Ebrahim Fakhra'i, Sardar-e Jangal, Mirza Kuchik Khan (Tehran: Javidan, 1978); Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh-ye Azerbaijan (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1992), Cosroe Chaquri, The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1995); Y. Yodfat, The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Sicker, The Bear and The Lion; Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord. For a very informative contemporary source on the period under consideration, see The Edmonds Papers.
118. The sources on Kuchik and the Jangalis are now numerous. See, for example, Ebrahim Fakhra'i, Sardar-e Jangal, Mirza Kuchik Khan (Tehran: Javidan, 1978); Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh-ye Azerbaijan (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1992), Cosroe Chaquri, The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1995); Y. Yodfat, The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Sicker, The Bear and The Lion; Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord. For a very informative contemporary source on the period under consideration, see The Edmonds Papers.
119. The sources on Kuchik and the Jangalis are now numerous. See, for example, Ebrahim Fakhra'i, Sardar-e Jangal, Mirza Kuchik Khan (Tehran: Javidan, 1978); Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh-ye Azerbaijan (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1992), Cosroe Chaquri, The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1995); Y. Yodfat, The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Sicker, The Bear and The Lion; Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord. For a very informative contemporary source on the period under consideration, see The Edmonds Papers.
120. The sources on Kuchik and the Jangalis are now numerous. See, for example, Ebrahim Fakhra'i, Sardar-e Jangal, Mirza Kuchik Khan (Tehran: Javidan, 1978); Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh-ye Azerbaijan (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1992), Cosroe Chaquri, The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1995); Y. Yodfat, The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Sicker, The Bear and The Lion; Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord. For a very informative contemporary source on the period under consideration, see The Edmonds Papers.
121. The sources on Kuchik and the Jangalis are now numerous. See, for example, Ebrahim Fakhra'i, Sardar-e Jangal, Mirza Kuchik Khan (Tehran: Javidan, 1978); Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh-ye Azerbaijan (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1992), Cosroe Chaquri, The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1995); Y. Yodfat, The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Sicker, The Bear and The Lion; Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord. For a very informative contemporary source on the period under consideration, see The Edmonds Papers.
122. For the text of the agreement, see Fakhra'i, Sardar-e Jangal ..., pp. 153-155. See further, Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord; Arfa, Under Five Shahs.
123. For the text of the agreement, see Fakhra'i, Sardar-e Jangal ..., pp. 153-155. See further, Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord; Arfa, Under Five Shahs.
124. For the text of the agreement, see Fakhra'i, Sardar-e Jangal ..., pp. 153-155. See further, Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord; Arfa, Under Five Shahs.
125. See Major Edmonds' report for January 1920, The Edmonds Papers.
126. Ibid.
127. See Edmonds' report for March 1919.
128. Cox to Curzon 13/3/20, DBFP, vol. xiii, no. 387. For details of the report see Cox to Curzon, 9/4/20, ibid., no. 403.
129. Cox to Curzon 13/3/20, DBFP, vol. xiii, no. 387. For details of the report see Cox to Curzon, 9/4/20, ibid., no. 403.
130. Cox to Curzon, 13/3/20, ibid., no. 387.
131. This is mentioned in most contemporary sources, e.g. Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhtasar ...
132. Cox to Curzon, 13/3/20, DBFD, vol. xiii, no. 387.
133. Cox to Curzon, 12/3/20, ibid., no. 386.
134. Cox to Curzon, 13/3/20, ibid., no. 387.
135. Curzon to Cox, 22/3/20, ibid., no. 395.
136. Cox to Curzon, 5/4/20, ibid., no. 401.
137. Curzon to Cox, 10/4/20, ibid., no. 406.
138. Curzon to Cox, 11/4/20, ibid., no. 407.
139. Derby to Curzon, 30/3/20, ibid., no. 397.
140. Cox to Curzon, 9/4/20, ibid., no. 402.
141. Derby to Curzon, 13/4/20, ibid., no. 408.
142. Derby to Curzon, 15/4/20, ibid., no. 410.
143. Cox to Curzon, 21/30/20, ibid., no. 414, emphasis added.
144. Curzon to Derby, 24/4/20, ibid., no. 415.
145. Derby to Curzon, 26/4/20, ibid., no. 416.
146. Allenby to Curzon, 7/5/20, ibid., no. 418.
147. Curzon to Cox, 27/4/20, ibid., no. 417, emphasis added.
148. Ibid., n. 2.
149. Norman to Curzon, 13/6/20, no. 461.
150. Vosuq to Firuz, ibid., vol. iv, Enclosure in no. 877.
151. Curzon to Cox, 30/12/19, ibid., no. 877.
152. Ibid.
153. Ibid., Curzon to Firuz, 19/12/19, ibid., no. 871; Note by Oliphant of a conversation with Firuz, 20/12/19, ibid., no. 872; Firuz to Curzon, 20/12/19, Annex. to no. 872.
154. Curzon to Cox, 10/4/20, ibid., vol. xiii, no. 406.
155. Ibid.
156. Edmonds' report for October 1919, The Edmonds papers.
157. Cox to Curzon, 19/10/19, DBFP, vol. iv, no. 820.
158. Curzon to Cox, 21/10/19, ibid.., no. 822.
159. Oliphant to Sabline, 29/10/19, ibid., no. 829.
160. Edmonds' report for November 1919, The Edmonds Papers; Arfa, Under Five Shahs, ch. 5, pp. 85-86.
161. See Malcolm E. Yapp, The Last Years of The Qajar Dynasty' in Hossien Amirsadeghi and R.W. Ferner (eds), Twentieth Century Iran (London: Heinemann, 1977) p. 15.
162. Stokes (Tiflis) to Curzon, 3/3/21, F.O. 371/6409. See further, Katouzian, State and Society In Iran ...
163. Edmonds' report for April 1920, The Edmonds Papers.
164. Edmonds' special report on his meeting with Sayyed Zia in Qazvin, 19/4/20, The Edmonds Papers.
165. See Mokhber al-Saltaneh, Khaterat va Khatarat; Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani..., Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhtasar ...; Dawlat-Abadi, Hayat-e Yahya,
166. See Mokhber al-Saltaneh, Khaterat va Khatarat; Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani..., Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhtasar ...; Dawlat-Abadi, Hayat-e Yahya,
167. See Mokhber al-Saltaneh, Khaterat va Khatarat; Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani..., Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhtasar ...; Dawlat-Abadi, Hayat-e Yahya,
168. See Mokhber al-Saltaneh, Khaterat va Khatarat; Mostawfi, Sharh-e Zendegani..., Bahar, Tarikh-e Mokhtasar ...; Dawlat-Abadi, Hayat-e Yahya,
169. Abolqasem Kahhalzadeh, Dideh-ha va Shenideh-ha, Khaterat-e Abolqasem Kahhalzadeh, Morteza Kamran (ed.) (Tehran: Nashr-e Farhang, 1984).
170. See Cronin, The Army and the Creation of the Pahlavi State ..., p. 73.
171. This brief note on the background to Khiyabani and his revolt is based on the above-mentioned manuscript of Ahmad Kasravi, written in 1923 and put at this author's disposal for publication by his family. See Homa Katouzian (ed. and intro.), Ahmad Kasravi: Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad Khiyabani, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 1998. In two other, published, sources Kasravi has discussed Khiyabani's revolt, but the manuscript is much more extensive and comprehensive in coverage and throws important new light on the whole affair. See his Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh ..., and Zendegani-ye Man (Tehran: Nashr va Pakhsh-e Ketab, 1976). See further, Homa Katouzian. 'The Revolt of Shaikh Mohammad Khiyabani', forthcoming.
172. This brief note on the background to Khiyabani and his revolt is based on the above-mentioned manuscript of Ahmad Kasravi, written in 1923 and put at this author's disposal for publication by his family. See Homa Katouzian (ed. and intro.), Ahmad Kasravi: Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad Khiyabani, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 1998. In two other, published, sources Kasravi has discussed Khiyabani's revolt, but the manuscript is much more extensive and comprehensive in coverage and throws important new light on the whole affair. See his Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh ..., and Zendegani-ye Man (Tehran: Nashr va Pakhsh-e Ketab, 1976). See further, Homa Katouzian. 'The Revolt of Shaikh Mohammad Khiyabani', forthcoming.
173. This brief note on the background to Khiyabani and his revolt is based on the above-mentioned manuscript of Ahmad Kasravi, written in 1923 and put at this author's disposal for publication by his family. See Homa Katouzian (ed. and intro.), Ahmad Kasravi: Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad Khiyabani, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 1998. In two other, published, sources Kasravi has discussed Khiyabani's revolt, but the manuscript is much more extensive and comprehensive in coverage and throws important new light on the whole affair. See his Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh ..., and Zendegani-ye Man (Tehran: Nashr va Pakhsh-e Ketab, 1976). See further, Homa Katouzian. 'The Revolt of Shaikh Mohammad Khiyabani', forthcoming.
174. See Hajj Mohammad Ali Aqa Badamchi, 'Shaikh Mohammad Khiyabani', in Sharh-e Hal va Eqdamat-e Shaikh Mohammad Khiyabani, special issue, Iranshahr, Berlin, no. 14, 1926, reprinted in Entesharat-e Iranshahr (Tehran: Eqbal, 1972).
175. See Katouzian, 'Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad ...'.
176. See Kasravi, Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh ..., p. 868.
177. Ibid., p. 846.
178. Katouzian, 'Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad ...'; Kasravi, Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh ....
179. Katouzian, 'Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad ...'; Kasravi, Tarikh-e Hijdahsaleh ....
180. C. J. Edmonds, 'Note on an Interview with Shaikh Muhammad Khiyabani,' sent - on 12 May - together with a memorandum to the British minister in Tehran, the British civil commissioner in Baghdad, and assistant political officer in Tabriz, The Edmonds Papers.
181. Edmonds' report for April-May, 1920.
182. See Ernest Bristow, British consul in Tabriz, 'Report on Azerbijan during 1920', The Edmonds Papers.
183. Ibid., and Katouzian, 'Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad ...'. See also Kasravi, Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad, Chapter 5.
184. Ibid., and Katouzian, 'Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad ...'. See also Kasravi, Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad, Chapter 5.
185. Ibid., and Katouzian, 'Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad ...'. See also Kasravi, Qiyam-e Shaikh Mohammad, Chapter 5.
186. See Kahhalzadeh, Dideheh-ha va Shenideh-ha ..., pp. 432-433.
187. Edmonds' special report of 19/4/20 on his meeting with Sayyed Zia in Qazvin, The Edmonds Papers.
188. Edmonds' report for April-May 1920.
189. Cox to Curzon, 9/5/20, DBFP, vol. xiii, no. 422.
190. Curzon to Cox, 11/5/20, ibid., no. 423.
191. Cox to Curzon, 14/5/20, ibid., no. 425, emphasis added.
192. Derby to Curzon, 20/5/20, ibid., no. 437.
193. Curzon to Cox, 20/5/20, ibid., no. 433.
194. Cox to Curzon, 18/5/20, ibid., no. 434, Edmonds' report for April-May 1920, Sicker, The Bear and the Lion, p. 40.
195. Cox to Curzon, 18/5/20, ibid., no. 434, Edmonds' report for April-May 1920, Sicker, The Bear and the Lion, p. 40.
196. See, for example, Lord Ironside (ed.) High Road to Command, The Diaries of Major-General Sir Edmund Ironside, 1920-1922 (London: Leo Cooper, 1972), p. 138;
197. Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord, p. 362.
198. Cox to Curzon, 18/5/20, DBFP, vol. xiii, no. 434.
199. Derby to Curzon, 20/5/20, ibid., no. 438.
200. War Office to Baghdad, 25/2/20, copy to Champain, 2812120, W.O. 158/697, emphasis added.
201. Ibid.
202. Churchill to Curzon, 20/5/20, Curzon MS box 65, quoted in Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord, p. 363.
203. Wilson MS diary, quoted in Ullman, ibid., p. 364.
204. Curzon to Cox, 18/5/20, DBFP, vol. xiii, no. 433, n. 4.
205. See Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord.
206. Edmonds' report for April-May 1920.
207. Cox to Curzon, 27/5/20, DBFP, vol. xiii, no. 446.
208. Edmonds' report for April-May, 1920.
209. Ibid.
210. Curzon to Cox, 27/5/20, DBFP, vol. xiii, no. 445.
211. Explaining the French objections, Balfour wrote that - among other reasons - 'they think that if the Council is forced to apply Article 17 (which allows them to invite the Soviet Government under conditions, to take part in their deliberations) this would be a long step towards such a consummation [i.e. recognition of the Soviet Union]'. See Balfour to Hardinge, 5/6/20, ibid., no. 452; and minutes by Hardinge and Curzon, ibid., n. 3; Oliphant's memorandum on his conversation with Firuz, 10/6/20, ibid., no. 458. See further, Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord, pp. 368-369, who discusses the problem arising from the ongoing Polish-Soviet war with reference to Sir Eric Drumund's memorandum of 26 May 1920.
212. Curzon to Norman, 13/7/20, ibid., no. 510.
213. See further, DBFP, vol xiii, Ironside, High Road to Command, Part 3, Katouzian, State and Society in Iran; Mehdiniya, Zendeginameh-ye Sayyed Zia ...; Makki, Tarikh-e Bistsaleh ..., vol. 1;
214. See further, DBFP, vol xiii, Ironside, High Road to Command, Part 3, Katouzian, State and Society in Iran; Mehdiniya, Zendeginameh-ye Sayyed Zia ...; Makki, Tarikh-e Bistsaleh ..., vol. 1;
215. See further, DBFP, vol xiii, Ironside, High Road to Command, Part 3, Katouzian, State and Society in Iran; Mehdiniya, Zendeginameh-ye Sayyed Zia ...; Makki, Tarikh-e Bistsaleh ..., vol. 1;
216. See further, DBFP, vol xiii, Ironside, High Road to Command, Part 3, Katouzian, State and Society in Iran; Mehdiniya, Zendeginameh-ye Sayyed Zia ...; Makki, Tarikh-e Bistsaleh ..., vol. 1;
217. See further, DBFP, vol xiii, Ironside, High Road to Command, Part 3, Katouzian, State and Society in Iran; Mehdiniya, Zendeginameh-ye Sayyed Zia ...; Makki, Tarikh-e Bistsaleh ..., vol. 1;
218. Nasrullah Saifpur Fatemi A'ineh-ye'Ebrat, vol. 1 (London: Nashr-e Ketab, 1990);
219. Sabahi, British Policy in Persia,
220. Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord.