Feminisms and transnationalism

Gender and History

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 569-580

  Miller, Francesca ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 11544302923     PISSN: 09535233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.00122     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Leila J. Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1997), p. 6.
2. Francesca Miller, 'Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena', in Women, Culture and Politics in Latin America. Seminar on Feminism and Culture, ed. Emily Bergmann (University of California Press, Los Angeles and Berkeley, 1990).
3. I am grateful to Roger Rouse for this citation and for the interpretation of Boume's thesis.
4. Mary Wilhelmine Williams, People and Politics in Latin America, rev. ed. (Ginn, Boston, 1945); Emily Greene Balch (ed.), Occupied Haiti (The Writers Publishing Company, New York, 1927); Rupp, Worlds of Women, p. 8.
5. Mary Wilhelmine Williams, People and Politics in Latin America, rev. ed. (Ginn, Boston, 1945); Emily Greene Balch (ed.), Occupied Haiti (The Writers Publishing Company, New York, 1927); Rupp, Worlds of Women, p. 8.
6. Mary Wilhelmine Williams, People and Politics in Latin America, rev. ed. (Ginn, Boston, 1945); Emily Greene Balch (ed.), Occupied Haiti (The Writers Publishing Company, New York, 1927); Rupp, Worlds of Women, p. 8.
7. Rupp, Worlds of Women, p. 48.
8. See for example: Corinne Antezana-Pernet, 'Peace in the World and Democracy at Home: The Chilean Women's Movement in the 1940s', in Latin America in the 1940s, ed. David Rock (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1994); Christine Ehrick, 'Obrera, Dama, Feminista: Women's Associations and the Welfare State in Uruguay, 1900-1932', PhD dissertation, University of California Los Angeles, 1997; June E. Hahner, Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil 1885-1940 (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1990; Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940 (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1995); Francesca Miller, Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice (University Press of New England, Hanover, NH, and London,1992); Shirlene Soto, The Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman: Her Participation in Revolution and Struggle for Equality (Arden Press, Denver, 1990); K. Lynn Stoner, From the House to the Streets: The Cuban Women's Movement for Legal Change, 1898-1940. (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1991).
9. See for example: Corinne Antezana-Pernet, 'Peace in the World and Democracy at Home: The Chilean Women's Movement in the 1940s', in Latin America in the 1940s, ed. David Rock (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1994); Christine Ehrick, 'Obrera, Dama, Feminista: Women's Associations and the Welfare State in Uruguay, 1900-1932', PhD dissertation, University of California Los Angeles, 1997; June E. Hahner, Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil 1885-1940 (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1990; Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940 (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1995); Francesca Miller, Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice (University Press of New England, Hanover, NH, and London,1992); Shirlene Soto, The Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman: Her Participation in Revolution and Struggle for Equality (Arden Press, Denver, 1990); K. Lynn Stoner, From the House to the Streets: The Cuban Women's Movement for Legal Change, 1898-1940. (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1991).
10. See for example: Corinne Antezana-Pernet, 'Peace in the World and Democracy at Home: The Chilean Women's Movement in the 1940s', in Latin America in the 1940s, ed. David Rock (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1994); Christine Ehrick, 'Obrera, Dama, Feminista: Women's Associations and the Welfare State in Uruguay, 1900-1932', PhD dissertation, University of California Los Angeles, 1997; June E. Hahner, Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil 1885-1940 (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1990; Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940 (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1995); Francesca Miller, Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice (University Press of New England, Hanover, NH, and London,1992); Shirlene Soto, The Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman: Her Participation in Revolution and Struggle for Equality (Arden Press, Denver, 1990); K. Lynn Stoner, From the House to the Streets: The Cuban Women's Movement for Legal Change, 1898-1940. (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1991).
11. See for example: Corinne Antezana-Pernet, 'Peace in the World and Democracy at Home: The Chilean Women's Movement in the 1940s', in Latin America in the 1940s, ed. David Rock (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1994); Christine Ehrick, 'Obrera, Dama, Feminista: Women's Associations and the Welfare State in Uruguay, 1900-1932', PhD dissertation, University of California Los Angeles, 1997; June E. Hahner, Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil 1885-1940 (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1990; Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940 (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1995); Francesca Miller, Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice (University Press of New England, Hanover, NH, and London,1992); Shirlene Soto, The Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman: Her Participation in Revolution and Struggle for Equality (Arden Press, Denver, 1990); K. Lynn Stoner, From the House to the Streets: The Cuban Women's Movement for Legal Change, 1898-1940. (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1991).
12. See for example: Corinne Antezana-Pernet, 'Peace in the World and Democracy at Home: The Chilean Women's Movement in the 1940s', in Latin America in the 1940s, ed. David Rock (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1994); Christine Ehrick, 'Obrera, Dama, Feminista: Women's Associations and the Welfare State in Uruguay, 1900-1932', PhD dissertation, University of California Los Angeles, 1997; June E. Hahner, Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil 1885-1940 (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1990; Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940 (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1995); Francesca Miller, Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice (University Press of New England, Hanover, NH, and London,1992); Shirlene Soto, The Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman: Her Participation in Revolution and Struggle for Equality (Arden Press, Denver, 1990); K. Lynn Stoner, From the House to the Streets: The Cuban Women's Movement for Legal Change, 1898-1940. (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1991).
13. See for example: Corinne Antezana-Pernet, 'Peace in the World and Democracy at Home: The Chilean Women's Movement in the 1940s', in Latin America in the 1940s, ed. David Rock (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1994); Christine Ehrick, 'Obrera, Dama, Feminista: Women's Associations and the Welfare State in Uruguay, 1900-1932', PhD dissertation, University of California Los Angeles, 1997; June E. Hahner, Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil 1885-1940 (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1990; Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940 (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1995); Francesca Miller, Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice (University Press of New England, Hanover, NH, and London,1992); Shirlene Soto, The Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman: Her Participation in Revolution and Struggle for Equality (Arden Press, Denver, 1990); K. Lynn Stoner, From the House to the Streets: The Cuban Women's Movement for Legal Change, 1898-1940. (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1991).
14. See for example: Corinne Antezana-Pernet, 'Peace in the World and Democracy at Home: The Chilean Women's Movement in the 1940s', in Latin America in the 1940s, ed. David Rock (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1994); Christine Ehrick, 'Obrera, Dama, Feminista: Women's Associations and the Welfare State in Uruguay, 1900-1932', PhD dissertation, University of California Los Angeles, 1997; June E. Hahner, Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil 1885-1940 (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1990; Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940 (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1995); Francesca Miller, Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice (University Press of New England, Hanover, NH, and London,1992); Shirlene Soto, The Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman: Her Participation in Revolution and Struggle for Equality (Arden Press, Denver, 1990); K. Lynn Stoner, From the House to the Streets: The Cuban Women's Movement for Legal Change, 1898-1940. (Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1991).
15. Rupp, Worlds of Women, pp. 48, 155, 210.
16. Rupp, Worlds of Women, p. 222.
17. Rupp, Worlds of Women, p. 222
18. Miller, 'Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena'.
19. Miller, 'Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena', pp. 118-27.
20. From 28 September 1941 to 5 April 1942, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt made a series of radio broadcasts, sponsored by the Pan American Coffee Bureau, promoting 'the mutual desire of the nations of the Americas to build a defensive unit based on economic cooperation and cultural understanding' (transcripts of the Pan American Coffee Bureau Broadcasts, Library of Congress. Washington, DC).
21. Corrine Antezana-Pernet, 'Peace in the World and Democracy at Home', p. 167. See also Christine Ehrick, 'Obrera, Dama, Feminista: Women's Associations and the Welfare State in Uruguay, 1900-1932', PhD dissertation, University of California Los Angeles, 1997.
22. Corrine Antezana-Pernet, 'Peace in the World and Democracy at Home', p. 167. See also Christine Ehrick, 'Obrera, Dama, Feminista: Women's Associations and the Welfare State in Uruguay, 1900-1932', PhD dissertation, University of California Los Angeles, 1997.
23. Lavrin, Asunción. 'Alicia Moreau de Justo: Feminismo y Politíca, 1911-1945', in Mujer y Familia en America Latina, siglos XVIII-XX, ed. Susana Menéndez y Barbara Potthast (Malaga, Andalucía, 1966), p. 191.
24. Miller, Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice, pp. 110-35.
25. Miller, Latin American Women and the Search, for Social Justice, p. 124.
26. Cynthia Enloe, Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War: The Morning After (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993).
27. Sylvester, Christine, Worlds of Women and International Relations in a Post-modern Era (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994), p. 210.
28. Sylvester, Worlds of Women, p. 4.
29. Sylvester, Worlds of Women, p. 9.
30. Sandra Whitworth, Feminism and International Relations: Towards a Political Economy of Gender in Interstate and Non-Governmental Institutions (St Martins Press, New York, 1994), p. 5.
31. Whitworth, Feminism and International Relations , pp. 119, 144.
32. Whitworth, Feminism and International Relations, p. 87.
33. Whitworth, Feminism and International Relations, pp. 157, 11.
34. Whitworth, Feminism and International Relations. See also Antezana-Pernet, Ehrick, Lavrin, Stoner, Hahner, Miller, Soto. Also, Gwen Kirkpatrick, 'The Journalism of Alfonsina Stomi: A New Approach to Women's History in Argentina', in Women, Culture and Politics in Latin America.
35. Whitworth, Feminism and International Relations. See also Antezana-Pernet, Ehrick, Lavrin, Stoner, Hahner, Miller, Soto. Also, Gwen Kirkpatrick, 'The Journalism of Alfonsina Stomi: A New Approach to Women's History in Argentina', in Women, Culture and Politics in Latin America.
36. Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940 (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1995), p. 354. Within the limits of this essay it is only possible to indicate briefly the breadth of fresh insights brought forth in Lavrin's analysis.
37. Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940, p. 352.
38. Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940, p. 2.
39. Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940, p. 9.
40. See also Solo, Ehrick, Stoner.
41. Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940, p. 355.
42. See Roger Rouse, 'Thinking through Transnationalism: Notes on the Cultural Politics of Class Relations in the Contemporary United States', Public Culture, 7 (1995).
43. I would argue that the struggle to introduce an understanding of gender into USAID's activities forms a proper chapter in the history of 'feminisms and transnationalism'. Credit should go to Jane Jaquette, Eisa Chaney, Martha Lewis, and the feminist scholar-activists who founded AWID (the Association of Women in International Development) in 1975 to raise gender-consciousness in the international development agencies of the United States. See Women of the Americas: Bridging the Gender Gap (Inter-American Development Bank, Johns Hopkins University Press, Washington, DC, 1995). Also, Jane Jaquette, Norma Stoltz Chinchilla, Maria de la Angeles Crummett, Mayra Buvinic (eds), Women and the Transition to Democracy: the Impact of Political and Economic Reform in Latin America (The Latin American Program, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC, 20560, Working Paper Series Number 211).
44. I would argue that the struggle to introduce an understanding of gender into USAID's activities forms a proper chapter in the history of 'feminisms and transnationalism'. Credit should go to Jane Jaquette, Eisa Chaney, Martha Lewis, and the feminist scholar-activists who founded AWID (the Association of Women in International Development) in 1975 to raise gender-consciousness in the international development agencies of the United States. See Women of the Americas: Bridging the Gender Gap (Inter-American Development Bank, Johns Hopkins University Press, Washington, DC, 1995). Also, Jane Jaquette, Norma Stoltz Chinchilla, Maria de la Angeles Crummett, Mayra Buvinic (eds), Women and the Transition to Democracy: the Impact of Political and Economic Reform in Latin America (The Latin American Program, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC, 20560, Working Paper Series Number 211).
45. Inter-American Foundation, A Guide to NGO Directories: How to Find Over 20,000 Nongovernmental Organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd ed. (Inter American Foundation, Arlington, VA, 1995).
46. As recently as the 1993 UN Conference on Population in Vienna, 'unofficial' NGOs were barred from the building where the official UN meetings were held. Rupp writes of the difficulty representatives of the transnational women's organisations experienced after the move of the League of Nations in the 1930s into a building only those with official badges could enter.
47. Janet Momsen (ed.), Women & Change in the Caribbean: A Pun-Caribbean Perspective (Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993); Use Abshagen Leitinger (ed.), The Costa Rican Women's Movement: A Reader (University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, 1997).
48. Janet Momsen (ed.), Women & Change in the Caribbean: A Pun-Caribbean Perspective (Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993); Use Abshagen Leitinger (ed.), The Costa Rican Women's Movement: A Reader (University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, 1997).
49. Alfred Padula, 'A Reader on the Process of Organizing and Empowering Costa Rican Women', H-NET BOOK REVIEW. H-LatAm-net.mus.edu (February 1998).
50. Momsen, Women & Change, p. vii.
51. See Janet Momsen and Vivian Kinnaird (eds), Different Places, Different Voices (Routledge, London and New York, 1993): 'Generalized statistical data, as reported in the United Nations documents, provide insufficient evidence for conceptualising women's response to these crises' (quote from p. 5). See also Momsen, Women & Change, p. 2.
52. See Janet Momsen and Vivian Kinnaird (eds), Different Places, Different Voices (Routledge, London and New York, 1993): 'Generalized statistical data, as reported in the United Nations documents, provide insufficient evidence for conceptualising women's response to these crises' (quote from p. 5). See also Momsen, Women & Change, p. 2.
53. For example, the Center for Communication, Exchange and Human Development in Latin America (CIDHAL) founded in Cuernavaca, Mexico, in 1969, specialises in the situation of women. The Centra Informação Mulher (CIM) in São Paulo does similar work. In Costa Rica, the Centra Feminista de Información y Acción (CEFEMINA) collates information on women's legal status and uses the information to change laws. In Chile, ISIS International has collated information and publications on women from throughout the hemisphere for two decades; their publication Documentas offers monthly updates of their computerised listings. ISIS also coordinates, via computer, the Red de Salud de las Mujeres Latinoamericanas y del Caribe and the Programa de Información y Política sobre Violencia en contra de la Mujer. In the Dominican Republic, the Centre de Documentación para la Acción Femenina (CIPAF) directly connects information to political action. In 1992, the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO-Chile) began publication of a country-by-country series, Mujeres Latinoamericanas en Cifras: The first systematic, universal effort to document in numbers the situation of women in a continent of multiple hues and geographies, that also takes into account the great political, social, ethnic, cultural and economic disparities. The subordination of women, broadly debated throughout the whole world, is today an inarguable reality ... Mujeres Latinoamericanas en Cifras is intended to be an instrument for the transformation of this situation, which will enable an analysis of the female situation'.
54. Francesca Miller, 'Feminism and Foreign Policy in the Americas: Separate Conversations?' Latin American Studies Association, Guadalajara, April 1997.
55. Rupp, Worlds of Women, p. 6.