"Lost altogether to the civilised world": Race and the Cabanagem in northern Brazil, 1750 to 1850

Comparative Studies in Society and History

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 109-134

  Cleary, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 11544249514     PISSN: 00104175     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0010417598980045     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. See, for example, the work of John Hemming: Red Gold (London: Macmillan, 1978), Amazon Frontier (London: Macmillan, 1983), "Indians and the Frontier" in L. Bethell, ed., Colonial Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 145-89.
2. See, for example, the work of John Hemming: Red Gold (London: Macmillan, 1978), Amazon Frontier (London: Macmillan, 1983), "Indians and the Frontier" in L. Bethell, ed., Colonial Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 145-89.
3. See, for example, the work of John Hemming: Red Gold (London: Macmillan, 1978), Amazon Frontier (London: Macmillan, 1983), "Indians and the Frontier" in L. Bethell, ed., Colonial Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 145-89.
4. N. Whitehead, "Ethnic Transformation and Historical Discontinuity in Native Amazonia and Guayana, 1500-1900," L'Homme, 126-8, 13:4 (avril-décembre 1993), 285-305. A particularly good example of the complexity of "conquest" from the Indian perspective in the period immediately prior to the Cabanagem is N. Farage, Ai Muralhas dos Sertōes: Os Povos Indígenas no Rio Branco e a Colonização (Rio: Paz e Terra, 1991).
5. N. Whitehead, "Ethnic Transformation and Historical Discontinuity in Native Amazonia and Guayana, 1500-1900," L'Homme, 126-8, 13:4 (avril-décembre 1993), 285-305. A particularly good example of the complexity of "conquest" from the Indian perspective in the period immediately prior to the Cabanagem is N. Farage, Ai Muralhas dos Sertōes: Os Povos Indígenas no Rio Branco e a Colonização (Rio: Paz e Terra, 1991).
6. General volumes covering all or most of the tropical lowlands are A. Roosevelt, ed., Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994); E.V. de Castro and M.C. da Cunha, eds., Amazônia: Etnologia e História Indígena (São Paulo: FAPESP, 1993); M.C. da Cunha, ed., História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1992) and G. Urban and J. Sherzer, eds., Nation States and Indians in Latin America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). For the Orinoco and Guianas, see chapters by Whitehead and Arvelo-Jímenez and Biord in Roosevelt. Amazonian Indians; Dreyfus, in Castro and da Cunha, Amazonia', and N. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: A History of the Caribs in Colonial Venezuela and Guayana, 1498-1820 (Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988). Price's trilogy on the Saramaka Maroons of Surinam, First Time (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), To Slay the Hydra (Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1983), and Alabi's World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1990) is an example of a similar approach to an Afro-American ethnic formation.
7. General volumes covering all or most of the tropical lowlands are A. Roosevelt, ed., Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994); E.V. de Castro and M.C. da Cunha, eds., Amazônia: Etnologia e História Indígena (São Paulo: FAPESP, 1993); M.C. da Cunha, ed., História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1992) and G. Urban and J. Sherzer, eds., Nation States and Indians in Latin America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). For the Orinoco and Guianas, see chapters by Whitehead and Arvelo-Jímenez and Biord in Roosevelt. Amazonian Indians; Dreyfus, in Castro and da Cunha, Amazonia', and N. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: A History of the Caribs in Colonial Venezuela and Guayana, 1498-1820 (Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988). Price's trilogy on the Saramaka Maroons of Surinam, First Time (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), To Slay the Hydra (Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1983), and Alabi's World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1990) is an example of a similar approach to an Afro-American ethnic formation.
8. General volumes covering all or most of the tropical lowlands are A. Roosevelt, ed., Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994); E.V. de Castro and M.C. da Cunha, eds., Amazônia: Etnologia e História Indígena (São Paulo: FAPESP, 1993); M.C. da Cunha, ed., História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1992) and G. Urban and J. Sherzer, eds., Nation States and Indians in Latin America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). For the Orinoco and Guianas, see chapters by Whitehead and Arvelo-Jímenez and Biord in Roosevelt. Amazonian Indians; Dreyfus, in Castro and da Cunha, Amazonia', and N. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: A History of the Caribs in Colonial Venezuela and Guayana, 1498-1820 (Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988). Price's trilogy on the Saramaka Maroons of Surinam, First Time (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), To Slay the Hydra (Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1983), and Alabi's World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1990) is an example of a similar approach to an Afro-American ethnic formation.
9. General volumes covering all or most of the tropical lowlands are A. Roosevelt, ed., Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994); E.V. de Castro and M.C. da Cunha, eds., Amazônia: Etnologia e História Indígena (São Paulo: FAPESP, 1993); M.C. da Cunha, ed., História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1992) and G. Urban and J. Sherzer, eds., Nation States and Indians in Latin America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). For the Orinoco and Guianas, see chapters by Whitehead and Arvelo-Jímenez and Biord in Roosevelt. Amazonian Indians; Dreyfus, in Castro and da Cunha, Amazonia', and N. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: A History of the Caribs in Colonial Venezuela and Guayana, 1498-1820 (Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988). Price's trilogy on the Saramaka Maroons of Surinam, First Time (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), To Slay the Hydra (Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1983), and Alabi's World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1990) is an example of a similar approach to an Afro-American ethnic formation.
10. General volumes covering all or most of the tropical lowlands are A. Roosevelt, ed., Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994); E.V. de Castro and M.C. da Cunha, eds., Amazônia: Etnologia e História Indígena (São Paulo: FAPESP, 1993); M.C. da Cunha, ed., História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1992) and G. Urban and J. Sherzer, eds., Nation States and Indians in Latin America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). For the Orinoco and Guianas, see chapters by Whitehead and Arvelo-Jímenez and Biord in Roosevelt. Amazonian Indians; Dreyfus, in Castro and da Cunha, Amazonia', and N. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: A History of the Caribs in Colonial Venezuela and Guayana, 1498-1820 (Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988). Price's trilogy on the Saramaka Maroons of Surinam, First Time (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), To Slay the Hydra (Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1983), and Alabi's World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1990) is an example of a similar approach to an Afro-American ethnic formation.
11. General volumes covering all or most of the tropical lowlands are A. Roosevelt, ed., Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994); E.V. de Castro and M.C. da Cunha, eds., Amazônia: Etnologia e História Indígena (São Paulo: FAPESP, 1993); M.C. da Cunha, ed., História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1992) and G. Urban and J. Sherzer, eds., Nation States and Indians in Latin America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). For the Orinoco and Guianas, see chapters by Whitehead and Arvelo-Jímenez and Biord in Roosevelt. Amazonian Indians; Dreyfus, in Castro and da Cunha, Amazonia', and N. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: A History of the Caribs in Colonial Venezuela and Guayana, 1498-1820 (Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988). Price's trilogy on the Saramaka Maroons of Surinam, First Time (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), To Slay the Hydra (Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1983), and Alabi's World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1990) is an example of a similar approach to an Afro-American ethnic formation.
12. General volumes covering all or most of the tropical lowlands are A. Roosevelt, ed., Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994); E.V. de Castro and M.C. da Cunha, eds., Amazônia: Etnologia e História Indígena (São Paulo: FAPESP, 1993); M.C. da Cunha, ed., História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1992) and G. Urban and J. Sherzer, eds., Nation States and Indians in Latin America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). For the Orinoco and Guianas, see chapters by Whitehead and Arvelo-Jímenez and Biord in Roosevelt. Amazonian Indians; Dreyfus, in Castro and da Cunha, Amazonia', and N. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: A History of the Caribs in Colonial Venezuela and Guayana, 1498-1820 (Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988). Price's trilogy on the Saramaka Maroons of Surinam, First Time (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), To Slay the Hydra (Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1983), and Alabi's World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1990) is an example of a similar approach to an Afro-American ethnic formation.
13. General volumes covering all or most of the tropical lowlands are A. Roosevelt, ed., Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994); E.V. de Castro and M.C. da Cunha, eds., Amazônia: Etnologia e História Indígena (São Paulo: FAPESP, 1993); M.C. da Cunha, ed., História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1992) and G. Urban and J. Sherzer, eds., Nation States and Indians in Latin America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). For the Orinoco and Guianas, see chapters by Whitehead and Arvelo-Jímenez and Biord in Roosevelt. Amazonian Indians; Dreyfus, in Castro and da Cunha, Amazonia', and N. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: A History of the Caribs in Colonial Venezuela and Guayana, 1498-1820 (Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988). Price's trilogy on the Saramaka Maroons of Surinam, First Time (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), To Slay the Hydra (Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1983), and Alabi's World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1990) is an example of a similar approach to an Afro-American ethnic formation.
14. General volumes covering all or most of the tropical lowlands are A. Roosevelt, ed., Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994); E.V. de Castro and M.C. da Cunha, eds., Amazônia: Etnologia e História Indígena (São Paulo: FAPESP, 1993); M.C. da Cunha, ed., História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1992) and G. Urban and J. Sherzer, eds., Nation States and Indians in Latin America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). For the Orinoco and Guianas, see chapters by Whitehead and Arvelo-Jímenez and Biord in Roosevelt. Amazonian Indians; Dreyfus, in Castro and da Cunha, Amazonia', and N. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: A History of the Caribs in Colonial Venezuela and Guayana, 1498-1820 (Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988). Price's trilogy on the Saramaka Maroons of Surinam, First Time (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), To Slay the Hydra (Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1983), and Alabi's World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1990) is an example of a similar approach to an Afro-American ethnic formation.
15. General volumes covering all or most of the tropical lowlands are A. Roosevelt, ed., Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994); E.V. de Castro and M.C. da Cunha, eds., Amazônia: Etnologia e História Indígena (São Paulo: FAPESP, 1993); M.C. da Cunha, ed., História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1992) and G. Urban and J. Sherzer, eds., Nation States and Indians in Latin America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). For the Orinoco and Guianas, see chapters by Whitehead and Arvelo-Jímenez and Biord in Roosevelt. Amazonian Indians; Dreyfus, in Castro and da Cunha, Amazonia', and N. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: A History of the Caribs in Colonial Venezuela and Guayana, 1498-1820 (Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988). Price's trilogy on the Saramaka Maroons of Surinam, First Time (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), To Slay the Hydra (Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1983), and Alabi's World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1990) is an example of a similar approach to an Afro-American ethnic formation.
16. "Tribes Make States and States Make Tribes: Warfare and the Creation of Colonial Tribes and States in Northeastern South America," in R. Ferguson and N. Whitehead, eds. War in the Tribal Zone: Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare, (Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1992), 127-50.
17. R. Levine, Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893-1897, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
18. D. A.Raiol, Matins Politicos, ou História dos Principais Acontecimentos Políticos da Província do Para desde o Ano de 1821 até 1835 (Belém: Universidade Federal do Para, 1970 [1865-90], 3 vols.) vol. 3:1000-1,n.
19. C. A. Neto reproduces a photograph of a page from the prisoner manifest of the hulk Defençora, in Índios da Amazônia: De Maioria a Minoria 1750-1850 (Petrópolis: Editora Vozes), 281.
20. See, e.g., Raiol, Matins Políticos, 3:1007-14.
21. Ibid., 3:1017-8.
22. Arquívo Público do Para, Códice 30, Correspondência do Governo com a Corte, 1836-38, folio 29.
23. The only modern scholarly book in any language is V. Salles, Memorial da Cabanagem (Belém: Edições CEJUP, 1992).
24. The province of Grão-Pará encompassed most of what today is defined in Brazil as Amazônia Legal. The old Captaincy of the Rio Negro was split off in 1850 to form the state of Amazonas.
25. The Mura are one of the most interesting cases of the reinvention of an ethnic category as a result of contact with the Portuguese, and the wide range of strategies a single group could adopt over time to deal with them; see D. Sweet. "Native Resistance in 18th Century Amazonia: the "Abominable Muras" in war and peace," Radical History Review, no. 53 (1992) 49-80, and M. A. Amoroso, "Corsários no caminho fluvial: os Muras do Rio Madeira," in M.C. da Cunha, ed., Historia dos Índios no Brasil (Sao Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1992), 297-310.
26. The Mura are one of the most interesting cases of the reinvention of an ethnic category as a result of contact with the Portuguese, and the wide range of strategies a single group could adopt over time to deal with them; see D. Sweet. "Native Resistance in 18th Century Amazonia: the "Abominable Muras" in war and peace," Radical History Review, no. 53 (1992) 49-80, and M. A. Amoroso, "Corsários no caminho fluvial: os Muras do Rio Madeira," in M.C. da Cunha, ed., Historia dos Índios no Brasil (Sao Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1992), 297-310.
27. E. Hoornaert, ed., A História da Igreja na Amazonia (Petrópolis: Editora Vozes, 1990), 283.
28. C. M. MacLachlan, The Indian Labor Structure in the Portuguese Amazon, 1700-1800," in D. Alden, ed., Colonial Roots of Modern Brazil (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973) 199-230.
29. C. M. MacLachlan, The Indian Labor Structure in the Portuguese Amazon, 1700-1800," in D. Alden, ed., Colonial Roots of Modern Brazil (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973) 199-230.
30. Johann Spix and Karl von Martius, Viagem Pelo Brazil 1817-1820 (Belo Harizonie: Editora Italia, 1981 [1831]), vol. 3:28. Spix and Martius, in Raiol, Italiaia Matins Políticos, 3:28; and M. Taussig, Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
31. Johann Spix and Karl von Martius, Viagem Pelo Brazil 1817-1820 (Belo Harizonie: Editora Italia, 1981 [1831]), vol. 3:28. Spix and Martius, in Raiol, Italiaia Matins Políticos, 3:28; and M. Taussig, Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
32. Johann Spix and Karl von Martius, Viagem Pelo Brazil 1817-1820 (Belo Harizonie: Editora Italia, 1981 [1831]), vol. 3:28. Spix and Martius, in Raiol, Italiaia Matins Políticos, 3:28; and M. Taussig, Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
33. For extended analyses of ethnic soldiering, see D. Sweet, "A Rich Realm of Nature Destroyed: The Middle Amazon Valley 1640-1750" (Madison: University of Wisconsin, Ph.D thesis, 1974), and N. Whitehead, "Carib Ethnic Soldiering in Venezuela, the Guianas and the Antilles 1492-1820," Ethnohistory, 37:4 (1990), 357-85.
34. For extended analyses of ethnic soldiering, see D. Sweet, "A Rich Realm of Nature Destroyed: The Middle Amazon Valley 1640-1750" (Madison: University of Wisconsin, Ph.D thesis, 1974), and N. Whitehead, "Carib Ethnic Soldiering in Venezuela, the Guianas and the Antilles 1492-1820," Ethnohistory, 37:4 (1990), 357-85.
35. General Andrea, the commander of the Imperial forces in Para between 1836 and 1839 and the person most reponsible for the final suppression of the Cabanagem, was quite open about this; see his report to the provincial government in 1838. quoted in Raiol, Motins Políticos, 3:981-2.
36. M. R. Amoroso. "Corsarios no caminho fluvial," 309.
37. The nature of Indian-ness in Belém before and during the Cabanagem is the subject of work in progress in the city archives.
38. Remarkably, only two books deal in any depth with slavery in northern Brazil: see V. Salles, O Negro no Pará sob o Regime de Escravidão, (Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1971) and A. Vergolino-Henry and N. Figueiredo, A Presença Africana na Amazônia Colonial: Uma Notícia Histórica, (Belém: Arquivo Público, 1990), Série de Documentes Históricos, vol. 1.
39. Remarkably, only two books deal in any depth with slavery in northern Brazil: see V. Salles, O Negro no Pará sob o Regime de Escravidão, (Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1971) and A. Vergolino-Henry and N. Figueiredo, A Presença Africana na Amazônia Colonial: Uma Notícia Histórica, (Belém: Arquivo Público, 1990), Série de Documentes Históricos, vol. 1.
40. For the Companhia Geral, which revolutionised the trading relationship between northern Brazil and the outside world in the second half of the eighteenth century, see A. Carreira, A Companhia Geral do Grão-Pará e Maranhão, vol. 1: O Comércio Monopolista Portugal-África-Brasil na Segunda Metade do Século XVIII and Vol. 2: Documentos (São Paulo: Editera Nacional, 1988).
41. For the Companhia Geral, which revolutionised the trading relationship between northern Brazil and the outside world in the second half of the eighteenth century, see A. Carreira, A Companhia Geral do Grão-Pará e Maranhão, vol. 1: O Comércio Monopolista Portugal-África-Brasil na Segunda Metade do Século XVIII and Vol. 2: Documentos (São Paulo: Editera Nacional, 1988).
42. Ibid., 2:130.
43. See, e.g. A. Wallace, Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (London: Ward, Lock and Company, 1890), 252.
44. Augustus Cowper, British consul in Belém, reported one such incident in his despatch of February 19, 1840; PRO, Foreign Office (FO) 128, Box 33 Consular Correspondence Brazil, 1840, folios 24-25.
45. Hoomaert, A História da Igreja na Amazonia, 281.
46. These refugee slave communities are called quilombos or mocambos in Portuguese.
47. See D. Cleary, Anatomy of the Amazon Gold Rush (London: Macmillan, 1990), 43-44, for quilombos and the Ka'apor (called the Urubú by Brazilians).
48. C. Marqués, Dicionário Histórico-Geográfico da Província do Maranhão (São Luis: Governo do Estado do Maranhão, 1970 [1870]), 367.
49. For quilombo formation in the middle Amazon, especially the Trombetas, see R. Castro, Negros do Trombetas: Guardiães de Matas e Rios (Belém: UFPA/NAEA, 1993), and Vergolino-Henry and Figueiredo, A Presença Africana na Amazonia Colonial, 189-98.
50. For quilombo formation in the middle Amazon, especially the Trombetas, see R. Castro, Negros do Trombetas: Guardiães de Matas e Rios (Belém: UFPA/NAEA, 1993), and Vergolino-Henry and Figueiredo, A Presença Africana na Amazonia Colonial, 189-98.
51. Descriptions of Belém taken from Lt. H.L. Maw, Journal of a Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic (London: John Murray, 1829), 402-8; H. E. Bates, The Naturalist on the River Amazons (London: John Murray, 1910), 2-6; A. R. Wallace, Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, (London: Ward, Lock and Company, 1890), 2-6; A. M. Filho, Landi, Esse Desconhecido, (Brasília:Conselho Federal de Cultura, 1976), 79-90.
52. Descriptions of Belém taken from Lt. H.L. Maw, Journal of a Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic (London: John Murray, 1829), 402-8; H. E. Bates, The Naturalist on the River Amazons (London: John Murray, 1910), 2-6; A. R. Wallace, Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, (London: Ward, Lock and Company, 1890), 2-6; A. M. Filho, Landi, Esse Desconhecido, (Brasília:Conselho Federal de Cultura, 1976), 79-90.
53. Descriptions of Belém taken from Lt. H.L. Maw, Journal of a Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic (London: John Murray, 1829), 402-8; H. E. Bates, The Naturalist on the River Amazons (London: John Murray, 1910), 2-6; A. R. Wallace, Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, (London: Ward, Lock and Company, 1890), 2-6; A. M. Filho, Landi, Esse Desconhecido, (Brasília:Conselho Federal de Cultura, 1976), 79-90.
54. Descriptions of Belém taken from Lt. H.L. Maw, Journal of a Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic (London: John Murray, 1829), 402-8; H. E. Bates, The Naturalist on the River Amazons (London: John Murray, 1910), 2-6; A. R. Wallace, Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, (London: Ward, Lock and Company, 1890), 2-6; A. M. Filho, Landi, Esse Desconhecido, (Brasília:Conselho Federal de Cultura, 1976), 79-90.
55. For descriptions of regional politics in the period leading up to the Cabanagem, see G. M. Coelho, Anarquistas, Demagogos e Dissidentes: A Imprensa Liberal no Para de 1822 (Belém: Ediçoes CEJUP, 1993) and D. A. Raiol, Motins Políticos, vol. 1.
56. For descriptions of regional politics in the period leading up to the Cabanagem, see G. M. Coelho, Anarquistas, Demagogos e Dissidentes: A Imprensa Liberal no Para de 1822 (Belém: Ediçoes CEJUP, 1993) and D. A. Raiol, Motins Políticos, vol. 1.
57. E.g. U.S. consul Abraham Smith in a despatch dated Sept. 15, 1832, U.S. National Archives, microfilm T478, roll 1, section 165-05.
58. Accounts of the January putsch and its aftermath are taken from Raiol, Motins Políticos, 3:ch. 11, from U.S. consul Charles Smith, U.S. National Archives, microfilm T478, roll 1, section 165-05, despatch dated January 20, 1835, and from British consul John Hesketh, despatch dated January 24, 1835, PRO FO 128, Box 21, Letters from Consuls, Brazil-1835, folios 298-301.
59. The main charitable institution in Belém, for example, the Santa Casa de Misericórdia, lost most of its slaves both in the city and on its ranch outside Belém during this period: See A. Vianna, A Santa Casa da Misericórdia Paraense, Notticia Histórica 1650-1902 (Belém: Secretaria de Estado da Cultura, 1992 [1902]), 137.
60. PRO, FO 128, Box 21, folios 298-301. This extraordinary document, signed JCH, was almost certainly written by the British consul, John Hesketh, who had a brother in Recife. A covering note from Edward Watts, British consul in Recife, says that the recipient had allowed him to make a copy, knowing of the British government's interest in the events it described. Hesketh had a house on the waterfront near the customs house which was damaged by cannon fire during the attempted landing, so he was probably an eye witness to at least some of the events that day.
61. The following sources were used for the summary of events from June to August 1835: Raiol, Matins Politicos, v. 2:chs. 14-17, v. 3:chs. 1-5; U.S. National Archives, Consular Correspondence Para, microfilm T478, roll 1, section 165-05; PRO FO 128 Boxes 20, 21, 22 and 25; PRO Admiralty 53, Piece 440 - HMS Despatch, Ship's Log 1832-1835, Piece 3391 - HMS Racehorse, Captain's Log 1834-1839; PRO Admiralty 1, Box 294 - Jamaica Station Correspondence, 1835.
62. Capt. Strong of HMS Belvidera, PRO Admiralty 1, Box 296 - Jamaica Station Correspondence 1836, report of negotiations with Angelim in Packet 98.
63. Raiol, Motins Politicos, devotes chapter 10 of volume 3 to the subject.
64. Raiol, Motins Políticos, 3:934.
65. Needless to say, the notion that Angelim was in some respects a conservative finds little favour amongst his regional hagiographers, who have encrusted him with so many layers of revolutionary myth that serious studies of the Cabanagem have first to strip them away. For a portrait of Angelim as regional revolutionary hero, see P. Di Paolo, Cabanagem: A Revolução Popular da Amazônia (Belém: Edições CEJUP, 1990), and J. Chiavenato, Cabanagem: O Povo no Poder (Sâo Paulo: Editora Brasiliense, 1984).
66. Needless to say, the notion that Angelim was in some respects a conservative finds little favour amongst his regional hagiographers, who have encrusted him with so many layers of revolutionary myth that serious studies of the Cabanagem have first to strip them away. For a portrait of Angelim as regional revolutionary hero, see P. Di Paolo, Cabanagem: A Revolução Popular da Amazônia (Belém: Edições CEJUP, 1990), and J. Chiavenato, Cabanagem: O Povo no Poder (Sâo Paulo: Editora Brasiliense, 1984).
67. Extract from statement by Paton in PRO Admiralty 1, box 295 - Jamaica station correspondence 1836, folder P42, fourth enclosure.
68. The ships involved were the HMS Snake, HMS Belvidera, and HMS Despatch, which joined the HMS Racehorse already on station off Belém. Material arising from the Clio case is held in PRO, Admiralty 1, boxes 293 to 300, which hold the Jamaica station correspondence between 1835 and 1837, and FO 128, boxes 22 to 26, which hold correspondence from the consul in Belém, the British legation in Rio, and the Foreign Office, including a lively exchange of letters between Palmerston and the Brazilian ambassador in London, who protested against the Royal Navy presence and was given very short shrift for his pains. Priest and Monteiro, taken prisoner by the squadron and handed over to the Brazilian authorities, were held in the prison hulk, "Defençora," where they both died in August 1836, with Paton identifying their bodies. Priest gave a detailed statement which named eleven people who had boarded the Clio and murdered the crew. Six of them, taken prisoner by the Brazilian authorities, also later died on the Defençora. At least one other was still awaiting trial in 1840. See J. Hurley, "Traços cabanos," Revista do Institute Historico e Geographico do Pará, X (1936), 7-284: 203-5.
69. Phrase from despatch Nov. 10, 1835, Fox (British Minister in Rio) to Palmerston, PRO, FO 128 Box 20, Correspondence of Rio de Janeiro Legation with Foreign Office 1835, folios 551-61.
70. The Brazilian army commissioned a fawning biography by a descendant, José Andrea, in 1977: O Marechal Andrea nos Relevos da História do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: Editera Biblioteca do Exército). An interesting feature of the Cabanagem is the number of important figures in the subsequent military history of the Empire who were blooded in the campaign; one junior naval officer was the future Admiral Tamandaré, commander of the Brazilian Navy in the War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay in the 1860s.
71. See, e.g., an anonymous report clearly written by Commodore John Taylor to the British Minister in Rio in PRO, FO 128 Box 25, Correspondence Rio de Janeiro Legation to Foreign Office 1837, folios 2-6.
72. have not yet been able to locate the 1835 letters of nomination to the presidency of GrãoPará which could shed light on this point. It is likely that the key instructions he received were verbal, in any case. See Andrea, O Marechal Andrea, 67-8 for a summary of the debate.
73. Summary of events in Santarém and the Tapajós valley drawn from J. Hurley, "Traços cabanos," 67-79; M. A. Menendez, "A area Madeira-Tapajós: situação de contato e relações entre colonizador e indígena," in da Cunha, ed., História dos Índios no Brasil, 281-96; and A. C. Ferreira Reis, Santarém: Seu Desenvolvimento Histórico (Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1979), 111-8.
74. Summary of events in Santarém and the Tapajós valley drawn from J. Hurley, "Traços cabanos," 67-79; M. A. Menendez, "A area Madeira-Tapajós: situação de contato e relações entre colonizador e indígena," in da Cunha, ed., História dos Índios no Brasil, 281-96; and A. C. Ferreira Reis, Santarém: Seu Desenvolvimento Histórico (Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1979), 111-8.
75. Summary of events in Santarém and the Tapajós valley drawn from J. Hurley, "Traços cabanos," 67-79; M. A. Menendez, "A area Madeira-Tapajós: situação de contato e relações entre colonizador e indígena," in da Cunha, ed., História dos Índios no Brasil, 281-96; and A. C. Ferreira Reis, Santarém: Seu Desenvolvimento Histórico (Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1979), 111-8.
76. "His comrades called him the Commandant, on account of his being one of the rebel leaders when the Indians and others took Santarém in 1835. They related of him that, when the legal authorities arrived with an armed flotilla to capture the town, he was one of the last to quit, remaining in the little fortress which commands the place to make a show of loading the guns, although the ammunition had given out long ago" (Bates, The Naturalist, 115).
77. Oral accounts of the Cabanagem are a source largely untapped by historians: Only one very interesting book concentrates on them, T. Thorlby, A Cabanagem na Fala do Povo, (São Paulo: Edições Paulinas, 1987), but it restricts itself to eastern Amazonia. An example of the potential oral sources in northern Brazil can have for the historian is M.R. Assunção, A Guerra dos BemTe-Vis: A Balaiada na Memória Oral (São Luis: Editora SIOGE, 1988), which demonstrates the existence of a rich popular oral memory of the Balaiada, a conflict in some ways similar to the Cabanagem which began in 1839 in the neighbouring province of Maranhão.
78. Oral accounts of the Cabanagem are a source largely untapped by historians: Only one very interesting book concentrates on them, T. Thorlby, A Cabanagem na Fala do Povo, (São Paulo: Edições Paulinas, 1987), but it restricts itself to eastern Amazonia. An example of the potential oral sources in northern Brazil can have for the historian is M.R. Assunção, A Guerra dos BemTe-Vis: A Balaiada na Memória Oral (São Luis: Editora SIOGE, 1988), which demonstrates the existence of a rich popular oral memory of the Balaiada, a conflict in some ways similar to the Cabanagem which began in 1839 in the neighbouring province of Maranhão.
79. H. Bates and A. Wallace, The Naturalist, and R. Spruce, Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes (London: Macmillan and Co., 1908), 2 vols.
80. Thorlby, A Cabanagem na Fala do Povo.
81. For an entertaining and provocative essay on the meaning of the Cabanagem for contemporary Amazonia, see Márcio Souza, "Representação do regional: Cabanagem e leseira - 'Só é elite quem age contra os interesses da região'," in M d'Incão and I. da Silveira, eds., A Amazônia e a Crise da Modernização (Belém: Museu Paraense Eḿlio Goeldi, 1994), 119-24.
82. Rohrig Assunção, A Guerra dos Bem-Te-Vis.
83. For an extended treatment of this theme, see J. Clifford, Person and Myth: Maurice Leenhardt in the Melanesian World (Durham: Duke University Press, 1992); the afterword on pp. 225-7 beautifully summarises the issue.
84. A cursory trawl through primary and secondary sources on the Cabanagem threw up as many as thirty racial terms, to wit: bicudo, boçal, branco, caboclo, cabra, cafuzo, caiado, carafuz, caramurú, cariboca, carijó, creoulo, curiboca, fula, gentío, índio, macaco, mameluco, marinheiro, maroto, melado, mestiço, moleque, mulato, negro, pardo, preto, tapuio, tapuya, xíbaro. It seems likely that many other colloquial terms never made it into print.
85. Bates, The Naturalist on the River Amazons, 17n.
86. Arquivo Público do Pará, Leis e Decretos da Província do Grão-Pará, 1837-8, Lei no.12, 25 de abril 1838.