Chemical, grazing, and manual cutting treatments in mixed herb-shrub communities have no effect on interior spruce survival or growth in southern interior British Columbia

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 205, Issue 1-3, 2005, Pages 359-374

  Heineman, Jean L ^a   Simard, Suzanne W ^b   Sachs, Donald L ^c   Mather, W Jean ^d  

^a Canada V5N 1M5 ^*  (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c Forest Research Consultant   (Canada)

^d Skyline Forestry Consultants Ltd   (Canada)

Author keywords

Fireweed; Interior spruce; Ladyfern; Thimbleberry; Vegetation management

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CUTTING; FARMS; VEGETATION;

CONIFER GROWTH; GLYPHOSATE; GRAZING; MANUAL BRUSHING TREATMENT;

PLANTS (BOTANY);

FOREST MANAGEMENT; GRAZING; GROWTH; HERBICIDE; PLANTATION; SURVIVAL;

ANIMALS; BRITISH COLUMBIA; CUTTING; FERNS; HERBS; PLANTATIONS; SHRUBS; SOFTWOODS;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

ABIES; ABIES LASIOCARPA; ATHYRIUM; BASSIA SCOPARIA; CHAMERION ANGUSTIFOLIUM; CONIFEROPHYTA; CONIUM; CONIUM MACULATUM; FILICOPHYTA; KOCHIA; PICEA; PICEA ENGELMANNII; SCOPARIA;

EID: 11444251446     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.038     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. K.E.H. Aitken, K.L. Wiebe, and K. Martin Nest-site reuse patterns for a cavity-nesting bird community in interior British Columbia Auk 119 2002 391 402
2. A.C. Balisky, and P.J. Burton Root-zone soil temperature variation associated with microsite characteristics in high-elevation forest openings in the interior of British Columbia Agric. For. Meteorol. 77 1995 31 54
3. Y. Baskin Curbing undesirable invaders BioScience 46 1996 732 736
4. F.W. Bell, M.T. Ter-Mikaelian, and R.G. Wagner Relative competitiveness of nine early-successional boreal forest species associated with planted jack pine and black spruce seedlings Can. J. For. Res. 30 2000 790 800
5. B.S. Biring, P.G. Comeau, and P. Fielder Long-term effects of vegetation control treatments for release of Engelmann spruce from a mixed-shrub community in Southern British Columbia Ann. For. Sci. 60 2003 681 690
6. J.O. Boateng, and P.G. Comeau Operational Summary for Vegetation Management: Fireweed Complex 1997 Forest Practices Branch, B.C. Min. For. Victoria, BC
7. J.O. Boateng, S. Haeussler, and L. Bedford Boreal plant community diversity 10 years after glyphosate treatment West. J. Appl. For. 15 2000 15 26
8. D.G. Brand Growth analysis of responses by planted white pine and white spruce to changes in soil temperature, fertility, and brush competition For. Ecol. Manage. 30 1990 125 138
9. T.F. Braumandl, and M.P. Curran A Field Guide for Site Identification and Interpretation for the Nelson Forest Region. Land Manage. Handb. No. 20 1992 B.C. Min. For. Victoria, BC
10. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Establishment to Free-growing Guidebook: Kamloops Forest Region. Forest Practices Code of British Columbia Guidebook, Version 2.2, Rev. ed 2000 B.C. Min. For., For. Prac. Br. Victoria, BC
11. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Annual Report 2002/03 2003 B.C. Ministry of Forests Victoria, BC
12. P.J. Burton, A.C. Balisky, L.P. Coward, S.G. Cumming, and D.D. Kneeshaw The value of managing for biodiversity For. Chron. 68 1992 225 237
13. P.J. Burton Some limitations inherent to static indices of plant competition Can. J. For. Res. 23 1993 2141 2152
14. G.A. Carter, W.K. Smith, and J.L. Hadley Stomatal conductance in three conifer species at different elevations during summer in Wyoming Can. J. For. Res. 18 1988 242 246
15. K.D. Coates, W.H. Emmingham, and S.R. Radosevich Conifer-seedling success and microclimate at different levels of herb and shrub cover in a Rhododendron-Vaccinium-Menziesia community of south central British Columbia Can. J. For. Res. 21 1991 858 866
16. Coates, K.D., Haeussler, S., Lindeburgh, S., Pojar, R., Stock, A.J., 1994. Ecology and Silviculture of Interior Spruce in British Columbia. B.C. Min. For. and For. Can., Victoria, BC, FRDA Rep. No. 220.
17. Comeau, P., 1988. Light attenuation by thimbleberry-fireweed communities in the ICH zone and its potential effects on conifer growth. In: Hamilton, E., Watts, S. (Eds.), Vegetation Competition and Responses: Proceedings of the Third Annual Vegetation Management Workshop, February 15-17. B.C. Min. For. and For. Can., Victoria, BC, FRDA Rep. No. 026, pp. 5-6.
18. P.G. Comeau, T.F. Braumandl, and C.Y. Xie Effects of overtopping vegetation on light availability and growth of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) seedlings Can. J. For. Res. 23 1993 2044 2048
19. P.G. Comeau, B.S. Biring, and G.J. Harper Effectiveness of repeated manual cutting for release of Engelmann spruce from mixed-shrub herb vegetation West. J. Appl. For. 15 2000 154 162
20. Q. Dang, and S. Cheng Effects of soil temperature on ecophysiological traits in seedlings of four boreal tree species For. Ecol. Manage. 194 2004 379 387
21. S.C. DeLong The light interception index: a potential tool for assisting in vegetation management decisions Can. J. For. Res. 21 1991 1037 1042
22. E.H. Delucia, and W.K. Smith Air and soil temperature limitations on photosynthesis in Engelmann spruce during summer Can. J. For. Res. 17 1987 527 533
23. S. Eis Effect of vegetative competition on regeneration of white spruce Can. J. For. Res. 11 1981 1 8
24. Enns, K., Peterson, E.B., McLennan, D., 1993. Impacts of Hardwood Management on British Columbia Wildlife: Problem Analysis. For. Can. and B.C. Min. For., Victoria, BC, FRDA Rep. No. 208.
25. Farnden, C., 1994. Forest Regeneration in the ESSF Zone of North-Central British Columbia. Can. For. Serv., Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC, Inf. Rep. BC-X-351.
26. B. Freedman, R. Morash, and D. MacKinnon Effects of the herbicide 2, 4, 5-T on habitat and abundance of breeding birds and small mammals of a conifer clearcut in Nova Scotia Can. Field Nat. 102 1988 6 11
27. R.I. Gara, R.L. Carlson, and B.F. Hrutfiord Influences of some physical and host factors on the behaviour of the Sitka spruce weevil, Pissodes sitchensis, in southwestern Washington Ann. Entom. Soc. Am. 62 1971 467 471
28. D.E. Goldberg Neighborhood competition in an old-field plant community Ecology 68 1987 1211 1223
29. J.P. Grime Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes, and Ecosystem Properties 2nd ed. 2001 Wiley Chichester, UK
30. S.C. Grossnickle Planting stress in newly planted jack pine and white spruce. 1. Factors influencing water uptake Tree Physiol. 4 1988 71 83
31. Haeussler, S., Coates, D., Mather, J., 1990. Autecological Characteristics of Selected Species that Compete with Conifers in British Columbia: A Literature Review. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, BC, Land Manage. Rep. No. 33.
32. S. Haeussler, L. Bedford, J.O. Boateng, and A. MacKinnon Plant community response to mechanical site preparation in northern interior British Columbia Can. J. For. Res. 29 1999 1084 1100
33. R.D. Hangs, J.D. Knight, and K.C.T. Van Rees Nitrogen uptake characteristics for roots of conifer seedlings and common boreal forest competitor species Can. J. For. Res. 33 2003 156 163
34. Harper, G.J., Biring, B.S., Heineman, J., 1997. Mackay River Herbicide Trial: Conifer Response 9 Years Post-treatment. B.C. Min. For., Res. Branch, Victoria, BC, Res. Rep. No. 11.
35. J.L. Harper Population Biology of Plants 1977 Academic Press Inc. New York
36. Hart, D., Comeau, P.G., 1992. Manual Brushing for Forest Vegetation Management in British Columbia: A Review of Current Knowledge and Information Needs. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, BC, Land Manage. Rep. No. 77.
37. R. Jobidon, and L. Charette Effets, après 10 ans, du dégagement manuel simple ou répété et de la période de coupe de la végétation de competition sur la croissance de l'épinette noire en plantation Can. J. For. Res. 27 1997 1979 1991
38. Kimmins, J.P., Comeau, P.G., 1990. Forest Vegetation Management Research Strategy for the Southern Interior, British Columbia. B.C. Min. For. and For. Can., Victoria, BC, FRDA Rep. No. 132.
39. R.E. Kirk Experimental Design 1982 Wadsworth, Inc. Belmont, CA
40. R. Kufeld Foods eaten by Rocky Mountain elk J. Range Manage. 26 1973 106 112
41. D.P. Lavender, R. Parish, C.M. Johnson, G. Montgomery, A. Vyse, R.A. Willis, and D. Winston Regenerating British Columbia's Forests 1990 University of British Columbia Press Vancouver, BC
42. P. LePage, J.C. Pollack, and K.D. Coates Chemical and manual control of thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) in northwestern B.C.: rate and timing trial West. J. Appl. For. 6 4 1991 99 102
43. D. Lloyd, K. Angove, G. Hope, and C. Thompson A Guide to Site Identification and Interpretation for the Kamloops Forest Region. Land Manage. Handb. No. 23 1990 B.C. Min. For. Victoria, BC
44. A. MacKinnon, J. Pojar, and R. Coupé Plants of Northern British Columbia 1992 B.C. Min. For. and Lone Pine Publ. Vancouver, BC
45. M.J. McKone, and C.M. Lively Statistical analysis of experiments conducted at multiple sites Oikos 67 1993 184 186
46. D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar Ecosystems of British Columbia 1991 B.C. Min. For. Victoria, BC
47. F.M. Moola, and A.U. Mallik Phenology of Vaccinium spp. in a black spruce (Picea mariana) plantation in northwestern Ontario: possible implications for the timing of forest herbicide treatments Can. J. For. Res. 28 1998 1579 1585
48. T. Newsome, B. Wikeem, and D.C. Sutherland Sheep Grazing Guidelines for Managing Vegetation on Forest Plantations in British Columbia. Land Manage. Handb. No. 034 1995 B.C. Min. For. Victoria, BC
49. G. Örlander, P. Gemmel, and J. Hunt Site Preparation: A Swedish Overview. FRDA Handb. No. 105 1990 B.C. Min. For. and For. Can. Victoria, BC
50. R.G. Peterson Design and Analysis of Experiments 1985 Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York
51. R. Parish, R. Coupé, and D. Lloyd Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia 1996 B.C. Min. For. and Lone Pine Publ. Vancouver, BC
52. D.J. Santillo, D.M. Leslie Jr., and P.W. Brown Response of small mammals and habitat to glyphosate application on clearcuts J. Wildl. Manage. 53 1989 164 172
53. SAS Institute, Inc. SAS User's Guide: Statistics 2001 SAS Institute, Inc. Cary, NC
54. C. Shannon, and W. Weaver The Mathematical Theory of Communication 1949 University of Illinois Press Urbana, IL
55. C. Shropshire, R.G. Wagner, F.W. Bell, and C.J. Swanton Light attenuation by early successional plants of the boreal forest Can. J. For. Res. 31 2001 812 823
56. Simard, S.W., 1993. PROBE: Protocol for Operational Brushing Evaluations (First Approximation). B.C. Min. For., Victoria, BC. Land Manage. Rep. No. 86.
57. Simard, S.W., Heineman, J.L., 1996. Nine-year Response of Lodgepole Pine and the Dry Alder Complex to Chemical and Manual Release Treatments on an ICHmk1 Site Near Kelowna. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, BC, FRDA Rep. No. 259.
58. S.W. Simard, J.L. Heineman, W.J. Mather, D.L. Sachs, and A. Vyse Effects of Operational Brushing on Conifers and Plant Communities in the Southern interior of British Columbia: Results from PROBE 1991-2000. Land Manage. Handb. No. 48 2000 Res. Br., B.C. Min. For. Victoria, BC
59. Simard, S.W., Heineman, J.L., Hagerman, S.M., Mather, W.J., Sachs, D.L., 2004. Manual cutting of Sitka alder-dominated plant communities: effects on conifer growth and plant community structure. West. J. Appl. For. 17(4), 277-287.
60. C.J. Small, and B.C. McCarthy Effects of simulated post-harvest light availability and soil compaction on deciduous forest herbs Can. J. For. Res. 32 2002 1753 1762
61. Soil Classification Working Group The Canadian System of Soil Classification, Publ. No. 1646 3rd ed. 1998 Agric. and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Canada
62. Spittlehouse, D.L., Stathers, R.J., 1990. Seedling Microclimate. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, BC, Land Manage. Rep. No. 65.
63. T.P. Sullivan, R.G. Wagner, D.G. Pitt, R.A. Lautenschlager, and D.G. Chen Changes in diversity of plant and small mammal communities after herbicide application in sub-boreal spruce forest Can. J. For. Res. 28 1998 168 177
64. N. Thiffault, R. Jobidon, and A.D. Munson Performance and physiology of large containerized and bare-root spruce seedlings in relation to scarification and competition in Québec (Canada) Ann. For. Sci. 60 2003 557 748
65. D. Tilman Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities 1988 Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ
66. R.G. Wagner Competition and critical-period thresholds for vegetation management decisions in young conifer stands For. Chron. 76 2000 961 968
67. R.G. Wagner, T.D. Petersen, D.W. Ross, and S.R. Radosevich Competition thresholds for the survival and growth of ponderosa pine seedlings associated with woody and herbaceous vegetation New For. 3 1989 151 170
68. R.G. Wagner, G.H. Mohammed, and T.L. Noland Critical-period of interspecific competition for northern conifers associated with herbaceous vegetation Can. J. For. Res. 29 1999 890 897
69. C.W. Weldon, and W.L. Slauson The intensity of competition versus its importance: an overlooked distinction and some implications Quart. Rev. Biol. 61 1986 23 44
70. Whitehead, R., Harper, G.J., 1998. A comparison of four treatments for weeding Engelmann spruce plantations in the Interior Cedar Hemlock zone of British Columbia: ten years after treatment. Can. For. Serv., Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC, Inf. Re BC-X-379.
71. Wiken, E.B., 1986. Terrestrial Ecozones of Canada, Environment Canada, Lands Directorate, Ottawa, Ecological Land Classification Series No. 19, vol. 26.
72. J.E. Wood, and F.W. von Althen Establishment of white spruce and black spruce in boreal Ontario: effects of chemical site preparation and post-planting weed control For. Chron. 69 1993 554 560