Patterns of ischaemic cerebral diseases

Journal of Neurology

Volumn 251, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 1-10

  Ferro, José M ^a  

^a Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT;

BASILAR ARTERY; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRAIN ARTERY; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN RADIOGRAPHY; BRAIN STEM; CAROTID ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; CEREBELLUM INFARCTION; CEREBRAL ARTERY DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEATH; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISABILITY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; EMBOLISM; EVALUATION; HEALTH CARE COST; HEMISPHERE; HOSPITAL CARE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; IMAGING SYSTEM; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICIAN; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STROKE; VICTIM;

BRAIN; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL ARTERIAL DISEASES; CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; COGNITION; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING;

EID: 1142309527     PISSN: 03405354     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-004-0280-z     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Alexandrov AV, Black SE, Ehrlich LE, Caldwell CB, Norris JW (1997) Predictors of hemorrhagic transformation occurring spontaneously and on anticoagulants in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 28:1198-1202
2. Altieri M, Metz RJ, Muller C, Maeder P, Meuli R, Bogousslavsky J (1999) Multiple brain infarcts: clinical and neuroimaging patterns using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance. Eur Neurol 42:76-82
3. Amarenco P (1991) The spectrum of cerebellar infarctions. Neurology 41:973-979
4. Arboix A, Oliveres M, Massons J, Pujades R, García-Eroles L (1999) Early differentiation of cardioembolic from atherothrombotic cerebral infarction: a multivariate analysis. Eur J Neurol 6:677-683
5. Arquizan C, Lamy C, Mas J-L (1997) Infarctus cérébraux multiples simultanés sus-tentoriels. Rev Neurol (Paris) 153:748-753
6. Ay H, Buonanno FS, Rordorf G, Schaefer PW, Schwamm LH, Wu O, Gonzalez RG, Yamada K, Sorensen GA, Koroshetz (1999) Normal diffusion-weighted MRI during stroke-like deficits. Neurology 52:1784-1792
7. Ay H, Oliveira-Filho J, Buonanno FS, Ezzeddine M, Schaefer PW, Rordorf G, Schwamm LH, Gonzalez RG, Koroshetz WJ (1999) Diffusion-weighted imaging identifies a subset of lacunar infarction associated with embolic source. Stroke 30:2644-2650
8. Ay H, Uluc K, Arsava EM, Saatci I, Saribas O (2002) Unusually prolonged progressing stroke: an expanding anterior cerebral artery infarction. Cerebrovasc Dis 13:64-66
9. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J, Warlow C (1991) Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet 337:1521-1526
10. Boccardi E, Della Sala S, Motto C, Spinnler H (2002) Utilisation behaviour consequent to bilateral SMA softening. Cortex 38:289-308
11. Bogousslavsky J (1993) Subcortical infarcts. In: Fisher M, Bogousslavsky J (eds) Current review of cerebrovascular diasease. Current Medicine, Philadelphia, pp 31-40
12. Bogousslavsky J, Caplan LR (1993) Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease: review of selected aspects. 3. Thalamic infarcts. Cerebrovasc Dis 3:193-205
13. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Uske A (1988) Thalamic infarcts: clinical syndromes, etiology and prognosis. Neurology 38:837-848
14. Bonke B, Kwakernaak A, Van den berg M, Koudstaal P (1992) Bias in the assessment of computed tomography scans for lacunar infarcts. Cerebrovas Dis 2:107-110
15. Brandt T, Steinke W, Thie A, Pessin MS, Caplan LR (2000) Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts: clinical features, infarct topography, causes and outcome. Multicenter results and a review of the literature. Cerebrovasc Dis 10:170-182
16. Cals N, Devuyst G, Afsar N, Karapanayiotides T, Bogousslavsky J (2002) Pure superficial posterior cerebral artery territory infarction in The Lausanne Stroke Registry. J Neurol 249:855-861
17. de Freitas GR, Carruzzo A, Tsiskaridze A, Lobrinus JA, Bogousslavsky J (2001) Massive haemorrhagic transformation in cardioembolic stroke: the role of arterial wall trauma and dissection. J Neurol Neurosurgery Psychiatry 70:672-674
18. Della Sala S, Francescani A, Spinnler H (2002) Gait apraxia after bilateral supplementary motor area lesion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:77-85
19. Devuyst G, Bogousslavsky J, Meuli R, Moncayo J, de Freitas G, van Melle G (2002) Stroke or transient ischemic attacks with basilar artery stenosis or occlusion: clinical patterns and outcome. Arch Neurol 59:567-573
20. Donnan GA, Yasaka M (1998) Lacunes and lacunar syndromes. In: Ginsberg MD, Bogousslavsky J (eds) Cerebrovascular Diseases. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Volume II. Blackwell Science, Massachusetts, pp 1090-1102
21. Ebrahim S, Harwood R (1999) Mortality. In: Ebrahim S, Harwood R (eds) Stroke. Epidemiology, evidence and clinical practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 217-228
22. Ebrahim S, Harwood R (1999) Recovery. In: Ebrahim S, Harwood R (eds) Stroke. Epidemiology, evidence and clinical practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 264-281
23. Ferro JM (1983) Global aphasia without hemiparesis. Neurology 33:1106
24. Ferro JM (2001) Hyperacute cognitive stroke syndromes. J Neurol 248:841-849
25. Ferro JM (2003) Brain embolism - Answers to practical questions. J Neurol 250:139-147
26. Ferro JM (2003) Cardioembolic stroke: an update. Lancet Neurology 2:177-188
27. Ferro JM, Caeiro L, Verdelho A (2002) Delirium in acute stroke. Curr Opin Neurol 15:51-55
28. Ferro JM, Martins IP (2001) Memory loss. In: Bogousslavsky J, Caplan L (eds) Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 242-251
29. Ferro JM, Pinto AN, Falcão I, Rodrigues G, Ferreira J, Falcão F, Azevedo E, Canhão P, Melo TP, Rosas MJ, Oliveira V, Salgado AV (1998) Diagnosis of stroke by the nonneurologist. A validation study. Stroke 29:1106-1109
30. Fisher CM (1965) Pure sensory stroke involving face, arm and leg. Neurology 15:76-80
31. Fisher CM (1967) A lacunar stroke: the dysarthria clumsy-hand syndrome. Neurology 17:614-617
32. Fisher CM (1978) Thalamic pure sensory stroke: a pathologic study. Neurology 28:1141-1144
33. Fisher CM, Adams RD (1951) Observations on brain embolism with special reference to the mechanism of hemorrhagic infarction. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 10:92-93
34. Fisher CM, Cole M (1965) Homolateral ataxia and crural paresis: a vascular syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 28:48-55
35. Fisher CM, Curry HB (1965) Pure motor hemiplegia of vascular origin. Arch Neurol 13:130-140
36. Gan R, Sacco RL, Kargman DE, Roberts JK, Boden-Albala B, Gu Q (1997) Testing the validity of the lacunar hypothesis: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study experience. Neurology 48:1204-1211
37. Glass TA, nennessey PM, Pazdera L, Chang HM, Wityk RJ, Dewitt LD, Pessin MS, Caplan LR (2002) Outcome at 30 days in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. Arch Neurol 59:369-376
38. Hamm AO, Weike AI, Schupp HT, Treig T, Dressel A, Kessler C (2003) Affective blindsight: intact fear conditioning to a visual cue in a cortically blind patient. Brain 126:267-275
39. Hanlon RE, Lux WE, Dromerick AW (1999) Global aphasia without hemiparesis: language profiles and lesion distribution. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:365-369
40. Heinsius T, Bogousslavsky J, van Melle G (1998) Large infarcts in the middle cerebral artery territory. Etiology and outcome patterns. Neurology 50: 341-350
41. Hornig CR, Rust DS, Busse O, Jauss M, Laun A (1994) Space-occupying cerebellar infarction: clinical course and prognosis. Stroke 25:372-374
42. Johnson CJ, Kittner SJ, McCarter RJ, Sloan MA, Stern BJ, Buchholz D, Price TR (1995) Interrater reliability of an etiologic classification of ischemic stroke. Stroke 26:46-51
43. Jörgensen L, Torvik A (1969) Ischaemic cerebrovascular disease in an autopsy series: part prevalence, location, pathogenesis and clinical course of cerebral infarcts. J Neurol Sci 9:285-320
44. Kang DW, Chu K, Ko SB, Kwon SJ, Yoon BW, Roh JK (2003) Lesion patterns and mechanism of ischemia in internal carotid artery disease: a diffusion-weighted imaging study. Arch Neurol 59:1577-1582
45. Kasner SE, Demchuk AM, Berrouschot J, Schmutzhard E Harms L, Verro P, Chalela JA, Abbur R, Mcgrade H, Christou I, Krieger DW (2001) Predictors of fatal brain edema in massive hemispheric ischemic stroke. Stroke 32:2117-2123
46. Keir SL, Wardlaw JM (2000) Systematic review of diffusion and perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 31:2723-2731
47. Kertesz A, Sheppard A, Mackenzie RA (1882) Localization in transcortical sensory aphasia. Arch Neurol 39: 475-478
48. Kittner SJ, Sharkness CM, Sloan MA, Price TR, Dambrosia JM, Tuhrim S, Wolf PA, Mohr JP, Hier DB, Caplan LR (1992) Infarcts with a cardiac source of embolism in the NINDS Stroke Data Bank: neurologic examination. Neurology 42:299-302
49. Koennecke HC, Bernarding J, Braun J, Faulstich A, Hofmeister C, Nohr R, Leistner S, Marx P (2001) Scattered brain infarct pattern on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 11:157-163
50. Kumral E, Afsar N, Kirbas D, Balkir K, Ozdemirkiran T (2002) Spectrum of medial medullary infarction: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings. J Neurol 249:85-93
51. Kumral E, Bayulkem G, Akyol A, Yunten N, Sirin H, Sagduyu A (2002) Mesencephalic and associated posterior circulation infarcts. Stroke 33:2224-2231
52. Kumral E, Bayulkem G, Evyapan D (2002) Clinical spectrum of pontine infarction:clinical-MRI correlations. J Neurol 249:1659-1670
53. Kumral E, Bayulkem G, Evyapan D, Yunten N (2002) Spectrum of anterior cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical and MRI findings. Eur J Neurol 9:615-624
54. Kumral E (2001) Multiple, multilevel and bihemispheric infarcts. In: Bogousslavsky J and Caplan L (eds) Stroke Syndromes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 499-511
55. Lee LJ, Kidwell CS, Alger J, Starkman S, Saver JL (2000) Impact on stroke subtype diagnosis of early diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography. Stroke 31:1081-1089
56. Lee MS, Oh SH, Lee KR (2002) Transient repetitive movements of the limbs in patients with acute basilar artery infarction. Neurology 59:1116-1117
57. Lindgren A, Staaf G, Geijer B, Brockstedt S, Stahlberg F, Holtas S, Norrving B (2000) Clinical lacunar syndromes as predictors of lacunar infarcts. A comparison of acute clinical lacunar syndromes and findings on diffusion-weighted MRI. Acta Neurol Scand 101:128-134
58. Lindley RI, Warlow CP, Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Slattery J, Sandercock PA (1993) Interobserver reliability of a clinical classification of acute cerebral infarction. Stroke 24:1801-1804
59. Lodder J, Bamford J, Kappelle J, Boiten J (1994) What causes false prediction of small deep infarcts? Stroke 25:86-91
60. Martin PJ, Chang HM, Wityk R, Caplan LR (1998) Midbrain infarction: associations and aetiologies in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64:392-395
61. Mead GE, Lewis SC, Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Warlow CP (2000) How well does Oxforshire Community Stroke Project classification predict the site and size of the infarct on brain imaging? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68:558-562
62. Mead GE, Shingler H, Farrell A, O'Neill PA, McCollum CN (1998) Carotid disease in acute stroke. Age Ageing 27:677-682
63. Melo TP, Bogousslavsky J, Moulin T, Nader J, Regli F (1992) Thalamic ataxia. J Neurol 239:331-337
64. Melo TP, Bogousslavsky J, van Melle G, Regli F (1992) Pure motor stroke: a reappraisal. Neurology 42:789-795
65. Melo TP, Bogousslvasky J (1992) Hemiataxia-hypesthesia: a thalamic stroke syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55:581-584
66. Minematsu K, Yamaguchi T, Omae T (1992) Spectacular shrinking deficit: rapid recovery from a major hemispheric syndrome by migration of an embolus. Neurology 42:157-162
67. Mohr JP, Kase CS, Meckler RJ, Fisher CM (1977) Sensorimotor stroke due to thalamocapsular ischemia. Arch Neurol 34:739-741
68. Molina CA, Montaner J, Abilleira S, Ibarra B, Romero F, Arenillas JF, Alvarrez-Sabín J (2001) Timing of spontaneous recanalization and risk of hemorrhagic transformation in acute cardioembolic stroke. Stroke 32: 1079-1084
69. Moulin T, Crepin-Leblond T, Chopard JL, Bogousslavsky J (1993) Hemorrhagic infarcts. Eur Neurol 34:64-77
70. Moulin T, Tatu L, Vuillier F, Berger E, Chavot D, Rumbach L (2000) Role of a stroke data bank in evaluating cerebral infarction subtypes: patterns and outcome of 1.776 consecutive patients from the Besancon stroke registry. Cerebrovasc Dis 10:261-271
71. Nighoghossian N, Hermier M, Adeleine P, Blanc Lasserre K, Derex L, Honnorat J, Philippeau F, Dugor JF, Froment JC, Trouillas P (2002) Old microbleeds are a potential risk factor for cerebral bleeding after ischemic stroke. A gradient-echo T2*-weighted brain MRI study. Stroke 33:735-742
72. Noguchi K, Nagayoshi T, Watanabe N, Kanazawa T, Toyoshima S, Morijiri M, Shojaku H, Shimizu M, Seto H (1998) Diffusion-weighted echo-planar MRI of lacunar infarcts. Neuroradiology 40:448-451
73. Ohno K, Isotani E, Hirakawa K (1997) MELAS presenting as migraine complicated by stroke: case report. Neuroradiology 39:781-784
74. Oliveira-Filho J, Ay H, Schaefer PW, Buonanno FS, Chang Y, Gonzalez RG, Koroshetz WJ (2000) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging identifies the "clinically relevant" small-penetrator infarcts. Arch Neurol 57:1009-1014
75. Oppenheim C, Galanaud D, Samson Y, Sahel M, Dormont D, Wechsler B, Marsault C (2000) Can diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging help differentiate stroke from stroke-like events in MELAS? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69:248-250
76. Pinto AN, Melo TP, Lourenço ME, Leandro MJ, Brázio A, Carvalho L, Soares Franco A, Ferro JM (1998) Can a clinical classification of stroke predict complications and treatments during hospitalization? Cerebrovasc Dis 8: 204-209
77. Ramirez-Lassepas M, Cipolle RJ, Bjork RJ, Kowitz J, Snyder BD, Weber JC, Stein SD (1987) Can embolic stroke be diagnosed on the basis of neurologic clinical criteria? Arch Neurol 44:87-89
78. Rathore SS, Hinn AR, Cooper LS, Tyroler HA, Rosamond WD (2002) Characterization of incident stroke signs and symptoms: findings from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Stroke 33:2718-2721
79. Rieke K, Kreiger D, Adams HP, Aschoff A, Meyding-Lamade U, Hacke W (1993) Therapeutic strategies in space-occupying cerebellar infarction based on clinical, neuroradiological and neurophysiological data. Cerebrovasc Dis 3:45-55
80. Roh JK, Kang DW, Lee SH, Yoon BW, Chang KH (2000) Significance of acute multiple brain infarction on diffusion-weighted imaging. Stroke 31:688-694
81. Sackett DS, Haynes RB, Tugwell P (1985) Clinical Epidemiology. A basic science for clinical medicine. Little Brown and Company, Boston/Toronto, pp 5-6
82. Saposnik G, Caplan LR (2001) Convulsive-like movements in brainstem stroke. Arch Neurol 58:654-657
83. Schonewille WJ, Tuhrim S, Singer MB, Atlas SW (1999) Diffusion-weighted MRI in acute lacunar syndromes: a clinical-radiological correlation study. Stroke 30:2066-2069
84. Schwarz S, Egelhof T, Schwab S, Hacke W (1997) Basilar artery embolism. Clinical syndrome and neuroradiologic patterns in patients without permanent occlusion of the basilar artery. Neurology 49:1346-1352
85. Schwarz S, Schwab S, Hacke W (2001) Large and panhemispheric infarcts. In: Bogousslavsky J, Caplan L (eds) Stroke Syndromes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 490-498
86. Singer MB, Chong J, Lu D, Schonewille WJ, Tuhrim S, Atlas SW (1998) Diffusion-weighted MRI in acute subcortical infarction. Stroke 29:133-136
87. Singhal AB, Topcuoglu MA, Buonanno FS (2002) Acute ischemic stroke patterns in infective and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: a diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging study. Stroke 33:1267-1273
88. Timsit SG, Sacco RL, Mohr JP, Foulkes MA, Tatemichi TK, Woulf PA, Price TR, Hier DB (1992) Early clinical differentiation of cerebral infarction from severe atherosclerotic stenosis and cardioembolism. Stroke 23:486-491
89. Toni D, Fiorelli, De Michele M, bastianello S, Sacchetti ML, Montinaro E, Zanette EM, Argentino C (1995) Stroke clinical and prognostic correlates of stroke subtypes misdiagnosis within 12 hours from onset. Stroke 10: 1837-1840
90. Toni D, Iweins F, von Kummer R, Busse O, Bogousslavsy J, Falcou A, Lessafre E, Lenzi GL, for the ECASS I Group (2000) Identification of lacunar infarcts befor thrombolysis in the ECASS I Study. Neurology 54:684-688
91. Tranel D, Biller J, Damasio H, Adams HP Jr, Cornell SH (1987) Global aphasia without hemiparesis. Arch Neurol 44:304-308
92. Tsiskaridze A, Devuyst G, de Freitas GR, van Melle G, Bogousslavsky J (2001) Stroke with internal carotid artery stenosis. Arch Neurol 58: 605-609
93. Uldry PA, Regli F, Uske A, Bogousslavsky J (1986) Cerebellar infarct. Clinical presentation and x-ray computed tomography of the brain. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 116:34-41
94. Van Horn G, Hawes A (1982) Global aphasia without hemiparesis: a sign of embolic encephalopathy. Neurology 32:403-406
95. Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Lindley RI, Sellar RJ, Warlow CP (1996) The validity of a simple clinical classification of acute ischaemic stroke. J Neurol 243:274-279
96. Warlow CP, Dennis MS, van Gijn J, Hankey GJ, Sandercock PAG, Bamford JM, Wardlaw JM (2001) A practical approach to the management of stroke patients. In: Warlow CP, Dennis MS, van Gijn J, Hankey GJ, Sandercock PAG, Bamford JM, Wardlaw JM (eds) Stroke. A Practical Guide to Management. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 414-441
97. Warlow CP, Dennis MS, van Gijn J, Hankey GJ, Sandercock PAG, Bamford JM, Wardlaw JM (2001) What caused this transient or persisting ischaemic event. In: Warlow CP, Dennis MS, van Gijn J, Hankey GJ, Sandercock PAG, Bamford JM, Wardlaw JM (eds) Stroke. A Practical Guide to Management. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 223-300
98. Wolf PA (2002) Mortality in patients with stroke. In: Bogousslavsky (ed) Long-term Effects of Stroke. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 93-104
99. Wolff V, Saint Maurice JP, Ducros A, Guichard JP, Woimant F (2002) Akinetic mutism and anterior bicerebral infarction due to abnormal distribution of the anterior cerebral artery. Rev Neurol (Paris) 158:377-380