A year of voting dangerously?

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 94-108

  Emmerson, Donald K ^a,b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Southeast Asia Forum   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1142289821     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2004.0008     Document Type: Review

References (13)

1. Interview with author, Jakarta, 12 August 2003; name used by permission.
2. On Transparency International's 10-to-0 scale from least to most perceived corruption, Indonesia's score worsened from 2.7 in 1997 and 1998 to 1.9 in 2001, 2002, and 2003; www.transparency.org.
3. International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), National Public Opinion Survey 2003: Republic of Indonesia (Washington, D.C.: IFES, August 2003), compares findings across all three IFES surveys. In 2003 the Foundation chose 3,000 respondents randomly in urban and rural areas in all 32 Indonesian provinces. The size of the sample drawn in a given province reflected the share of the national population living there.
4. The figure of 1,834 refers to the number of electoral jurisdictions: As of October 2003, there are 69 for the DPR, 200 for provincial DPRDs, and 1,565 for district-level (regency or city) DPRDs.
5. The debate took place at a public seminar under this title in Jakarta on 19 May 2000. My source is the personal notes I took at the time.
6. In the literature on consociational democracy, the locus classicus is Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).
7. Jack Snyder, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000).
8. Leo Suryadinata, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, and Aris Ananta, Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003), 104 (Table 4.1.1), citing the 2000 census. The full percentage breakdown in 2000 was: Muslims 88, Christians 9, Hindus 2, and Buddhists 1.
9. Kornelius Purba, "Golkar Beats the Drum, Others Can Only Dance," Jakarta Post, 17 July 2002.
10. Aan Suryana, "Another Poll Highlights Discontent with President," Jakarta Post, 1 October 2003.
11. Muninggar Sri Saraswati, "Golkar to Benefit from Public Disappointment to Win Polls," Jakarta Post, 27 September 2003. Golkar trumpeted such indications on its website, http://partai-golkar.or.id.
12. In 1992, not one of the world's 31 long-lasting democratic regimes had a system that combined presidentialism with multipartism, according to Scott Mainwaring. To qualify as long-lasting, a democracy had to have endured for at least 25 consecutive years. Scott Mainwaring, "Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Difficult Combination," Comparative Political Studies 26 (July 1993): 198-228. I am grateful to Blair King for bringing this reference to my attention.
13. The risks of a "Year of Living Dangerously" were more political than literal in Sukarno's speech of the same name, which he gave in August 1964 well before the killing began in October 1965. The association with 1965 derives from later uses of the phrase as the title for C.J. Koch's 1982 novel and the 1983 film, about that bloody transitional year.