Vehicular air pollution: Experiences from seven Latin American urban centers

World Bank Technical Paper

Volumn , Issue 373, 1997, Pages

  Onursal, Bekir ^a   Gautam, Surhid P ^a  

^a WORLD BANK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 11344288688     PISSN: 02537494     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (294)

1. AAMA (American Automobile Manufacturers Association). 1995. World Motor Vehicle Data. Washington, D.C.
2. _. 1996. World Motor Vehicle Data. Washington, D.C.
3. Cooper, C.D. and F.C. Alley. 1986. Air Pollution Control: A Design Approval Prospect Heights, Waveland Press, Illinois.
4. Edwards, Sebastian. 1995. Crisis and Reform in Latin America: From Despair to Hope. Oxford University Press, New York.
5. Elsom, D. 1987. Atmospheric Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Control Policies. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, U.K.
6. Faiz, Asif, K. Sinha, M. Walsh, and A. Varma. 1990. "Automotive Air Pollution: Issues and Options for Developing Countries." Policy Research Working Paper 492, World Bank, Washington D.C.
7. Faiz, Asif, Surhid Gautam, and Emaad Burki. 1995. "Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Issues and Options from Latin American Countries." The Science of the Total Environment, 169:303-10.
8. MVMA (Motor Vehicle Manufacturer's Association). 1971. World Motor Vehicle Data, Washington, D.C.
9. _. 1982. World Motor Vehicle Data, Washington, D.C.
10. _. 1992. World Motor Vehicle Data. Washington, D.C.
11. O'Brian, Peter and Yannis Karmokolias. 1994. "Radical Reform in the Automotive Industry." IFC Discussion Paper 21. International Finance Corporation, Washington, D.C.
12. Oxford Analytica. 1996. "Latin America: Urban Expansion." June 6, 1996, The United Kingdom.
13. Piquini, Marco. 1991. The Motor Industries of South America and Mexico: Opportunity and Challenges for the Future. E.I.U. Special Report 2096. Economic Intelligence Unit, London.
14. _. 1995. The Motor Industries of South America and Mexico: Poised for Growth. E.I.U. Research Report. Economic Intelligence Unit, London.
15. Sánchez, Enrique P. 1992. "The Auto Industry in Latin America: The Challenge of Adjusting to Economic Reform." Business Economics 27:25-30.
16. Stares, S. and L. Zhi (eds.). 1997. China's Urban Transport Development Strategy: Proceedings of a Symposium in Beijing, November 8-10, 1995. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 352, Washington, D.C.
17. Teitel, S. 1992. Towards a New Development Strategy for Latin America: Pathways from Hirschman's Thought. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, D.C.
18. UN (United Nations). 1993. World Urbanization Prospects. New York.
19. _. 1996. Demographic Yearbook, 46th Issue. Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, New York.
20. Villa, Miguel. 1992. "Urbanización y Transición Demográfica en América Latina: Una Reseña Del Período 1930-1990." Conference proceedings of The Peopling of the Americas, International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, Veracruz, Mexico.
21. WHO/UNEP (World Health Organization/United Nations Environment Programme). 1992. Urban Air Pollution in Megacities of the World. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, U.K.
22. World Bank. 1972. World Bank Atlas. Washington, D.C.
23. _. 1983: World Bank Atlas. Washington, D.C.
24. _. 1992. World Bank Atlas. Washington, D.C.
25. _. 1996. From Plan to Market, World Development Report, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
26. Abbey. David E., Floyd Petersen, Paul K. Mills, and W. Lawrence Beeson. 1993. "Long Term Ambient Concentrations of Total Suspended Particulates, Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide and Respiratory Symptoms in a Non-Smoking Population." Archives of Environmental Health 48:33-46.
27. ALA (American Lung Association). 1997. "Gambling With Health II. Who Loses Under New Health Standards for Particulate Matter." Washington, D.C.
28. AQIRP (Air Quality Improvement Research Program). 1991. "Exhaust Emissions of Toxics Air Pollutants Using Reformulated Gasolines." Technical Bulletin 5. Coordinating Research Council Inc., Atlanta, Georgia.
29. Bellomo, Salvatore L. and Sally D. Liff. 1984. Fundamentals of Air Quality for Highway Planning and Project Development. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Virginia.
30. Brunekreef, B. 1986. Childhood Exposure to Environ mental Lead. MARC Report 34. Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre, King's College, University of London, London.
31. CDC (Center for Disease Control). 1991. Strategic Plan for the Elimination of Childhood Lead Poisoning. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.
32. Chen B., C. Hong, M. Pandey, and K. Smith. 1990. "Indoor Air Pollution in Developing Countries." World Health Statistics Quarterly Report 43: 127-38.
33. Chinn, S., V. Florey, W.F. Beeson, and F. Peterson. 1981. "Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer in California Seventh Day Adventists." Archives of Environmental Health 46:271-80.
34. Cohn, L.F. and G.R. McVoy. 1982. Environmental Analysis of Transportation System. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
35. Cropper Maureen L. and W.E. Oates. 1992. "Environmental Economics: A Survey." Journal of Economic Literature 30: 675-740.
36. Cropper, Maureen L. and Nathalie B. Simon. 1996. "Valuing the Health Effects of Air Pollution." DEC Notes 7, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
37. Derriennic, F., S. Richardson, A. Mollie, and J. Lellouch. 1989. "Short-Term Effects of Sulphur Dioxide Pollution on Mortality in Two French Cities." International Journal of Epidemiology, 18:186-97.
38. Derwent, D. 1988. "Better Way to Control Pollution." Nature 331: 575-78.
39. Detels, Roger, Donald P. Tashkin, James W. Sayre, Stanley N. Rokaw, Frank J. Massey, Anne H. Coulson, and David H. Wegman. 1987. "The UCLA Population Studies of Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Disease" Chest 92:594-603.
40. x, and HC." American Journal of Public Health 81:3,350-9.
41. Dockery, Douglas W.C., and Arden Pope III, 1993. "An Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities." New England Journal of Medicine 329: 1753-59.
42. Dockery, Douglas W., F.E. Speizer, and D.O. Stram. 1989. "Effects of Inhalable Particles on Respiratory Health of Children." American Review of Respiratory Disease 139:587-594.
43. EIA (Energy Information Administration). 1994a. Energy Use and Carbon Emissions: Non-OECD Countries. DOE/EIA-0587. Washington, D.C.
44. _. 1994b. Energy Use and Carbon Emissions: Some International Companions. DOE/EIA-0579(94). Washington, D.C.
45. Fairley, David 1990. The Relationship of Daily Mortality to Suspended Particles in Santa Clara County, 1980-1986." Environmental Health Perspectives 89:159-68.
46. Faiz, Asif, Kumares Sinha, Michael Walsh, and A. Varma. 1990. "Automotive Air Pollution: Issues and Options for Developing Countries." Policy Research Working Paper 492, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
47. Faiz, Asif, Kumares Sinha, and Surhid Gautam. 1994. "Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Issues, Characteristics, and Trends" (Draft). World Bank, Washington, D.C.
48. Faiz, Asif, Christopher S. Weaver, and Michael Walsh. 1996. Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions. World Bank and United Nations Environment Programme, Washington, D.C.
49. GEMS (Global Environment Monitoring System). 1988. Assessment of Urban Air Quality. United Nations Environment Programme and World Health Organization, Geneva.
50. Guensler, Randall. 1994. "Data Needs for Evolving Motor Vehicle Emission Modeling Approaches." In Thomas F. Wholley, ed., Transportation Planning and Air Quality II, Proceedings of the National Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
51. Hatzakis, A., K. Katsouyanni, A. Kalandidi, N. Day, and D. Trichopoulos. 1986. "Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality in Athens." International Journal of Epidemiology 15:73-81.
52. 4 in Greenland and Antarctic Precipitation." Journal of Geophysical Research 87:3052-60.
53. Horowitz, Joel L. 1982. "Air Quality Analysis for Urban Transportation Planning." MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
54. Krupnick, Alan J., Winston Harrington, and Bart Ostro. 1990. "Ambient Ozone and Acute Health Effects: Evidence from Daily Data." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 18:1-18.
55. Krzyzanowski, M., and B. Wojtyniak. 1982. "Ten-Year Mortality in Sample of an Adult Population in Relation to Air Pollution." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 36:262-8.
56. Lacasaña, M., I. Romieu, R. McConnell. y Grupo de trabajo sobre plomo de la OPS. 1996. "El Problema de Exposición al Plomo en América Latina y El Caribe." Centro Panamericano de Ecología Humana y Salud, Organizatión Mundial de la Salud, Metepec, Estado de México.
57. Lamm, S.H., T.A. Hall, and A. Engel 1994. "PM-10 Particulate: Are they Major Determinant of Pediatric Respiratory Admissions in Utah County, Utah (1985-1989)." Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38 (Suppl. 1): 969-72.
58. LSHTM (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) and St. GHMS (St. George's Hospital Medical School). 1995. "Review of Methods Proposed, and Used, for Estimating the Population Health Risks of Exposure to Urban Air Population." Report prepared for the World Bank, London.
59. MARC (Monitoring and Assessment Research Center). 1991. "Health Implications of Averaging Times Shown." University of London, King's College.
60. Masterson, W.L., E. Slowinski, and C.L. Stanitski. 1985. Chemical Principles. CBS College Publishing, New York.
61. OECD/IEA (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/International Energy Agency). 1991. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Energy Dimension. OECD, Paris.
62. Ostro Bart. 1989. "Estimating the Risk of Smoking, Air Pollution and Passive Smoke in Acute Respiratory Conditions. Risk Analysis 9:189-91.
63. _. 1994. "Estimating the Health Effects of Air Pollutants. A Method with an Application to Jakarta." Policy Research Working Paper 1301, World Bank, Washington D.C.
64. Ostro, Bart, M.L. Lipsett, M.B. Wiener, and J.C. Selner. 1991. "Asthmatic Response to Airborne Acid Aerosols." American Journal of Public Health 81: 694-702.
65. Ostro, Bart, Jose Miguel Sanchez, Carlos Aranda, and Gunnar S. Eskeland. 1995. "Air Pollution and Mortality: Results from Santiago, Chile." Policy Research Working Paper 1453, World Bank, Washington D.C.
66. Özkaynak, Halûk, and G.D. Thurston. 1987. "Associations Between 1980 U.S. Mortality Rates and Alternative Measures of Airborne Particle Concentration." Risk Analysis 7:449-61.
67. Penna, M.L.F. and M.P. Duchiade. 1991. "Air Pollution and Infant Mortality from Pneumonia in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area." Bulletin of the Pan-American Health Organization 25:47-54.
68. Plagiannakos, Takis, and John Parker. 1988. "An Assessment of Air Pollution Effects on Human Health in Ontario." Ontario Hydro, Ontario, Canada.
69. Pope III, C.Arden, Joel Schwartz, and Michael R. Ransom. 1992. "Daily Mortality and PM-10 Pollution in Utah Valley." Archives of Environmental Health 42(3):211-17.
70. Pope III, C.Arden, Douglas W. Dockery, John D. Spengler, and Mark E. Raizenne. 1991. "Respiratory Health and PM10 Pollution: A Daily Timen-Series Analysis." American Review of Respiratory Disease 144:688-74.
71. Pope III, C.Arden , M.J. Thun, N.M. Namboodiri, D.W. Dockery, J.S. Evans, F.E. Speizer, and C.W. Heath Jr. 1995. "Particulate Air Pollution as a Predictor of Mortality in a Prospective Study of U.S. Adults." American Journal of Critical Care Medicine 151(3):669-74.
72. Radian Corporation. 1995. "Mobile Sources Estimate for Monterrey, N.L., Mexico." Austin, Texas.
73. Romieu, Isabelle. 1992. "Epidemiologic Studies of the Health Effects of Air Pollution due to Motor Vehicles." David E. Mage and Oliver Zali, eds. Motor Vehicle Air Pollution: Public Health Impact and Control Measures. World Health Organization and Department of Public Health, Geneva.
74. Romieu, Isabelle, H. Weitzenfeld, and J. Finkelman. 1992. "Urban Pollution in Latin America and the Caribbean: Health Perspective." World Health Statistics Quarterly 43:153-67.
75. Romieu, Isabelle, Eduardo Palazuelos, Mauricio Hernandez, Gustavo Olais, and Roberto Tapia. 1995. "Issues of Lead Contamination: The Experience of Mexico." Paper for U.S.- and Mexico-sponsored International Workshop on Phasing Lead Out of Gasoline, March 14-15, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
76. Rossano, A.T. and T.A. Rolander. 1976. "The Preparation of an Air Pollution Source Inventory." In M.J. Suess and S.R. Craxford, eds., Manual on Urban Air Quality Management. WHO Regional Publications, European Series 1, Copenhagen.
77. Rossano, A.T. and J.F.Thielke. 1976. "The Design and Operation of Air Quality Surveillance System." In M.J. Suess and S.R. Craxford, eds., Manual on Urban Air Quality Management. WHO Regional Publications, European Series 1, Copenhagen.
78. Roth, P.M. 1990. "Effects of Transportation of Ozone in Cities." TR News 148:11-16. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
79. Saldiva, Paulo, C. Arden Pope III, Joel Schwartz, Douglas W. Dockery, A.J. Lichterfels A.J., J.M. Salge, I. Barone, and G.M. Bohm. 1994. "Air Pollution and Mortality in Elderly People: A Time Series Study of Sao Paulo, Brazil." American Review Respiratory Disease 144:688-74.
80. Schwartz, Joel. 1993. "Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Birmingham, Alabama." American Journal Epidemiology 137:1136-47.
81. Schwartz, Joel and Douglas W. Dockery. 1992a. "Increased Mortality in Philadelphia Associated with Daily Air Pollution Concentrations." American Review of Respiratory Disease 145:600-4.
82. _. 1992b. "Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Steubenville, Ohio." American Journal of Epidemiology 135:12-20.
83. Schwartz, Joel and Allan Marcus 1990. "Mortality and Air Pollution in London: a Time Series Analysis." American Journal of Epidemiology 131:185-194.
84. Schwartz, Joel and Scott Zeger. 1990. "Passive Smoking, Air Pollution, and Acute Respiratory Symptoms in a Daily Study of Student Nurses." American Review of Respiratory Disease 141:62-7.
85. Schwartz, Joel, V. Hasselblad, and H. Pitcher. 1988. "Air Pollution and Morbidity: A Further Analysis of the Los Angeles Student Nurses Data." Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 38:158-62.
86. Schwartz, Joel, David Wypij, Douglas Dockery, James Ware, Scott Zeger, John Spengler, and Benjamin Ferris, Jr. 1991. "Daily Diaries of Respiratory Symptoms and Air Pollution: Methodological Issues and Results." Environmental Health Perspectives 90:181-7.
87. Smith, K.R. 1993. "Combustion, Air Pollution and Health in Developing Countries." Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 18:529-66.
88. UN (United Nations). 1987. Effects and Control of Transboundary Air Pollution: Report Prepared within the Framework of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. New York.
89. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 1991. Environmental Data Book (1991/1992). Basil Blackwell, Oxford, U.K.
90. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1990. Air Quality Criteria for Lead: Supplement to the 1986 Addendum. Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.
91. _. 1993. Supplement B to the Guideline on Air Quality Models (Revised). Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
92. _. 1995. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. A Focus on EPA's Research Office of Research and Development. Washington, D.C.
93. Walsh, Michael P. 1995."Global Trends in Motor Vehicle Pollution Control: Challenges and Opportunities in 1995." In Proceedings of Third International Conference on the Automotive Industry and the Environment. March 9-10, Geneva.
94. Watkins, J.H. 1991. Air Pollution from Road Vehicles. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Department of Transport, HMSO Publication Centre, London.
95. Whittemore, Alice S. and Edward L. Korn. 1980. "Asthma and Air Pollution in the Los Angeles Area." American Journal of Public Health 70:687-96.
96. WHO (World Health Organization). 1987. "Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Matter." In Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. WHO Regional Publications, European Series 23, Copenhagen.
97. WHO/UNEP (World Health Organization/United Nations Environment Programme). 1992. Urban Air Pollution in Megacities of the World. Blackwell Reference, Oxford, U.K.
98. Wijetilleke, Lakdasa and Suhashini A.R. Karunaratne. 1995. "Air Quality Management. Considerations for Developing Countries." Technical Paper 278, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
99. Winchester, J.W. 1989. "Coarse and Fine Particles in the Atmosphere." In E.E. Pickett, ed., The Atmospheric Pollution. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York.
100. World Bank. 1996. "Ground-Level Ozone." Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook (Draft). Washington, D.C.
101. WRI (World Resource Institute). 1994. World Resources 1994-1995: A Guide to the Global Environment. United Nations Environment Programme and United Nations Development Programme, New York.
102. Xu, Xiping, Jun Gao, Douglas Dockery, and Yuda Chen. 1994. "Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Residential Areas of Beijing, China." Archives of Environmental Health, 49: 216-22.
103. AAMA (American Automobile Manufacturers Association). 1995. World Motor Vehicle Data. Washington, D.C.
104. AQIRP (Air Quality Improvement Research Program). 1990. "Initial Mass Exhaust Emissions from Reformulated Gasolines." Technical Bulletin 1. Coordinating Research Council Inc., Atlanta, Georgia.
105. _. 1991a. "Emissions Results of Oxygenated Gasolines and Changes in RVP." Technical Bulletin 6. Coordinated Research Council Inc., Atlanta, Georgia.
106. _. 1991b. "Exhaust Emissions of Toxics Air Pollutants Using Reformulated Gasolines." Technical Bulletin 5. Coordinating Research Council Inc., Atlanta, Georgia.
107. Alconsult International Ltd. 1996. "Database for the Study Concerning the Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean." Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
108. Alson, Jeffrey A., J.M. Adler, and T.M. Baines. 1989. "Motor Vehicle Emission Characteristics and Air Quality Impacts of Methanol and Compressed Natural Gas. " In Daniel Sperling, ed., Quorum Books. Alternative Transportation Fuels: An Environmental and Energy Solution, New York.
109. Bartone, Carl J., Janis Berstein, Josef Leitmann, and Jochen Eigen. 1994. "Toward Environmental Strategies for Cities: Policy Considerations for Urban Environmental Management in Developing Countries." Urban Management Program Discussion Paper 13. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
110. Beaton, S.P., G.A. Bishop, and D.H. Stedman. 1992. "Emission Characteristics of Mexico City Vehicles." Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 42: 1424-29.
111. Berstein, Janis 1991. "Alternative Approaches to Pollution Control and Waste Management: Regulatory and Economic Instruments." Infrastructure and Urban Development Department Discussion Paper INU79. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
112. Bloom, L. Richard. 1997. Personal Communications. Automotive Engineered Systems Division, 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota.
113. Braddock, J.N. 1988. "Factors Influencing the Composition and Quantity of Passenger Car Refueling Emissions - Part II." SAE Paper 880712. SAE International, Warrendale, Pennsylvania.
114. Berumen, Jesús. 1996. "Evolución Historica de las Gasolinas en Mexico." Paper presented at the World Bank seminar Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean, September 4-6, Santiago.
115. Branco, Gabriel Murgel, and Alfred Szwarc. 1993. "Flexible Fuel or Flexible Fuel Vehicle?" Paper presented at the Tenth International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels, Colorado Springs, Colorado. Published by CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil.
116. Carbajo, José. 1994. "The Role of Market-based Incentives." Transportation, Water, and Urban Development Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
117. CCEEB (California Council for Environmental and Economic Balance). 1990. Alternative Motor Vehicle Fuels to Improve Air Quality: Options and Implications for California. San Francisco, California.
118. CMPCCA (Comisión Metropolitana Para la Prevención y de la Contaminación Ambiental en el Valle de México). 1995. 'La Contaminación Atmosférica en el Valle de México. Acciones Para su Control, 1988-1994." Mexico City.
119. CONCAWE. 1989. "Economic Consequences of Limiting Benzene/Aromatics in Gasoline."The Hague.
120. _. 1994. Motor Vehicle Emission Regulations and Fuel Specifications. 1994 Updates. Report No. 4/94. Brussels.
121. DDF (Departamento del Distrito Federal). 1996. "Programa par Mejorar la Calidad del Aire en el Valle de México 1995-2000." Mexico City.
122. Ecopetrol (Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos). 1996. "Programa de Mejoramiento de Caladid de las Gasolinas Colombianas." Paper presented at the World Bank seminar Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean, September 4-6, Santiago.
123. ECMT. 1990. (European Conference of Ministers of Transport) Transport Policy and the Environment. Published jointly with the OECD. Paris.
124. The Economist. 1996. "Dirty Diesels. Oil Change on the Buses." London.
125. Faiz, Asif, Christopher S. Weaver, and Michael Walsh. 1996. Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions. World Bank and United Nations Environment Programme, Washington, D.C.
126. Faiz, Asif, K. Sinha, M. Walsh, and A. Varma. 1990. "Automotive Air Pollution: Issues and Options for Developing Countries." Policy Research Working Paper 492. World Bank, Washington D.C.
127. GEMS/MHO. 1988. Assessment of Urban Air Quality. United Nations Environment Programme and World Health Organization, London.
128. Gomez-Ibañez, J.A., and K.A. Small. 1994. Road Pricing for Congestion Management: A Survey of International Practice. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
129. Gwilliam, Ken. 1995. "The Energy and Environmental Impacts of Urban Traffic Congestion: Transport Policies and Regulations." Paper presented at the World Bank Conference on Transport, Energy, and Environment, April 24-25, Washington, D.C.
130. Hamrin, R.D. 1990. "Policy Options for Comparative Air Pollution Study in Urban Areas. "Environment Working Paper 28. World Bank, Environment Department, Washington, D.C.
131. Hass-Klau, C. 1993. "Impact of Pedestrianization and Traffic Calming on Retailing: A Review of the Evidence from Germany and U.K." Transport Policy 1 (1).
132. Hau, Timothy D. 1992. "Congestion Charging Mechanisms for Roads. An Evaluation of Current Practice." Policy Research Working Paper 1071. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
133. Hillson, Marc R. 1995. "On Phasing Lead Out of Gasoline: Implementation and Enforcement Issues." Paper presented at the U.S. and Mexico Sponsored International Workshop on Phasing Lend Out of Gasoline, March 14-15, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Mexican Secretariat of Environment, Natural Resources, and Fisheries, Washington, D.C.
134. J.E. Senior Consultants Inc. 1993. "Houston Metro's LNG Program Updated." The Clean Fuels Report 5 (5): 105-08. Niwot, Colorado.
135. McArragher, J.S., W.E. Betts, J. Brandt, D. Kiessling, G.F. Marchesi, K. Owen, J.K. Pearson, K.P. Schug, and D.G. Snelgrove. 1988. "Evaporative Emissions from Modern European Vehicles and their Control." SAE Paper 880315, SAE International, Warrendale, Pennsylvania.
136. McGregor, Douglas B. and Christopher S. Weaver. 1994. "Implementing Vehicle Inspection and On-Road Enforcement Programs in Costa Rica. Phase II Report." Engine, Fuel, and Emissions Engineering, Inc., Sacramento, California.
137. Meyer, J.R. and J.A. Gomez-Ibañez. 1991. Transit Bus Privatization and the Deregulation Around the World: Some Perspectives and Lessons." International Journal of Transport Economics 18(3).
138. Ministry of the Environment and Energy of the Republic of Costa Rica. 1996. "Documento de Trabajo de la Primera Reunión de Puntos Focales para la Eliminatión del Plomo en la Gasolina." Paper presented at the World Bank seminar Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean, September 4-6, Santiago.
139. Nill, E. 1995. "The Impact of Legislation on Automotive Industry Efficiency." In Proceedings of Third International Conference on the Automotive Industry and the Environment, March 9-10, Environmental Matters and Knibb, Gormezano and Partners (U.K.), Geneva.
140. OECD/IEA (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/International Energy Agency). 1993. Can and Climate Change. Energy and Environment Series. Paris.
141. Oil and Gas Journal. 1995. "Unocal Extends California Clean Air Campaign." 93(2):22-23.
142. O'Ryan,R. 1996. "Transport Air Quality Management Project for the Mexico City Metropolitan Area." World Bank Internal Mission Report, Washington, D.C.
143. Pesce, Ernesto. 1996. "Reducción del Plomo en las Gasolinas." Paper presented at the World Bank seminar Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean, September 4-6, Santiago.
144. Rabinovitch, Jonas. 1993. "Urban Public Transport Management in Curitiba, Brazil." UNEP Industry and Environment 16(1-2): 17-20.
145. Rendleman, C.M. and N. Hohman. 1993. "The Impact of Production Innovations in the Fuel Ethanol Industry." Agribusiness, 9(3):217-31.
146. Reyneir, J.P. 1995. "Automobile Policy for the Year 2000." In Proceedings of Third International Conference on the Automotive Industry and the Environment, March 9-10, Environmental Matters and Knibb, Gormezano and Partners (U.K.), Genera.
147. Rothe, V.E. 1990. "A Report on Motor Vehicle Inspection Effectiveness." Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, Phoenix, Arizona.
148. Ruiz, José Antonio. 1996. "The Chilean Case: Improvement in Air Quality and Elimination of Lead in Gasoline." Paper presented at the World Bank seminar Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean, September 4-6, Santiago.
149. Sánchez, Sergio. 1996. Personal Communications. CMPCCA (Comision Metropolitana para la Prevención y Control de la Contaminación Ambiental en el Valle De Mexico), Mexico City.
150. Sathaye, Jayant, B. Atkinson, and S. Meyers. 1989. "Promoting Alternative Transportation Fuels: The Role of Government in New Zealand, Brazil, and Canada." In Daniel Sperling, ed., Alternative Transportation Fuels: An Environmental and Energy Solution. Quorum Books, New York.
151. Sauvé, Robert. 1989. "Compressed Natural Gas and Propane in the Canadian Transportation Energy Market." In Daniel Sperling, ed., Alternative Transportation Fuels: An Environmental and Energy Solution. "Quorum Books, New York.
152. Thomas, Valerie. 1995a. "The Elimination of Lead in Gasoline." Annual Review Energy Environment 20:301-24.
153. _. 1995b. "National and International Efforts to Phase Out Lead in Gasoline: A Status Report." Paper presented at the U.S. and Mexico Sponsored International Workshop on Phasing Lead Out of Gasoline, March 14-15, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Mexican Secretariat of Environment, Natural Resources, and Fisheries. Washington, D.C.
154. The Times. 1995. "Vehicles Banned from Athens Center." London.
155. Töpfer, Klaus. 1995. "Letter of the Chairman of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development." Presented at the U.S. and Mexico Sponsored International Workshop on Phasing Lead Out of Gasoline, March 14-15, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Mexican Secretariat of Environment, Natural Resources, and Fisheries, Washington, D.C.
156. Trindade, Sergio C., and Arnoldo Vieira de Carvalho, Jr. 1989. "Transportation Fuels Policy Issues and Options: The Case of Ethanol Fuels in Brazil." In Daniel Sperling, ed., Alternative Transportation Fuels: An Environmental and Energy Solution. Quorum Books, New York.
157. UN (United Nations). 1994. The Development of Urban Public Transport in Latin America and the World. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago.
158. U.S. Congress/OTA. 1992. "Retiring Old Cars: Programs to Save Gasoline and Reduce Emissions." OTA-E536 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
159. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1987. "Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Gasoline Volatility and Evaporative Hydrocarbon Emissions from New Motor Vehicles." Office of the Mobile Sources, Washington, D.C.
160. _. 1990. "Volatile Organic Compounds from On-road Vehicles: Sources and Control Options." Report prepared for the Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention, Sponsored by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (AATC), Washington, D.C.
161. _. 1994. Reformulated Gasoline: A Major Step Towards Cleaner Air. Better for Your Health and the Environment. Washington, D.C.
162. _. 1995. "U.S. and Mexico Sponsored International Workshop on Phasing Lead Out of Gasoline." Proceedings. March 14-15, 1995, EPA-160R-95-001, June 1995, Washington, D.C.
163. van der Straaten, Y. 1995. "The Impact of Legislation on Vehicle Design and Production." Proceedings of Third International Conference on the Automotive Industry and the Environment, March 9-10, Environmental Matters and Knibb, Gormezano and Partners (U.K.), Genera.
164. Viola, Denise M. 1996. Personal Communications. Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, New Jersey.
165. Walsh, M.P. 1995. "Global Trends in Motor Vehicle Pollution Control: Challenges and Opportunities in 1995." Proceedings of Third International Conference on the Automotive Industry and the Environment, March 9-10, Environmental Matters and Knibb, Gormezano and Partners (U.K.), Geneva.
166. Warriner, P. 1996. Personal Communications. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento.
167. Weaver, Christopher. 1995. "Reducing Transport-Related Pollutant Emissions Fuel and Vehicle Technology Options." Paper presented at the World Bank Conference on Transport, Energy, and Environment, April 24-25, Washington, D.C.
168. -. 1996. Personal Communications. Engine, Fuel, and Emissions Engineering, Inc., Sacramento, California.
169. WHO/UNEP (World Health Organization /United Nations Environment Programme). 1992. Urban Air Pollution in Megacities of the World. United Nations Environment Program. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, U.K.
170. Wijetilleke, Lakdasa, and Suhashini A. Karunaratne. 1992. "Control and Management of Petroleum Fuels Related Air Pollution." World Bank, Washington, D.C.
171. World Bank. 1986. "Urban Transport: A World Bank Study." Washington, D.C.
172. _. 1992. World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment. Oxford University Press, New York.
173. _. 1994. "São Paulo Integrated Urban Transport Project." World Bank, Washington, D.C.
174. _. 1996a. "Removal of Lead from Gasoline: Technical Considerations." Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook (Draft). Washington, D.C.
175. _. 1996b. "Sustainable Transport: Sector Review and Lessons of Experience." Washington, D.C.
176. Beaton, S.P., G.A. Bishop, and D.H. Stedman. 1992. "Emission Characteristics of Mexico City Vehicles." Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 42:1424-29.
177. Berumen, Jesus. 1996. "Evolución Histórica de las Gasolinas en México." Paper presented at the World Bank seminar Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean, September 4-6, Santiago.
178. Bravo, H.A., R.C. Camacho, G.R. Roy-Ocotla, R.E. Sosa, and R.J. Torres. 1991. "Analysis of the Change in Atmospheric Urban Formaldehyde and Photochemistry Activity as a Result of Using Methyl-t-Butyl-Ether (MTBE) as an Additive in Gasolines of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City." Atmospheric Environment. 25B (2): 285-88.
179. CMPCCA (Comisión Metropolitana para la Prevención y Control de la Contaminación Ambiental en el Valle De México). 1995a. "La Contaminación Atmosférica en el Valle de México: Acciones para su Control 1988-1994."Mexico City.
180. _. 1995b. "Evaluación del Programa Hoy No Circula." Mexico City.
181. DDF (Departamento del Distrito Federal). 1996. "Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire en el Valle de Mexico 1995-2000." Mexico City.
182. _. 1997a."The 1995 Air Quality Monitoring Data for the MCMA." Mexico City.
183. _. 1997b. "Algoritmo Simplificado para el Cálculo del IMECA." Mexico City.
184. LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) and IMP (Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo). 1994. Mexico City Air Quality Research Initiative (MARI), vol. II (Problem Definition, Background, Summary of Prior Research). A joint report of the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Mexican Petroleum Institute. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.
185. Mehéndez, G. Fernando. 1996. Personal Communications. Eco-infraestructura y Financiamiento Consultores, Mexico City.
186. O'Ryan, R. 1996. "Transport Air Quality Management Project for the Mexico City Metropolitan Area." World Bank Internal Mission Report, Washington, D.C.
187. Rosas, José. 1996. Personal Communications. Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex), Mexico City.
188. Rowley, Anne 1994. "Mexico's Legal System of Environmental Protection." Environmental Law Reporter (ELR) News and Analysis. 24: 10,431-37.
189. Sánchez, Sergio. 1996. Personal Communications. Comisión Metropolitana para la Prevention y Control de la Contaminatión Ambiental en el Valle De México, Mexico City.
190. Viola, Denise M. 1996. Personal Communications. Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, New Jersey.
191. Walsh, Michael P. 1996. Personal Communications. Arlington, Virginia.
192. World Bank. 1992. "Transport Air Quality Management in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area." Sector Report No. 10045-ME. The World Bank, Country Department II Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Washington, D.C.
193. Alconsult International Ltd. 1996. "Database for the Study Concerning the Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean." Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
194. Belmar, Roberto E. 1993. "Efectos de la Contaminación Atmosférica sobre la Salud de las Personas." In Hugo L. Sandoval, Margarita B. Préndez, and Pablo U. Ulriksen, eds., Contaminatión Atmosférica de Santiago. Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
195. BKH Consulting Engineers and Universidad de Chile. 1992. "Environmental Management Plan for The Metropolitan Region of Santiago." Report to the Government of Chile and the Government of the Netherlands, Santiago.
196. CONAMA-RM (Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente Región Metropolitana (CONAMA-RM). 1995. "Normas para Emisión de Contaminantes en Vehícules. Resúmen y Compendio de Reglamentaciones." Santiago.
197. _. 1996. "Antecedentes para la Declaración de la Zona Saturada de la Región Metropolitana. Resúmen Ejecutivo." Santiago.
198. Escudero, Juan O., and Alejandro Cofré. 1993. "Evaluación de los Instrumentos de Política para el Control de la Contaminatión por Emisiones Vehiculares Utilizados en la Región Metropolitana." In Ricardo Katz and Gabriel Del Favero, eds., Medio Ambiente en Desarrollo. Centro de Estudios Públicos, Comisión de Medio Ambiente, Santiago.
199. Hall, Stephan, Christopher Zegras, and Henry Malbrán Rojas. 1994. "Transportation and Energy in Santiago, Chile." Transport Policy 1 (4: 233-43).
200. INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas). 1993. Compendio Estadístico - 993. Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Reconstruccio*n, Santiago.
201. Katz, Ricardo B. 1991. "Experience with Control Measures: Their Origin, Cost, and Justification: The Case of Santiago, Chile." (Draft), Santiago.
202. _. 1993. "Institucionalidad y Marco Legal Vigente" In Hugo L. Sandoval, Margarita B. Préndez, and Pablo U. Ulriksen, eds.. Contaminatión Atmosférica de Santiago. Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
203. _. 1995. "Contaminación Atmosférica en Santiago '95." Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
204. _. 1996. Personal Communications. Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
205. Katz, Ricardo B., Gerd S. Reinke, and Alejandro C. Sáez. 1993. "Emisiones Vehiculares y Políticas Normativas." In Hugo L. Sandoval. Margarita B. Prendéz, and Pablo U. Ulriksen, eds.. Contaminatión Atmosférica de Santiago. Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
206. McGregor, Douglas B. and Chistopher S. Weaver, 1994. "Implementing Vehicle Inspection and On-road Enforcement Programs in Costa Rica." Phase II report submitted to Refinería Costarricense de Petróleo y Dirección Sectorial de Energía. Republic of Costa Rica. Engine, Fuel, and Emissions Engineering, Inc., Sacramento, California.
207. NRDC (National Resources Defense Council). 1995. "Monitoring the Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in the Americas." Washington, D.C.
208. O'Ryan, Raúl. 1994. "Sustainable Development and the Environment in Chile: A Review of the Issues." Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
209. Ruiz, José Antpnio. 1996. "The Chilean Case: Improvement in Air Quality and Elimination of Lead in Gasoline." Paper presented at the World Bank seminar Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean, September 4-6, Santiago.
210. Sandoval, Hugo L., Margarita B. Préndez, and Pablo U. Ulriksen. 1993. "Discusión General, Conclusiones y Recomendaciones." In Hugo L. Sandoval, Margarita B. Préndez, and Pablo U. Ulriksen, eds., Contaminación Atmosférica de Santiago. Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
211. Santana, Christian O. 1996. Personal Communications. Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente Region Metropolitana, Santiago.
212. SESMA (Servicio Salud del Ambiente-Región Metropolitana). 1996a. "Resúmen 1995. Informe Contaminación Atmosférica. Red Semiautomática (SEMI-RM)." Santiago.
213. SESMA (Servicio Salud del Ambiente-Región Metropolitana) 1996b. "Resúmen 1995. Red Automática (MACAMI-RM)." Santiago.
214. Ulriksen, Pablo, Marcelo Fernández, and Ricardo Muñoz. 1994. "Simulación de los Efectos de Estratégias de Control de Emisiones Sobre las Concentraciones de Contaminantes Atmosféricos en Santiago, Mediante un Modelo Simple de Dispersión de Contaminantes." Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
215. Weaver, Christopher S. 1995. Personal Communications. Engine, Fuel, and Emissions Engineering, Inc., Sacramento, California.
216. Weaver, Christophers., Scan H. Turner, and Michael J. Reale. 1993. "Cost and Emissions Benefits of Selected Air Pollution Control Measures for Santiago, Chile." A report to World Bank CEC Public Economics Division. Engine, Fuel, and Emissions Engineering, Inc., Sacramento, California.
217. World Bank. 1994. "Chile: Managing Environmental Problems: Economic Analysis of Selected Issues." Report No. 13061-CH, The World Bank, Country Department I, Environment and Urban Development Divison, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Washington, D.C.
218. Alconsult International Ltd. 1996. "Database for the Study Concerning the Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean." Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
219. Alonso, C.D., M.H., R.B. Martins, J. Romano, and R. Godinho. 1995. "Understanding the Air Pollution Problem in São Paulo Metropolitan Area by Receptor Modeling." CETESB (Companhia de Tecnología de Saneamento Ambiental), São Paulo, Brazil.
220. Branco, Garbriel Murgel. 1995. Personal Communications. CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil.
221. Branco, Gabriel Murgel, and Alfred Szwarc. 1993. "Flexible Fuel or Flexible Fuel Vehicle?" Paper presented at the Tenth International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels, Colorado Springs, Colorado. Published by CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil.
222. CETESB (Companhia de Tecnología de Saneamento Ambiental). 1994a. "Legislação Poluição Veicular (Atualizado até Setembro, 1994)." São Paulo, Brazil.
223. _. 1994b. "Relatório de Qualidade do Ar no Estado de São Paulo - 1993." São Paulo, Brazil.
224. _. 1995. "Extrato de Relatório de Qualidade do Ar de 1994 no Estado de São Paulo." São Paulo, Brazil.
225. _. 1996. "Relatório de Qualidade do Ar no Estado de São Paulo - 1995." São Paulo, Brazil.
226. Leitmann, J. 1991. "Environmental Profile of São Paulo." Urban Management and the Environment, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
227. Murgel, Eduardo Mascarenhas. 1990. "Veículos Automotores. O Proálcool e a Qualidade do Ar." CETESB. São Paulo, Brazil.
228. Rebelo, Jorge M. and Pedro P. Benvenuto. 1995. "Concessions of Busways to the Private Sector. The São Paulo Metropolitan Region Experience." Policy Research Working Paper 1546. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
229. Romano, Jesuino, Roberto Godinho, Claudio D. Alonso, and María H.R.B. Martins. 1993. "Ethanol Induced Changes in the Atmospheric Lead in São Paulo Metropolitan Area- Brazil." CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil.
230. Szwarc, Alfred. 1993. "Transportation and Air Pollution Control in São Paulo. A Brief Report." CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil.
231. _. 1997. Personal Communications. CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil.
232. Tetti, Laura. 1997. Personal Communications. The Environment Ministry of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
233. World Bank. 1994. "São Paulo Integrated Urban Transport Project." Staff Appraisal Report 12730-BR, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Division, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Washington, D.C.
234. Almanaque Abril. 1995. Editera Abril. São Paulo, Brazil.
235. CBTU-Demetrô. 1995. Projeto BIRD-1. Metrô de Belo Horizonte. Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
236. FEAM (Fundação Estadual do Meio Ambiente). 1992. "Ambient Air Concentrations of TSP in the BHMR." Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
237. _. 1996. "Relatório Annal. Monitoração da Qualidade do Ar no Eixo Belo Horizonte-Contagem-Betim Rede Automática de Três Estaçães (Parceria COPAM/FEAM/REGAP)." Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
238. Fundação Christiano Ottoni. 1992. "Relatório Medições da Qualidade do Ar - Resultados Parciais." Convênio PMBH/SMMA - FCO/ EEUFMG/DESA, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
239. IBGE (Instituto Brasileirode Geografia e Estatístira). 1980. Census 1980. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
240. _ 1991. Census 1991. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
241. Leme Engenharia. 1991. "Poluição Atmosférica na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte." Report prepared for the Sindicato das Empresas de Transporte de Passageirosde Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
242. Liu, Beverly Wen Yuh. 1995. Personal Communications. Fundação Estadual do Meio Ambiente. Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
243. Liu, Beverly Wen Yuh, Fernando Machado Borges de Morais, and Isis Laponez da Silveira. 1992. "Situação da Monitorização da Qualidade do Ar na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte." Paper presented at II Congresso Latino-Americana de Ecología and I Congresso de Ecologia do Brasil, December 6-11, Caxambú, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
244. Prefeitura Municipal de Belo Horizonte. 1993. Programa Operação Oxigênio, 1990-1993. Municipal Secretariat for Environment, Department of Environmental Control, Automotive Vehicle Pollution Section. Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
245. World Bank. 1995. "Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Transport Decentralization Project." Staff Appraisal Report 14265-BR, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Division, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Washington, D.C.
246. ADEFA (Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores). 1996. Estadítico Anuario 1995. Buenos Aires.
247. Alconsult International Ltd. 1996. "Database for the Study Concerning the Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean." Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
248. Caridi, A., A.J, Kreiner, J. Davidson, M. Davidson, M. Debray, D. Hojman, and D. Santos. 1989. "Determination of Atmospheric Lead Pollution of Automotive Origin." Atmospheric Environment 23(12): 2855-56.
249. Cantini, Marianna. 1996. "La Atmósferaen la Ciudad de Buenos Aires." Gerencia Ambiental. 3 (23): 170-76. Buenos Aires.
250. DVA (División Vigilancia Atmosférica). 1995. "Contaminatión Atmosférica Urbana. Programa Municipal de Calidad de Aire." Report 26-DHA-DCMA-DVA-95. Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Dirección General de la Política y Control Ambiental, Dirección de Higiene Ambiental, Buenos Aires.
251. FAS21 (Fundación Argentina Siglo 21). 1995. "Plan Aire Limpio. Contaminación Atmosférica por CO." Buenos Aires.
252. Galuppo, Osvaldo. 1997. Personal Communications. Iteveba, Buenos Aires.
253. GIIE (Grupo de Ingeniería, Inspección y Ensayos). 1995. "Informe Sobre las Tareas Realizadas por el Grupo de Ingeniería, Inspección y Ensayos de la Comisión Nacional de Transporte Automotor." GIIE Report 068-045/95, Comisión Nacional de Transporte Automotor, Buenos Aires.
254. GTCVI (Gerencia de Control Técnico de Vehículos e Instalaciones). 1994. "Revisión Técnica Periódica de los Vehículos de Autotransporte de Pasajeros y Cargas en la Argentina." 13/94, Collusion Nacional de Transporte Automotor, Secretaría de Transporte, Buenos Aires.
255. Ministry of Economy and Public Works and Services. 1996. Regulation 54/96. Buenos Aires.
256. Moran, A. 1992. "La Situación Ambiental de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires: Problemas y Soluciones a Nivel de la Gestión Ambiental." Paper presented at the Seminario sobre Problemas Ambientales Urbanos, Mexico City.
257. Pre-ATAM (Autoridad de Transporte del Area Metropolitana). 1994a. "Datos Básicos del Sistema de Transporte de la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires." Buenos Aires.
258. _. 1994b. "Estudio Sobre la Ciudad de Buenos Aires." Buenos Aires.
259. SACTA (Sociedad Argentina de Control Técnico de Automotores). 1994. Personal Communications. Buenos Aires.
260. World Bank. 1995. "Argentina - Managing Environmental Pollution: Issues and Options." Volume II, Technical Report (14070-AR). World Bank, Environment and Urban Development Division, Country Department. 1, Washington, D.C.
261. Daisy, Miguel, A.H., J. B. de Andrade, P.A.P. Pereira, and R.L. Tanner. 1987. "An Overview of the Rio de Janeiro Aerosol Characterization Study." Journal of Air Pollution Control Association 37: 15-23.
262. FEEMA (State Commission for Environmental Engineering). 1989. "Qualidade do ar na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro 1984/1987." Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
263. _. 1990. "Fumaça Negra, Nãol" Avaliação e Controle. Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio Ambiente." Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
264. _. 1995. Air quality monitoring and vehicle inspection data provided by Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio Ambiente, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
265. FEEMA and GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GMBH). 1995. "Qualidade do Ar na Região do Rio de Janeiro." Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
266. Flumitrens (Companhia Fluminense de Trens Urbanos). 1995. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
267. IBGE (Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). 1991. Sinopse Preliminar do Censo Demográfico 1. Brazil.
268. PRODERJ (Centro de Proesamento de Dados do Estado do Rio de Janeiro). 1995. Secretaria de Estado de Administração, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
269. World Bank. 1993. "Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Transport Decentralization Project." Staff Appraisal Report 10936-BR. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Division, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Washington, D.C.
270. _. 1996. "Managing Environmental Pollution in the State of Rio de Janeiro." Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Country Department I. Washington, D.C.
271. ACOGAS (Asociación Colombiana de Gas). 1995. "Foro Exige Replanteamiento Jurídico, Institucional y Operativo de la Industria del GLP." Revista 16(26-31). Santafé de Bogotá.
272. Ecopetrol (Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos). 1992. "Contaminación Atmosférica por Fuentes Móviles Informe Final." Santafé de Bogotá.
273. _. 1996. "Programa de Mejoramiento de Calidad de las Gasolinas Colombianas." Paper presented at the World Bank seminar Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean, September 4-6, Santiago.
274. Faiz, Asif, Christopher S. Weaver, and Michael Walsh. 1996. Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions. A Joint World Bank and UNEP publication. Washington, D.C.
275. Gómez, Germán, Santiago Montejero, and Eduardo Saavedra. 1994. "Contaminación Atmosférica." In Ernesto Sánchez Triana and Eduardo Uribe Botero, eds., Contaminación Industrial en Colombia. Departamento Nacional de Planeación y Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, Santafé de Bogotá.
276. JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency). 1992. "Study on Air Pollution Control Study in Santafé de Bogota City Area. Final Report." Tokyo.
277. Uribe, Eduardo Botero. 1996. Personal Communications. Departemento Administrativo del Medio Ambiente (DAMA), Santafé de Bogotá.
278. Vargas, Enrique Rodríguez. 1995. "El Problema Institucional y el Planeamiento de la Industria del GLP en Colombia." ACOGAS (Asociación Colombiana de Gas), Revista 16(4-12). Santafé de Bogotá.
279. World Bank. 1991. "Bogotá Urban Transport Project." Staff Appraisal Report 9351-CO. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Energy Operations Division, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Washington, D.C.
280. _. 1996. "Bogota Urban Transport Project." Staff Appraisal Report 14901-CO. The World Bank, Environment and Urban Development Division, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Washington, D.C.
281. Alconsult International Ltd. 1996. "Database for the Study Concerning the Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean." Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
282. CETESB (Companhia de Tecnología de Saneamento Ambiental). 1994. "Relatório de Qualidade do Ar no Estado de São Paulo - 1993." São Paulo, Brazil.
283. CMPCCA (Comisión Metropolitana para la Prevención y Control de la Contaminación Ambiental en el Valle de México). 1994. "La Contaminación Atmosférica en el Valle de México: Acciones para su Control 1988-1994." Mexico City.
284. DDF (Departamento del Distrito Federal). 1996. "Programa par Mejorar la Calidad del Aire en el Valle de México 1995-2000." Mexico City.
285. DVA (División Vigilancia Atmosférica). 1995. "Contaminación Atmosférica Urbana. Programa Municipal de Calidad de Aire." Report 26-DHA-DCMA-DVA-95. Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Dirección General de la Política y Control Ambiental, Dirección de Higiene Ambiental, Buenos Aires.
286. FAS21 (Fundación Argentina Siglo 21). 1995. "Plan Aire Limpio. Contaminación Atmosférica por CO." Buenos Aires.
287. FEAM (Fundação Estadual do Meio Ambiente). 1992. "Ambient Air Concentrations of TSP in the BHMR." Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
288. FEEMA (State Commission for Environmental Engineering). 1995. Air quality monitoring data provided by Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio Ambiente, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
289. FEEMA and GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GMBH). 1995. "Qualidade do Ar na Região do Rio de Janeiro." Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
290. Fundação Christiano Ottoni. 1992. "Relatório Medições da Qualidade do Ar - Resultados Parciais." Convênio PMBH/SMMA - FCO/ EEUFMG/DESA, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
291. Gómez, Germán, Santiago Montejero, and Eduardo Saavedra. 1994. "Contaminación Atmosférica." In Ernesto Sánchez Triana and Eduardo Uribe Botero, eds., Contaminatíon Industrial en Colombia, Departamento Nacional de Planeación y Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, Santafé de Bogotá.
292. JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency). 1992. "Study on Air Pollution Control Study in Santafé de Bogotá City Area. Final Report." Tokyo.
293. SESMA (Servicio Salud del Ambiente-Región Metropolitana) 1996a. "Resumen 1995. Informe Contaminación Atmosférica. Red Semiautomática (SEM1-RM)." Santiago.
294. SESMA (Servicio Salud del Ambiente-Región Metropolitana) 1996b. "Resumen 1995. Red Automática (MACAM1-RM)." Santiago.