Services: Business demand rivals consumer demand in driving job growth

Monthly Labor Review

Volumn 125, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 3-16

  Goodman, Bill ^a   Steadman, Reld ^b  

^a BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS   (United States)

^b Div of Current Employment Stat   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 11244336761     PISSN: 00981818     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Data representing employment as used in this article are from the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, which surveys nearly 380,000 nonfarm employers monthly. For more information on the CES program's concepts and methodology, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2490 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1997), chapter 2, pp. 15-31. These data are available on the Internet at http:// www.bls.gov/ceshome.htm.
2. Input-output data are prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and for purposes of labor issues are further processed by the Office of Employment Projections in the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Office of Employment Projections provides projected figures for years not covered by Department of Commerce input-output tables. The input-output statistics used in this article are from Office of Employment Projections, BLS sources.
3. The industry classifications used in this article, except for the assignment of business-oriented, consumer-oriented, or mixed status, are from the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1987 (Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget).
4. The year 1988 was chosen as the starting point because several of the industries under study have time-series of employment starting in 1988. That year, fortunately, is a good choice because of its cyclical comparability to the ending point (2000). Both years were prosperous ones in well-established economic expansions.
5. Marcello Estevao and Saul Lach, The Evolution of the Demand for Temporary Help Supply Employment in the United States, NBER Working Paper 7427 (Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Dec. 1999).
6. Report on the American Workforce (Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Labor, 1999), p. 22.
7. Timothy W. Brogan, Annual Analysis, American Staffing Association, March 2000, on the Internet at http://w.w.w.staffingtoday.net/ staffstats/analysis99.htm.
8. Report on the American Workforce, p. 4.
9. Report on the American Workforce, pp. 22-24; and Edward A. Lenz, How Staffing Services Benefit Workers and the Economy, American Staffing Association, March 15, 2000, on the Internet at http:// www.natss.org/staffstats/issuepapers1.htm.
10. Report on the American Workforce, pp. 22-24; and Edward A. Lenz, How Staffing Services Benefit Workers and the Economy, American Staffing Association, March 15, 2000, on the Internet at http:// www.natss.org/staffstats/issuepapers1.htm.
11. See Angela Clinton, "Flexible labor: restructuring the American work force," Monthly Labor Review, Aug. 1997, pp. 3, 16.
12. Employment by occupation and industry are from the Current Population Survey.
13. In 1965, Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, observed that since the invention of the integrated circuit, or processing chip, the transistor capacity on chips had doubled every year. He predicted that this exponential trend would continue, and his theory was later dubbed Moore's Law. Though popular computing culture has altered Moore's Law to extend the period in which transistor capacity doubles to every 18 months, Moore was correct in predicting the rapid expansion of capacity. From Webopedia, Definition: Moore's Law, October 19, 2000, on the Internet at http://webpoedia.internet.eom/term/m/ moores_law.html; and Intel.com home, on the Internet at http:// www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm.
14. Jim Carlton, "Technology (A Special Report): The Technology - It Seems Like Yesterday: the PC has come a long way and quickly," Wall Street Journal, November 16, 1998.
15. Carlton, "Technology (A Special Report) . . ."
16. From 2000 "use" table from Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
17. Use table, Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
18. Excluding personnel supply itself because intraindustry sales are not readily interpretable in this context.
19. Gary Seigel, "Counting More, Counting Less: The New Role of Management Accountants," Strategic Finance, November 1, 1999.
20. Cynthia Engel, "Health Services Industry: Still a Job Machine?" Monthly Labor Review, March 1999, pp. 3-14.
21. th edition, Washington, DC, 2000), Chart 175.
22. th edition, Washington, DC, 2000), Chart 175.
23. Health Care Financing Administration, "National Health Expenditures Table 5," on the Internet at http://www.hcfa.gov/stats/nheoact/tablcs/t5.htm.
24. At the end of the 12-year period under study, specifically in December 2000, Federal healthcare payments to providers became more generous. Hiring in the healthcare industry, after increasing by only 1.6 percent in 2000, accelerated to a 3.0 percent annual rate in 2001 despite the general economic slowdown.
25. Scott Hensley, "Survey Shows More Hospitals Turning to Outside Firms for a Broad Range of Services," Modern Healthcare, Jan. 13, 1997.
26. Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates found on the Internet at http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/ uspop.html.
27. National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 13;
28. and unpublished data; also Statistical Abstract . . .2000, Chart 199.
29. Table A-1, "Employment status of the civilian non-institutional population 16 years and older, 1968 to date," Employment and Earnings, Jan. 2001, p. 9, on the Internet at http://stats.bls.gov/pdf/ cpsaa+1.pdf.
30. William Goodman, "Boom in Day Care Industry the Result of Many Social Changes," Monthly Labor Review, Aug. 1995, pp. 3-12.
31. Linda Jacobson, "Plans for Universal Preschool gain Ground in New York State," Education Week, Oct. 25, 2000. See also the website of the Georgia Pre-K Program on the Internet at http:// www.osr.state.ga.us/whatisprek.html.
32. Linda Jacobson, "Plans for Universal Preschool gain Ground in New York State," Education Week, Oct. 25, 2000. See also the website of the Georgia Pre-K Program on the Internet at http:// www.osr.state.ga.us/whatisprek.html.
33. Trends and Data: Aging Housing and Services Field, American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging, 1999. Quoted at the American Association of Retired Persons, Assisted Living in the United States, on the Internet at http://research.aarp.org/il/ fs62r_assisted.html.
34. Trends and Data: Aging Housing and Services Field, American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging, 1999. Quoted at the American Association of Retired Persons, Assisted Living in the United States, on the Internet at http://research.aarp.org/il/ fs62r_assisted.html.
35. Linda A. Johnson, "Growth Continues at Fast Pace for Assisted Living Centers," The Journal Record, Nov. 25, 1998.
36. Robert Mollica, State Assisted Living Policy: 2000 (National Academy for State Health Policy, 2000).
37. See for example Gregory St. Martin, "Boston U.: High schoolers skipping college for high tech jobs," U-Wire, April 13, 2000; and James Salzer, "College enrollment slows: Strong economy blamed for failure of some schools to meet targets," The Atlanta Constitution, May 11, 2000; and Carol Innerst, "College enrollment declines slightly, continuing trend; availability of jobs partly responsible," The Washington Times, Jan. 20, 1996, p. A3.
38. See for example Gregory St. Martin, "Boston U.: High schoolers skipping college for high tech jobs," U-Wire, April 13, 2000; and James Salzer, "College enrollment slows: Strong economy blamed for failure of some schools to meet targets," The Atlanta Constitution, May 11, 2000; and Carol Innerst, "College enrollment declines slightly, continuing trend; availability of jobs partly responsible," The Washington Times, Jan. 20, 1996, p. A3.
39. See for example Gregory St. Martin, "Boston U.: High schoolers skipping college for high tech jobs," U-Wire, April 13, 2000; and James Salzer, "College enrollment slows: Strong economy blamed for failure of some schools to meet targets," The Atlanta Constitution, May 11, 2000; and Carol Innerst, "College enrollment declines slightly, continuing trend; availability of jobs partly responsible," The Washington Times, Jan. 20, 1996, p. A3.
40. Rene Sanchez, "Colleges Compete for Cost-Conscious Students; Tuition Deals Among Innovations That Seek Hedge Against Inflation," The Washington Post, Mar. 21, 1995, p. A1.
41. "Amusement and recreation services not elsewhere classified" include a vast variety of establishments from aerial tramways to yoga instruction. Sports instruction of many kinds is included.
42. Only privately owned zoos, museums, and botanical gardens are included in the category; publicly owned institutions are classified in the government division.
43. The incidence of flying increases with income, according to Air Transport Association of America, Air Travel Survey 1993, 1994, p. III-14. Furthermore, the percentage of trips by airline that were taken for recreational purposes increased substantially from 1977 to 1997. (See Air Travel Survey 1998, 1998, p. V-5.)
44. The incidence of flying increases with income, according to Air Transport Association of America, Air Travel Survey 1993, 1994, p. III-14. Furthermore, the percentage of trips by airline that were taken for recreational purposes increased substantially from 1977 to 1997. (See Air Travel Survey 1998, 1998, p. V-5.)
45. Disposable income statistics are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U. S. Department of Commerce, on the Internet at http:// www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn/nipaweb Table ViewFixedasp?SelectedTable=27&FirstYear=2001&Freq=Qtr (visited Aug. 3, 2001).
46. Skip Wollenberg, "Internet Advertising Tops S1 Billion," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Dec. 14, 1999.
47. Roger Bull, "Open All Night In a 24-hour Economy," The Florida Times-Union, November 4, 1999; Rob Kirkbride, "After Midnight, Night Workers Propel the 24-hour Economy," The Grand Rapids Press, September 3, 2000; and Karen Robinson-Jacobs, "The Day-Care Night Shift Valley Network Offers Solutions to Parents Who Work Odd Hours," Los Angeles Times, September 27, 1998.
48. Roger Bull, "Open All Night In a 24-hour Economy," The Florida Times-Union, November 4, 1999; Rob Kirkbride, "After Midnight, Night Workers Propel the 24-hour Economy," The Grand Rapids Press, September 3, 2000; and Karen Robinson-Jacobs, "The Day-Care Night Shift Valley Network Offers Solutions to Parents Who Work Odd Hours," Los Angeles Times, September 27, 1998.
49. Roger Bull, "Open All Night In a 24-hour Economy," The Florida Times-Union, November 4, 1999; Rob Kirkbride, "After Midnight, Night Workers Propel the 24-hour Economy," The Grand Rapids Press, September 3, 2000; and Karen Robinson-Jacobs, "The Day-Care Night Shift Valley Network Offers Solutions to Parents Who Work Odd Hours," Los Angeles Times, September 27, 1998.
50. See R.A. Ellis, At the Crossroads: Crisis and Opportunity for American Engineers in the 1990's, special edition at Engineering Workforce Bulletin (Washington: American Association of Engineering Societies, Inc.), Jan. 1994.
51. From "FD-AGG" tables, Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
52. R.A. Ellis, At the Crossroads:...