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1
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11244312646
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-
note
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U.S. business cycle expansions and contractions are reported by the Business Cycle Dating Committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
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-
-
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2
-
-
11244323222
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-
note
-
In Japan, stock prices and land prices appreciated greatly during the late 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s. For example, the Nikkei Stock Average 225 reported by Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc., recorded 12,556 yen in 1985 and 38,915 yen, its highest value ever, at the end of 1989. Similarly, the Urban Land Price Index reported by the Japan Real Estate Institute (1990 = 100) recorded 61.7 in March 1985 for nationwide commercial areas and 111.7, its highest value ever, in September 1991. The growth rates of both of these indexes exceeded the growth rate of nominal GDP. However, prices have fallen in the 1990s: the Nikkei Stock Average 225 was down to 17,160 yen in 2000, and the Urban Land Price Index also was down, to 51.6 in March 2001.
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3
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11244316037
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-
note
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Japan's business cycle expansions and contractions are determined by the Working Group of Indices of Business Conditions of the Japanese Government Cabinet Office.
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-
-
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4
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11244333949
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-
note
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In Japan, "restructuring," as applied to private companies, usually means "reducing the number of employees without reforming the firm's management system."
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-
-
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5
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11244316035
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-
note
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A number of economists use the term "lifetime employment" or "lifetime commitment" instead of "long-term employment." Strictly speaking, "lifetime" is incorrect, because firms do not guarantee employment for the entire lifetime of a worker.
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6
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11244343774
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note
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The CPS is conducted jointly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census.
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-
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7
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0001990743
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Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994
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January
-
For detailed information on the CPS revisions, see Sharon R. Cohany, Anne E. Polivka, and Jennifer M. Rothgeb, "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994," Employment and Earnings, January 1994, pp. 13-35.
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(1994)
Employment and Earnings
, pp. 13-35
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Cohany, S.R.1
Polivka, A.E.2
Rothgeb, J.M.3
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8
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11244328717
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note
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The Statistics Bureau was under the Management and Coordination Agency of the Prime Minister's Office until the beginning of 2001. The change is a result of the reorganization of ministries in the Japanese Government.
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9
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11244274847
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note
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The Special Survey was conducted in March until 1983 and in February from 1983 to 1998. Since 1999, it has been conducted semiannually, in February and August, reflecting the seriousness of employment conditions in Japan.
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10
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11244295940
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note
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The August results are not reported in this article, but are available, together with background data, upon request.
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11
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0008193846
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Japan's low unemployment: An in-depth analysis
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March
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Sorrentino pointed out the importance of this observation; see Constance Sorrentino, "Japan's low unemployment: an in-depth analysis," Monthly Labor Review, March 1984, pp. 18-27.
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(1984)
Monthly Labor Review
, pp. 18-27
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-
Sorrentino, C.1
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12
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84925900670
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Employment and unemployment: The doughnut or the hole?
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February
-
The concept of "alternative unemployment rates" was proposed by Julius Shiskin, who pointed out that it was not appropriate to apply the official unemployment rate to every policy objective. (See Julius Shiskin, "Employment and unemployment: the doughnut or the hole?" Monthly Labor Review, February 1976, pp. 3-10.)
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(1976)
Monthly Labor Review
, pp. 3-10
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Shiskin, J.1
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13
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0040815398
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BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures
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October
-
The new measures are explained in John E. Bregger and Steven E. Haugen, "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," Monthly Labor Review, October 1995, pp. 19-26.
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(1995)
Monthly Labor Review
, pp. 19-26
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Bregger, J.E.1
Haugen, S.E.2
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14
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11244319112
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National Commission recommends changes in labor force statistics
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April
-
In its report on the CPS, the Levitan Commission criticized the definition of discouraged workers and recommended revisions thereto. See Robert L. Stein, "National Commission recommends changes in labor force statistics," Monthly Labor Review, April 1980, pp. 11-21.
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(1980)
Monthly Labor Review
, pp. 11-21
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Stein, R.L.1
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15
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0348120019
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Discouraged workers and changes in unemployment
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March
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Paul O. Flaim, "Discouraged workers and changes in unemployment," Monthly Labor Review, March 1973, pp. 8-16, established a fairly strong cyclical sensitivity in the number of discouraged workers. Given his result, one might conclude that discouraged workers have strong links to the job market and that they test the market periodically and are ready to jump back into it if they believe that jobs are available. However, Flaim also found that more than half of discouraged workers had not looked for work in more than 1 year and that the majority seldom test the job market. He concluded that only some discouraged workers returned to work or resumed searching for a job. (See Paul O. Flaim, "Discouraged workers: how strong are their links to the job market?" Monthly Labor Review, August 1984, pp. 8-11.)
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(1973)
Monthly Labor Review
, pp. 8-16
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Flaim, P.O.1
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16
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0347489907
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Discouraged workers: How strong are their links to the job market?
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August
-
Paul O. Flaim, "Discouraged workers and changes in unemployment," Monthly Labor Review, March 1973, pp. 8-16, established a fairly strong cyclical sensitivity in the number of discouraged workers. Given his result, one might conclude that discouraged workers have strong links to the job market and that they test the market periodically and are ready to jump back into it if they believe that jobs are available. However, Flaim also found that more than half of discouraged workers had not looked for work in more than 1 year and that the majority seldom test the job market. He concluded that only some discouraged workers returned to work or resumed searching for a job. (See Paul O. Flaim, "Discouraged workers: how strong are their links to the job market?" Monthly Labor Review, August 1984, pp. 8-11.)
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(1984)
Monthly Labor Review
, pp. 8-11
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Flaim, P.O.1
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17
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11244353039
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Cohany, Polivka, and Rothgeb used the former and current definitions of "discouraged workers," CPS data, and the CPS parallel survey and found that the estimated number of discouraged workers was reduced to about two-fifths the former count by the revision. They concluded that requiring jobseeking activity within the previous year contributed to a substantial lowering of the estimate of the number of discouraged workers. (See Cohany, Polivka, and Rothgeb, "Revisions in the Current Population Survey.") Monica D. Castillo, "Persons outside the labor force who want a job," Monthly Labor Review, July 1998, pp. 34-42, pointed out that in the United States, only 45 percent of persons classified as discouraged workers in 1994 had become a part of the labor force in 1995, but the labor force attachment of discouraged workers had become stronger than before.
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Revisions in the Current Population Survey
-
-
Cohany1
Polivka2
Rothgeb3
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18
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0001569379
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Persons outside the labor force who want a job
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July
-
Cohany, Polivka, and Rothgeb used the former and current definitions of "discouraged workers," CPS data, and the CPS parallel survey and found that the estimated number of discouraged workers was reduced to about two-fifths the former count by the revision. They concluded that requiring jobseeking activity within the previous year contributed to a substantial lowering of the estimate of the number of discouraged workers. (See Cohany, Polivka, and Rothgeb, "Revisions in the Current Population Survey.") Monica D. Castillo, "Persons outside the labor force who want a job," Monthly Labor Review, July 1998, pp. 34-42, pointed out that in the United States, only 45 percent of persons classified as discouraged workers in 1994 had become a part of the labor force in 1995, but the labor force attachment of discouraged workers had become stronger than before.
-
(1998)
Monthly Labor Review
, pp. 34-42
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Castillo, M.D.1
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20
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0012467566
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Tokyo, Ministry of Labor, in Japanese
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The Ministry of Labor in Japan (which became the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in 2001) employed this method in order to compare the official unemployment rates in the United States and Japan in 1999. See "White Paper on Labor" (Tokyo, Ministry of Labor, 1999), in Japanese; English summary available on the Internet at http://www.jil.go.jp/bulletin/summary/index.htm.
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(1999)
White Paper on Labor
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-
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21
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11244335278
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-
According to International Labor Office recommendations, persons who are laid off, but who have a weak attachment to the labor force (as in the United States), should be counted as unemployed, whereas those who are laid off, but who have a strong attachment to the labor force (as in Japan), should be enumerated as employed. (See "Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment, adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (October 1982)," on the Internet at http://www.ilo.org/public/ english/bureau/stat/res/ecacpop/htm.)
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Resolution Concerning Statistics of the Economically Active Population, Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, Adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (October 1982)
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-
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22
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0039973697
-
International unemployment rates: How comparable are they?
-
June
-
See Constance Sorrentino, "International unemployment rates: how comparable are they?" Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3-20.
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(2000)
Monthly Labor Review
, pp. 3-20
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-
Sorrentino, C.1
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23
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11244340372
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-
note
-
According to the U.S. definitions, unpaid family workers who work fewer than 15 hours per week are outside the labor force. Although, in Japan, the category of "family workers" might include some paid family workers, all family workers who worked fewer than 15 hours per week are subtracted from the labor force in this adjustment.
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-
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24
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0007202744
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International unemployment indicators, 1983-93
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August
-
The number of members in the Self-Defense Forces can be obtained from the "Defense White Paper," published annually by the Defense Agency. In the Regular Survey, Self-Defense Forces members who reside in an official residence provided by the Defense Agency are included in the labor force, but in the Special Survey, they are not. In order to determine civilian unemployment rates, the number of members of the Self-Defense Forces must be subtracted from the labor force. However, in the Special Survey, Self-Defense Forces members who reside in private housing might be included in the labor force. In consultations with the Statistics Bureau of Japan, Sorrentino learned that half of the members of the Self-Defense Forces reside in private housing. (See Constance Sorrentino, "International unemployment indicators, 1983-93," Monthly Labor Review, August 1995, pp. 31-50.)
-
(1995)
Monthly Labor Review
, pp. 31-50
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-
Sorrentino, C.1
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25
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11244304052
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http://www.bls.gov/ news.release/empsit.t08.htm.
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U.S. data are from the BLS website, http://www.bls.gov/ webapps/legacy/cpsatab8.htm, which gives historical data on these measures. The most recent data are found at http://www.bls.gov/ news.release/empsit.t08.htm. Data on the number of persons working part time for economic reasons, by sex, are not available at the website, so information was provided directly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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26
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11244258026
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-
note
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In Japan, managers can legally dismiss employees with prior notice, but judicial precedents require objective and rational reasons that satisfy the following conditions: (1) the dismissal must be shown to be necessary; (2) efforts must have been undertaken to avoid dismissal; (3) the selection of those dismissed must have been carried out on a rational basis; and (4) the dismissal procedure must have been "appropriate."
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27
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0004191960
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-
Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shinposya
-
See, for example, Kazuo Koike, Shigoto no Keizaigaku (Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shinposya), 1991; and T. Suruga, "Nihon Kigyo no Koyo Tyosei," in T. Suruga and H. Chuma, Koyo Kanko no Henka to Zyosei Rodo (Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1997).
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(1991)
Shigoto No Keizaigaku
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-
Koike, K.1
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28
-
-
11244332909
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Nihon Kigyo no Koyo Tyosei
-
T. Suruga and H. Chuma, Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai
-
See, for example, Kazuo Koike, Shigoto no Keizaigaku (Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shinposya), 1991; and T. Suruga, "Nihon Kigyo no Koyo Tyosei," in T. Suruga and H. Chuma, Koyo Kanko no Henka to Zyosei Rodo (Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1997).
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(1997)
Koyo Kanko No Henka to Zyosei Rodo
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-
Suruga, T.1
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29
-
-
11244322682
-
Young People Feel a Chill in Japan's Hiring Season
-
Apr. 1
-
James Brooke, "Young People Feel a Chill in Japan's Hiring Season," The New York Times, Apr. 1, 2002, p. A3.
-
(2002)
The New York Times
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-
Brooke, J.1
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30
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-
11244355719
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-
note
-
According to the Regular Survey conducted in 2000 in Japan, there were 31,970,000 men employed in the nonagricultural sector. Out of that number, only 8,430,000 were working in companies employing 500 or more workers. (The figures include part-time workers.)
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-
-
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31
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11244327428
-
-
note
-
A survey conducted in August and October 1998 by the Statistics Bureau of Japan supports this idea. The survey was a supplement to the Labor Force Survey and examined the job search activities of unemployed persons who lost or left their jobs in the previous year. The survey revealed that among 1,840,000 unemployed persons, 1,050,000 were men and 790,000 women. Also, 1. of persons older than 45 years, 490,000 men and 230,000 women lost or left their jobs; 2. of persons who were engaged in jobs that did not require skilled labor, 703,000 male non-white-collar workers, 240,000 female clerks, and 230,000 female non-white-collar workers lost or left their jobs; and 3. of persons who worked for small firms with fewer than 100 employees, 600,000 men and 430,000 women lost or left their jobs.
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