Assessment of the antibacterial activity of tea tree oil using the European EN 1276 and EN 12054 standard suspension tests

Journal of Hospital Infection

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 113-125

  Messager, S ^a   Hammer, K A ^a   Carson, C F ^a   Riley, T V ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b Medical Research   (Australia)

^c Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcoholic handrub; EN 12054; EN 1276; Hygienic handwash; Suspension test; Tea tree oil

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN; CINEOLE; POLYSORBATE 80; POVIDONE IODINE; TEA TREE OIL; TERPINEN 4 OL;

ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COUNT; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; ESCHERICHIA COLI; EX VIVO STUDY; NONHUMAN; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; SUSPENSION;

ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL; BACTERIA; ESCHERICHIA COLI K12; HANDWASHING; HUMANS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; TEA TREE OIL;

EID: 11244267139     PISSN: 01956701     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.07.015     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. E. Larson Skin hygiene and infection prevention: More of the same or different approaches? Clin Infect Dis 29 1999 1287-1294
2. J.M. Boyce D. Pittet Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 23 Suppl. 12 2002 S3-S40
3. S. Naikoba A. Hayward The effectiveness of interventions aimed at increasing handwashing in healthcare workers-a systematic review J Hosp Infect 47 2001 173-180
4. G. Reybrouck Handwashing and hand disinfection J Hosp Infect 8 1986 5-23
5. E.L. Larson E. Early P. Cloonan S. Sugrue M. Parides An organizational climate intervention associated with increased handwashing and decreased nosocomial infections Behav Med 26 2000 14-22
6. D. Pittet Compliance with hand disinfection and its impact on hospital-acquired infections J Hosp Infect 48 Suppl. A 2001 S40-S46
7. S. Karabey P. Ay S. Derbentli Y. Nakipoglu F. Esen Handwashing frequencies in an intensive care unit J Hosp Infect 50 2002 36-41
8. E. Larson Hygiene of the skin: When is clean too clean? Emerg Infect Dis 7 2001 225-230
9. C.F. Carson T.V. Riley Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia Lett Appl Microbiol 16 1993 49-55
10. C. Brand A. Ferrante R.H. Prager et al. The water-soluble components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) suppress the production of superoxide by human monocytes, but not neutrophils, activated in vitro Inflamm Res 50 2001 213-219
11. K.J. Koh A.L. Pearce G. Marshman J.J. Finlay-Jones P.H. Hart Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation Br J Dermatol 147 2002 1212-1217
12. K.A. Hammer C.F. Carson T.V. Riley Susceptibility of transient and commensal skin flora to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) Am J Infect Control 24 1996 186-189
13. W.C. Noble Skin bacteriology and the role of Staphylococcus aureus in infection Br J Dermatol 139 Suppl. 53 1998 9-12
14. C.F. Carson T.V. Riley Toxicity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia or tea tree oil J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 33 1995 193-195
15. P. Schnitzler K. Schon J. Reichling Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture Pharmazie 56 2001 343-347
16. C.F. Carson B.J. Mee T.V. Riley Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 2002 1914-1920
17. K.A. Hammer C.F. Carson T.V. Riley In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi J Antimicrob Chemother 50 2002 195-199
18. K.A. Hammer C.F. Carson T.V. Riley Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil J Appl Microbiol 95 2003 853-860
19. K.A. Hammer L. Dry M. Johnson E.M. Michalak C.F. Carson T.V. Riley Susceptibility of oral bacteria to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro Oral Microbiol Immunol 18 2003 389-392
20. European standard EN 1276. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic, and industrial areas. Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. European standard EN, 1276; 1997.
21. European standard (pr)EN 12054. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Products for hygienic and surgical handrub and handwash. Bactericidal activity. Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. European standard EN 12054; 1995.
22. International Organization for Standardization ISO 4730 Oil of Melaleuca, terpinen-4-ol type (tea tree oil) 1996 International Organization for Standardization Switzerland
23. J.-Y. Maillard S. Messager R. Veillon Antimicrobial efficacy of biocides tested on skin using an 'ex-vivo' test J Hosp Infect 40 1998 313-323
24. D. Pittet Hand hygiene: Improved standards and practice for hospital care Curr Opin Infect Dis 16 2003 327-335
25. D. Pittet J.M. Boyce Hand hygiene and patient care: Pursuing the Semmelweis legacy Lancet Infect Dis 0 2001 9-20
26. R.L.R. Hill M.W. Casewell The in-vitro activity of povidone-iodine cream against Staphylococcus aureus and its bioavailability in nasal secretions J Hosp Infect 45 2000 198-205
27. C. Economou-Stamatelopoulou J. Papavassiliou Bactericidal activity of disinfectants against certain bacterial strains of S. aureus Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 81 1988 721-725
28. C.L. Cardoso H.H. Pereira J.C. Zequim M. Guilhermetti Effectiveness of hand-cleansing agents for removing Acinetobacter baumannii strain from contaminated hands Am J Infect Control 27 1999 327-331
29. M. Guilhermetti S.E. Hernandes Y. Fukushigue L.B. Garcia C.L. Cardoso Effectiveness of hand-cleansing agents for removing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from contaminated hands Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 22 2001 105-108
30. D.W. Hobson W. Woller L. Anderson E. Guthery Development and evaluation of a new alcohol-based surgical hand scrub formulation with persistent antimicrobial characteristics and brushless application Am J Infect Control 26 1998 507-512
31. K. Nishioka T. Seguchi H. Yasuno T. Yamamoto K. Tominaga The results of ingredient patch testing in contact dermatitis elicited by povidone-iodine preparations Contact Dermatitis 42 2000 90-94
32. S.E. Walsh J.-Y. Maillard A.D. Russell C.E. Catrenich D.L. Charbonneau R.G. Bartolo Activity and mechanisms of action of selected biocidal agents on Gram-positive and -negative bacteria J Appl Microbiol 94 2003 240-247
33. K.A. Hammer C.F. Carson T.V. Riley Influence of organic matter, cations and surfactants on the antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro J Appl Microbiol 86 1999 446-452
34. S.D. Cox C.M. Mann J.L. Markham Interactions between components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia J Appl Microbiol 91 2001 492-497
35. T. Sakuragi K. Yanagisawa K. Dan Bactericidal activity of skin disinfectants on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Anesth Analg 81 1995 555-558
36. D. Herrera S. Roldan I. Santacruz S. Santos M. Masdevall M. Sanz Differences in antimicrobial activity of four commercial 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse formulations: An in vitro contact test and salivary bacterial counts study J Clin Periodontol 30 2003 307-314
37. S. Messager P. Goddard P.W. Dettmar J.-Y. Maillard Determination of the antibacterial efficacy of several antiseptics tested on skin by an 'ex-vivo' test J Med Microbiol 50 2001 284-292
38. D.K. Jeng J.E. Severin Povidone iodine gel alcohol: A 30-second, onetime application preoperative skin preparation Am J Infect Control 26 1998 488-494
39. G. Kampf M. Hofer C. Wendt Efficacy of hand disinfectants against vancomycin-resistant enterococci in vitro J Hosp Infect 42 1999 143-150
40. M.G. Marchetti G. Kampf G. Finzi G. Salvatorelli Evaluation of the bactericidal effect of five products for surgical hand disinfection according to prEN 12054 and prEN 12791 J Hosp Infect 54 2003 63-67
41. M. Winnefeld M.M. Richard M. Drancourt J.J. Grobb Skin tolerance and effectiveness of two hand decontamination procedures in everyday hospital use Br J Dermatol 143 2000 546-550
42. J.J. Parienti P. Thibon R. Heller et al. Antisepsie Chirurgicale des mains Study Group. Hand-rubbing with an aqueous alcoholic solution vs traditional surgical hand-scrubbing and 30-day surgical site infection rates: A randomized equivalence study JAMA 288 2002 722-727
43. J.M. Boyce S. Kelliher N. Vallande Skin irritation and dryness associated with two hand hygiene regimens: Soap and water handwashing versus hand antisepsis with an alcoholic hand gel Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21 2000 442-448
44. G. Kampf M. Muscatiello Dermal tolerance of Sterillium, a propanol-based hand rub J Hosp Infect 55 2003 295-298
45. G. Reybrouck Evaluation of antimicrobial and antifungal efficacy In: A.D. Russell W.B. Hugo G.A.J. Ayliffe (Eds.) Principles and practice of disinfection, sterilization and preservation 3rd edn 1999 Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford 124-144
46. European standard EN 1499. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Hygienic handwash. Test method and requirements (phase 2/step 2). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. European standard EN, 1499; 1997.
47. European standard EN 1500. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Hygienic handrub. Test method and requirements (phase 2/step 2). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. European standard EN, 1500; 1997.