Relation between trauma and psychopathology: Mediating roles of dissociation and fears about death and control

Journal of Trauma and Dissociation

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 101-117

  Gershuny, Beth S ^a   Najavits, Lisa M ^b,c   Wood, Phillip K ^d   Heppner, Mary ^d  

^a SKIDMORE COLLEGE   (United States)

^b MCLEAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

Dissociation; Psychopathology; PTSD; Structural equation model; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT; ADULT; BORDERLINE STATE; BULIMIA; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEATH; DISASTER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER; EXPERIENCE; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LIFE EVENT; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MENTAL DISEASE; NORMAL HUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTRAUMA; QUESTIONNAIRE; RAPE; REVIEW; VARIANCE; VIOLENCE; WITNESS;

EID: 11244262464     PISSN: 15299732     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J229v05n03_08     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., revised). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Baron, R.M., & Kenney, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
3. Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
4. Bentler, P.M., & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
5. Bremner, J.D., & Brett, E. (1997). Trauma-related dissociative states and long-term psychopathology in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 37-49.
6. Bremner, J.D., Southwick, S., Brett, E., Fontana, A., Rosenheck, R., & Charney, D.S. (1992). Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 328-332.
7. Breslau, N., David, G.C., Andreski, P., & Peterson, E. (1991). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 216-222.
8. Brodsky, B.S., Cloitre, M., & Dulit, R.A. (1995). Relationship of dissociation to self-mutilation and childhood abuse in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152 1788-1792.
9. Bryant, R.A., & Harvey, A.G. (1995). Posttraumatic stress in volunteer firefighters: Predictors of distress. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 267-271.
10. Butter, L.D., Duran, E.F.D., Jasiukatis, P., Koopman, C., & Spiegel, D. (1995). Hypnotizability and traumatic experience: A diathesis-stress model of dissociative symptomatology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 42-63.
11. Cardena, E., & Spiegel, D. (1993). Dissociative reactions to the San Francisco Bay area earthquake of 1989. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 474-478.
12. Carlson, E.B., Armstrong, J., Loewenstein, R., & Roth, D. (1998). Relationships between traumatic experiences and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, dissociation, and amnesia. In J.D. Bremner, & C.A. Marmar (Eds.), Trauma, memory, and dissociation (pp. 205-227 . Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
13. Carlson, E.B., & Putnam, F.W. (1993). An update on the dissociative experiences scale. Dissociation, 6, 16-27.
14. Carlson, E.B., & Rosser-Hogan, R. (1991). Trauma experiences, posttraumatic stress, dissociation, and depression in Cambodian refugees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1548-1551.
15. Chu, J.A., & Dill, D.L. (1990). Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 887-892.
16. Classen, C., Koopman, C., Hales, R., & Spiegel, D. (1998). Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 620-624.
17. Cloitre, M., Scarvalone, P., & Difede, J. (1997). Post-traumatic stress disorder, self and interpersonal dysfunction among sexually revictimized women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 435-450.
18. Conte, H.R., Weiner, M.B., & Plutchik, R. (1982). Measuring death anxiety: Conceptual, psychometric, and factor-analytic aspects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 775-785.
19. Dancu, C.V., Riggs, D.S., Hearst-Ikeda, D., Shoyer, B.G., & Foa, E.B. (1996). Dissociative experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder among female victims of criminal assault and rape. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 253-267.
20. Derogatis, L.R., & Spencer, M.S. (1982). The brief symptom inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Clinical Psychometrics Unit.
21. Elliott, D.M. (1997). Traumatic events: Prevalence and delayed recall in the general population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 811-820.
22. Feifel, H., & Nagy, V.T. (1981). Another look at the fear of death. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 278-286.
23. Foa, E.B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The posttraumatic diagnostic scale. Psychological Assessment, 9, 445-451.
24. Foa, E.B., & Hearst-Ikeda, D. (1986). Emotional dissociation in response to trauma. In L.K. Michelson and W.J. Ray (Eds.), Handbook of dissociation (pp. 207-224). New York: Plenum Press.
25. Foa, E.B., Riggs, D.S., & Gershuny, B.S. (1995). Arousal, numbing, and intrusion: Symptom structure of PTSD following assault. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 116-120.
26. Follette, V.M., Polusny, M.A,, Bechtle, A.E., & Naugle, A.E. (1996). Cumulative trauma: The impact of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and spouse abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 25-35.
27. Garner, D.M., Olmstead, M.P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 15-34.
28. Gershuny, B.S. (1999). Structural models of psychological trauma, dissociative phenomena, and distress in a mixed-trauma sample of females: Relations to fears about death and control. Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.
29. Gershuny, B.S., Cloitre, M., & Otto, M.W. (2003). Peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD severity: Do event-related fears about death and control mediate their relation? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 157-166.
30. Gershuny, B.S., & Thayer, J.F. (1999). Relations among psychological trauma, dissociative phenomena, and trauma-related distress: A review and integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 19, 631-657.
31. Hall, L.A., Sachs, B., Rayens, J.K., & Lutenbacher, M. (1993). Childhood physical and sexual abuse: Their relationship with depressive symptoms in adulthood. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 25, 317-323.
32. Harvey, A.G., & Bryant, R.A. (1998). The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective evaluation of motor vehicle accident survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 507-512.
33. Herman, J. (1997). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.
34. Herman, J.L., Perry, J.C., & van der Kolk, B.A. (1989). Childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 490-495.
35. Horowitz, M.J., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of event scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
36. Katz, B.E., & Gleaves, D.H. (1996). Dissociative symptoms among patients with eating disorders: Associated feature or artifact of a comorbid dissociative disorder. Dissociation, 9, 28-36.
37. Kirby, J.S., Chu, J.A, & Dill, D.L. (1993). Correlates of dissociative symptomatology in patients with physical and sexual abuse histories. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 258-263.
38. Koopman, C., Classen, C., & Spiegel, D. (1994). Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif., firestorm. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 888-894.
39. Laporte, L., & Guttman, H. (1996). Traumatic childhood experiences as risk factors for borderline and other personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 10, 247-259.
40. Lauterbach, D. (1999). Trauma among college students: Reasons to consider studying this population. Traumatic Stress Points, 13, 6.
41. Lifton, R.J. (1968). Death in life. New York: Random House.
42. Lifton, R.J. (1973). The sense of immortality: On death and the continuity of life. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 33, 3-15.
43. Lifton, R.J., & Olson, E. (1999). The human meaning of total disaster. In M.J. Horowitz (Ed.), Essential papers on posttraumatic stress disorder (pp. 206-231). New York: New York University Press.
44. Litz, B.T., Schlenger, W.E., Weather, F.W., Caddell, J.M., Fairbank, J.A., & Lavange, L.M. (1997). Predictors of emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 607-618.
45. Loehlin, J.C. (1992). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis (2nd ed). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
46. Mancini, C., Van Ameringen, M., & MacMillan, H. (1995). Relation of childhood sexual and physical abuse to anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 309-314.
47. Marsh, H.W., Balla, J.R., & McDonald, R.P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 391-410.
48. McCauley, J., Kern, D.E., Kolodner, K., Dill, L., Schroeder, A.F., DeChant, H.K., Ryden, J., Derogatis, L.R., & Bass, E.B. (1997). Clinical characteristics of women with a history of childhood abuse: Unhealed wounds. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 1362-1368.
49. Morey, L.C. (1991). Personality Assessment Inventory: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
50. Nemiah, J.C. (1998). Early concepts of trauma, dissociation, and the unconscious: Their history and current implications. In J.D. Bremner and C.R. Marmar (Eds.), Trauma, memory, and dissociation (pp. 1-26). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
51. Ogata, S.N., Silk, K.R., Goodrich, S., Lohr, N.E., Westen, D., & Hill, E.M. (1990). Childhood sexual and physical abuse in adult patients with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1008-1013.
52. Reynolds, W.M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 119-125.
53. Ross, C.A. (1996). History, phenomenology, and epidemiology of dissociation. In L.K. Michelson and W.J. Ray (Eds.), Handbook of dissociation (pp. 3-24). New York: Plenum Press.
54. Rothbaum, B.O., Foa, E.B., Riggs, D.S., Murdock, T., & Walsh, W. (1992). A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 455-475.
55. Sandberg, D.A., & Lynn, S.J. (1992). Dissociative experiences, psychopathology and adjustment, and child and adolescent maltreatment in female college students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 717-723.
56. SAS (1990). SAS technical report P-2000 SAS/STAT software: CALIS and LOGOSTIC procedures, release 6.04. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.
57. Sher, K.J., Gershuny, B.S., Peterson, L., & Raskin, G. (1997). The role of childhood stressors in the intergenerational transmission of alcohol use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 414-427.
58. Trull, T.J., Widiger, T.A., & Guthrie, P. (1990). Categorical versus dimensional status of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 40-48.
59. Valdiserri, S., & Kihlstrom, J.F. (1995). Abnormal eating and dissociative experiences. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 373-380.
60. van der Kolk, B.A. (1987). Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
61. van der Kolk, B.A., van der Hart, O., & Marmar, C.R. (1996). Dissociation and information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. In B.A. van der Kolk, A.C. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress (pp. 303-330). New York: Guilford Press.
62. Vrana, S., & Lauterbach, D. (1994). Prevalence of traumatic events and post-traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 289-302.
63. Weiss, D.S., Marmar, C.R., Schlenger, W.E., Fairbank, J.A., Jordan, B.K., Hough, R.L., & Kulka, R.A. (1992). The prevalence of lifetime and partial post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam theater veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 365-376.
64. Windle, M., Windle, R.C., Scheidt, D.M., & Miller, G.B. (1995). Physical and sexual abuse and associated mental disorders among alcoholic inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1322-1328.
65. Yehuda, R. (1998). Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
66. Yehuda, R., Elkin, A., Binder-Brynes, K., Kahana, B., Southwick, S.M., Schmeidler, J., & Giller, E.L. (1996). Dissociation in aging holocaust survivors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 935-940.
67. Yehuda, R., & McFarlane, A.C. (1995). Conflict between current knowledge about posttraumatic stress disorder and its original conceptual basis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1705-1713.