Defining Accountability Up: The Global Economic Multilaterals

Government and Opposition

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2004, Pages

  Kahler, Miles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 11144357077     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00003.x     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Bernard Manin, Adam Przeworski and Susan C. Stokes, 'Elections and Representation', in Adam Przeworski, Susan C. Stokes and Bernard Manin (eds), Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 50.
2. Mark A. Pollack, 'Learning from the Americanists (Again): Theory and Method in the Study of Delegation', West European Politics, 25: 1 (2002), pp. 200-19.
3. Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1999; Arend Lijphart, 'The Pros and Cons - But Mainly Pros - of Consensus Democracy', Acta Politica (2001-2), pp. 129-39.
4. Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1999; Arend Lijphart, 'The Pros and Cons - But Mainly Pros - of Consensus Democracy', Acta Politica (2001-2), pp. 129-39.
5. David Held, 'The Transformation of Political Community: Rethinking Democracy in the Context of Globalization', in Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordón (eds), Democracy's Edges, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 103.
6. Michael Zürn, 'Democratic Governance beyond the Nation-State', in Michael T. Greven and Louis W. Pauly (eds), Democracy Beyond the State? The European Dilemma and the Emerging Global Order, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, p. 91.
7. Michael T. Greven, 'Can the European Union Finally Become a Democracy?', in Greven and Pauly, Democracy Beyond the State?, op. cit., pp. 36, 55-6. On democratic public law, see Held, 'The Transformation of Political Community', op. cit., p. 105; on constitutionalism, see Neil Walker, 'The EU and the WTO: Constitutionalism in a New Key', in Gráinne de Búrca and Joanne Scott (eds), The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2001, pp. 31-57 and Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, 'European and International Constitutional Law: Time for Promoting "Cosmopolitan Democracy" in the WTO', in Búrca and Scott, The EU and the WTO, op. cit., pp. 81-110.
8. Michael T. Greven, 'Can the European Union Finally Become a Democracy?', in Greven and Pauly, Democracy Beyond the State?, op. cit., pp. 36, 55-6. On democratic public law, see Held, 'The Transformation of Political Community', op. cit., p. 105; on constitutionalism, see Neil Walker, 'The EU and the WTO: Constitutionalism in a New Key', in Gráinne de Búrca and Joanne Scott (eds), The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2001, pp. 31-57 and Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, 'European and International Constitutional Law: Time for Promoting "Cosmopolitan Democracy" in the WTO', in Búrca and Scott, The EU and the WTO, op. cit., pp. 81-110.
9. Michael T. Greven, 'Can the European Union Finally Become a Democracy?', in Greven and Pauly, Democracy Beyond the State?, op. cit., pp. 36, 55-6. On democratic public law, see Held, 'The Transformation of Political Community', op. cit., p. 105; on constitutionalism, see Neil Walker, 'The EU and the WTO: Constitutionalism in a New Key', in Gráinne de Búrca and Joanne Scott (eds), The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2001, pp. 31-57 and Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, 'European and International Constitutional Law: Time for Promoting "Cosmopolitan Democracy" in the WTO', in Búrca and Scott, The EU and the WTO, op. cit., pp. 81-110.
10. Michael T. Greven, 'Can the European Union Finally Become a Democracy?', in Greven and Pauly, Democracy Beyond the State?, op. cit., pp. 36, 55-6. On democratic public law, see Held, 'The Transformation of Political Community', op. cit., p. 105; on constitutionalism, see Neil Walker, 'The EU and the WTO: Constitutionalism in a New Key', in Gráinne de Búrca and Joanne Scott (eds), The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2001, pp. 31-57 and Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, 'European and International Constitutional Law: Time for Promoting "Cosmopolitan Democracy" in the WTO', in Búrca and Scott, The EU and the WTO, op. cit., pp. 81-110.
11. Robert A. Dahl, 'Can International Organizations Be Democratic? A Skeptic's View', in Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordón (eds), Democracy's Edges, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 19-36.
12. Will Kymlicka, 'Citizenship in an Era of Globalization: Commentary on Held', in Shapiro and Hacker-Cordón, Democracy's Edges, op. cit., pp. 112-26.
13. Sol Picciotto, 'Democratizing Globalism', in Daniel Drache (ed.), The Market or the Public Domain? Global Governance and the Asymmetry of Power, London, Routledge, 2001, pp. 335-59.
14. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph Nye, 'Redefining Accountability for Global Governance', in Miles Kahler and David A. Lake (eds), Governance in a Global Economy: Political Authority in Transition, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2003.
15. Fiona McGillivray, Democratizing the World Trade Organization, Stanford, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford University, 2000, p. 2.
16. Picciotto, 'Democratizing Globalism', op. cit., p. 339.
17. On the distinction between these forms of legitimacy, see Fritz W. Scharpf, Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic?, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.
18. Martin Wolf, 'What the World Needs from the Multilateral Trading System', in Gary P. Sampson (ed.), The Role of the World Trade Organization in Global Governance, Tokyo, United Nations University Press, 2001, p. 196.
19. For a review of conditionality and the conditions under which it is likely to be effective, see Miles Kahler, 'External Actors, Conditionality, and the Politics of Adjustment', in Stephan Haggard and Robert Kaufman (eds), The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1992, pp. 89-136.
20. Miles Kahler, 'Modeling Races to the Bottom', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 1998, pp. 3-6; David Vogel, Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995.
21. Miles Kahler, 'Modeling Races to the Bottom', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 1998, pp. 3-6; David Vogel, Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995.
22. Belén Balanyá, Ann Doherty, Olivier Hoedeman, Adam Ma'anit and Erik Wesselius, Europe Inc.: Regional and Global Restructuring and the Rise of Corporate Power, London, Pluto Press, 2000.
23. For an excellent examination of agency autonomy in the IMF, see Lisa Martin, 'Agency and Delegation in IMF Conditionality', unpublished paper, Department of Government, Harvard University, 2002.
24. On decision rules and practices, see Miles Kahler, Leadership Selection in the Major Multilaterals, Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics, 2001, pp. 20-4, 53-5.
25. On the importance of outside options in principal-agent relationships, see John Ferejohn, 'Accountability and Authority: Toward a Theory of Political Accountability', in Przeworski, Stokes and Manin, Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, op. cit., pp. 131-53.
26. Figures from the mid-1990s in David Henderson, 'International Agencies and Cross-Border Liberalization: The WTO in Context', in Anne O. Krueger (ed.), The WTO as an International Organization, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, Table 3.1 and pp. 102-6.
27. McGillivray, Democratizing the World Trade Organization, op. cit.
28. On the relationship of representation, responsiveness, and accountability, see Manin, Przeworski and Stokes, 'Election and Representation', op. cit.
29. Barry Eichengreen, Toward a New International Financial Architecture, Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics, 1999; Miles Kahler, 'The New International Financial Architecture and Its Limits', in Gregory W. Noble and John Ravenhill (eds), The Asian Financial Crisis and the Structure of Global Finance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 235-60.
30. Barry Eichengreen, Toward a New International Financial Architecture, Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics, 1999; Miles Kahler, 'The New International Financial Architecture and Its Limits', in Gregory W. Noble and John Ravenhill (eds), The Asian Financial Crisis and the Structure of Global Finance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 235-60.
31. Ferejohn, 'Accountability and Authority', op. cit., pp. 148-9; Eichengreen, Toward a New International Financial Architecture, op. cit., p. 114.
32. Ferejohn, 'Accountability and Authority', op. cit., pp. 148-9; Eichengreen, Toward a New International Financial Architecture, op. cit., p. 114.
33. José De Gregorio, Barry Eichengreen, Takatoshi Ito and Charles Wyplosz, An Independent and Accountable IMF, Geneva, International Centre for Monetary and Banking Studies, 1999; Ngaire Woods, 'The Challenge of Good Governance for the IMF and the World Bank Themselves', World Development, 28: 5 (2000), pp. 823-41.
34. José De Gregorio, Barry Eichengreen, Takatoshi Ito and Charles Wyplosz, An Independent and Accountable IMF, Geneva, International Centre for Monetary and Banking Studies, 1999; Ngaire Woods, 'The Challenge of Good Governance for the IMF and the World Bank Themselves', World Development, 28: 5 (2000), pp. 823-41.
35. Current IMF transparency policy is described in International Monetary Fund, 'The Fund's Transparency Policy - Review of the Experience and Next Steps', Washington, DC, 24 May 2002.
36. Eichengreen, Toward a New International Financial Architecture, op. cit., p. 114; Kahler, 'The New International Financial Architecture', op. cit.
37. Eichengreen, Toward a New International Financial Architecture, op. cit., p. 114; Kahler, 'The New International Financial Architecture', op. cit.
38. Information on the IEO can be found at http://www.imf.org/external/np/ ieo/index.htm.
39. 'Independent Evaluations Should Put IMF on a Faster Learning Track', IMF Survey, 31: 1 (14 January 2002), p. 3.
40. http://wbln0018,worldbank.org/ipn/ipnweb.nsf/WOverview/overview? operdocument#1 (29 April 2001).
41. Frank Loy, 'Public Participation in the World Trade Organization', in Sampson, The World Trade Organization in Global Governance, op. cit., pp. 126-7.
42. This account is based on Kahler, Leadership Selection, op. cit.
43. Robert O. Keohane, 'Global Governance and Democratic Accountability', in David Held and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi (eds), Taming Globalization: Frontiers of Governance, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2003, p. 140.
44. Robert O'Brien, Anne Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte and Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 207; Keohane and Nye, 'Redefining Accountability for Global Governance', op. cit. O'Brien et al. provides an excellent series of case studies of NGO involvement with the GEMs.
45. Robert O'Brien, Anne Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte and Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 207; Keohane and Nye, 'Redefining Accountability for Global Governance', op. cit. O'Brien et al. provides an excellent series of case studies of NGO involvement with the GEMs.
46. Loy, 'Public Participation in the World Trade Organization', op. cit., p. 116. The designers of the ITO may have had in mind the quasi-corporatist model of the International Labour Organization (ILO), founded immediately after the First World War.
47. Ibid., p. 128.
48. Wolf, 'What the World Needs', op. cit., p. 199.
49. Ibid., pp. 197-8; O'Brien et al., Contesting Global Governance, op. cit., pp. 200-1.
50. Ibid., pp. 197-8; O'Brien et al., Contesting Global Governance, op. cit., pp. 200-1.
51. Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Border: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1998.
52. Claude E. Barfield, Free Trade, Sovereignty, Democracy: TheFuture of the World Trade Organization, Washington, DC, AEI Press, 2001, p. 88.
53. Loy, 'Public Participation in the World Trade Organization', op. cit., p. 124.
54. McGillivray, Democratizing the World Trade Organization, op. cit., p. 3; Rubens Ricupero, 'Rebuilding Confidence in the Multilateral Trading System: Closing the "Legitimacy Gap"', in Sampson, The World Trade Organization in Global Governance, op. cit., pp. 47-9.
55. McGillivray, Democratizing the World Trade Organization, op. cit., p. 3; Rubens Ricupero, 'Rebuilding Confidence in the Multilateral Trading System: Closing the "Legitimacy Gap"', in Sampson, The World Trade Organization in Global Governance, op. cit., pp. 47-9.
56. WTO, 'United States - Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products: Report of the Appellate Body', AB-1998-4, 12 October 1998.
57. Philippe Schmitter, How to Democratize the European Union . . . and Why Bother?, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, p. 116.