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3 content (9). Fe and Ti are related to siliciclastic components and have been shown to vary directly with the terrigenous mineral fraction of sediments (25). In a similar way, an increased supply of river-borne materials caused by millennial-scale hydrological changes has been inferred from increased Fe and Ti abundances in sediment cores from the Cariaco Basin (26).
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15N reflects the degree of OM degradation in our cores is also supported by amino acid data. High proportions of the nonprotein amino acids β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid in the beginning of a Heinrich event, indicating a high degree of OM degradation (30), decrease gradually toward its end (31).
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Because the shelf break is located at about 50-m water depth in the investigated area, sea level was below it at least during the most pronounced events correlated with H1 and H6 but probably throughout the entire period of marine isotope stages 2 to 4 (32, 33). Therefore, shelf erosion due to sea level change should have been unimportant throughout this period.
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Alternatively, the moisture could originate from the south. If global wind systems became more zonal during cold phases as has been suggested (34), the boreal winter ITCZ should have shifted northward. In our case, this would imply a southern moisture source responsible for the increased precipitation during Heinrich events, which could have been provided from southeast trade winds and/or polar advections. Currently the high rainfall south of Recife is restricted to the coastal stretch. The orographic barrier of the Brazilian highlands prevents substantial transport of moisture to the north and to the west. Therefore and for reasons given in the text, a southern source of moisture is rather unlikely. The suggested southward migration of the ITCZ would also help to explain the time lag of about 1000 years between the pollen records of Lagoa do Caço and that of our marine core, despite the possible chronological uncertainties of site-to-site correlations. The southward displacement of the ITCZ has led to the observed patterns of sedimentation and vegetation development as described. The subsequent migration of the ITCZ to the northwest may then have led to a similar vegetation development about 1000 years later in the Lagoa do Caço region.
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We thank M.-P. Ledru for providing pollen data from Lagoa do Caçó, A. Suthhof for helpful comments, and A. Cremer and D. Dasbach for laboratory work. The manuscript benefited from the constructive criticism of two anonymous reviewers. This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research and by the DFG to H.B. Data are available at www.pangaea.de.
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