The relevance of trauma to general clinical practice

Psychotherapy

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 363-373

  Gold, Steven N ^a  

^a NOVA SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMORBIDITY; COMPETENCE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; GENERAL PRACTICE; HUMAN; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; MENTAL DISEASE; PHYSICAL DISEASE; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SKILL; TRAINING; TRAUMATOLOGY;

EID: 11144238406     PISSN: 00333204     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-3204.41.4.363     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. AGARGUN, M. Y., KARA, H., OEZER, O. A., SELVI, Y., KIRAN, U., & KIRAN, S. (2003). Nightmares and dissociative experiences: The key role of childhood traumatic events. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 57(2), 139-145.
2. ALLEN, J. G., COYNE, L., & HUNTOON, J. (1998). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in women from a psychometric perspective. Journal of Personality Assessment. 70(2), 277-298.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. BERENBAUM, H., VALERA, E. M., & KERNS, J. G. (2003). Psychological trauma and schizotypal symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(1), 143-152.
6. BLEICH, A., KOSLOWSKY, M., DOLEV, A., & LERER, B. (1997). Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression: An analysis of comorbidity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 479-482.
7. BOON, S., & DRAIJER, N. (1993). Multiple personality disorder in the Netherlands: A clinical investigation of 71 patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 489-494.
8. BRAUN, B. G. (1988). The BASK model of dissociation. Dissociation, 1(1), 4-21.
9. BRESLAU, N., DAVIS, G. C., ANDRESKI, P., & PETERSON, E. (1991). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48(3), 216-222.
10. BRESLAU, N., KESSLER, R. C., CHILCOAT, H. D., SCHULTZ, L. R. DAVIS, G. C., & ANDRESKI, M. A. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit area survey of trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 626-632.
11. BRETT, E. A. (1996). The classification of posttraumatic stress disorder. In B. A. van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society (pp. 117-128). New York: Guilford Press.
12. BROWN, L. S. (2004). Feminist paradigms of trauma treatment. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 464-471.
13. BROWN-PETERSIDE, P., REN, L., CHIASSON, M. A., & KOBLIN, B. A. (2002). Double-trouble: Violent and non-violent traumas among women at risk of HIV infection. Women & Health, 36(3), 51-64.
14. BRYANT, R. A., & HARVEY, A. G. (2000). Acute stress disorder: A handbook of theory, assessment, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
15. BRYER, J. B., NELSON, B. A., MILLER, J. B., & KROL, P. A. (1987). Childhood sexual and physical abuse as factors in adult psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1426-1430.
16. CARDEÑA, E., & SPIEGEL, D. (1993). Dissociative reactions to the San Francisco Bay Area earthquake of 1989. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 474-478.
17. CARDEÑA, E., & WEINER, L. A. (2004). Evaluation of dissociation throughout the lifespan. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 496-508.
18. CAREY, P. D., STEIN, D. J., ZUNGU-DIRWAYI, N., & SORAYA, S. (2003). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban Zhosa primary care population: Prevalence, comorbidity, and service use patterns. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 230-236.
19. CHU, J. A., & DILL, D. L. (1990). Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 887-892.
20. CHU, J. A., FREY, L. M., GANZEL, B. L., & MATTHEWS, J. A. (1999). Memories of childhood abuse: Dissociation, amnesia, and corroboration. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 749-755.
21. CLARK, W. H., MASSON, C. L., DELUCCHI, K. L., HALL, S. M., & SEES, K. L. (2001). Violent traumatic events and drug abuse severity. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 20(2), 121-127.
22. COOK, J. M., SCHNURR, P. P., & FOA, E. B. (2004). Bridging the gap between posttraumatic stress disorder research and clinical practice: The example of exposure therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 374-387.
23. COONS, P. M. (1994). Confirmation of childhood abuse in child and adolescent cases of multiple personality disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 182, 461-464.
24. COURTOIS, C. A. (2002). Traumatic stress studies: The need for curricula inclusion. Journal of Trauma Practice, 1(1), 33-57.
25. COURTOIS, C. A. (2004). Complex trauma, complex reactions: Assessment and treatment. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 412-425.
26. COX, B. J., & SWINSON, R. P. (2002). Instrument to assess depersonalization-derealization in panic disorder. Depression & Anxiety, 15(4), 172-175.
27. CREAMER, M., & FORBES, D. (2004). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 388-398.
28. CREAMER, M., O'DONNELL, M. L., & PATTISON, P. (2004). The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in severely injured trauma survivors. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 42(3), 315-328.
29. DALENBERG, C. J. (2004). Maintaining the safe and effective therapeutic relationship in the context of distrust and anger: Countertransference and complex trauma. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 438-447.
30. DE MARCO, R. R. (2000). The epidemiology of major depression: Implications of occurrence, recurrence, and stress in a Canadian community sample. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45(1), 67-74.
31. DILORIO, C., HARTWELL, T., & HANSEN, N. (2002). Childhood sexual abuse and risk behaviors among men at high risk for HIV infection. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 214-219.
32. DUBE, S. R., ANDA, R. F., FELITTI, V. J., EDWARDS, V. J., & CROFT, J. B. (2002). Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 713-725.
33. DUBE, S. R., FELITTI, V. J., DONG, M., CHAPMAN, D. P., GILES, W. H., & ANDA, R. F. (2003). Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics, 111, 564-572.
34. DUBE, S. R., FELITTI, V. J., DONG, M., GILES, W. H., & ANDA, R. F. (2003). The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: Evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900. Preventive Medicine, 37(3), 268-277.
35. ELLASON, J. W., ROSS, C. A., SAINTON, K., & MAYRAN, L. W. (1996). Axis I and II comorbidity and childhood trauma history in chemical dependency. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 60(1), 39-51.
36. FAUST, J., & KATCHEN, L. B. (2004). Treatment of children with complicated posttraumatic stress reactions. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 426-437.
37. FEINSTEIN, A. (1989). Posttraumatic stress disorder: A descriptive study supporting DSM-III-R criteria. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 665-666.
38. FELITTI, V. J. (1991). Long-term medical consequences of incest, rape, and molestation. Southern Medical Journal, 84, 328-331.
39. FELITTI, V. (2002). Belastungen in der Kindheit und Gesundheit im Erwachsenenalter: die Verwandlung von Gold in Blei [The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to adult health: Turning gold into lead]. Zeitschrift fuer Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 48, 359-369.
40. FINESTONE, H. M., STENN, P., DAVIES, F., STALKER, C., FRY, R., & KOUMANIS, J. (2000). Chronic pain and health care utilization in women with a history of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 547-556.
41. FORD, J. D. (1999). Disorders of extreme stress following war-zone military trauma: Associated features of posttraumatic stress disorder or comorbid but distinct syndromes? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 3-12.
42. FORD, J. D., & KIDD, P. (1998). Early childhood trauma and disorders of extreme stress as predictors of treatment outcome with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 743-761.
43. FRANKLIN, C. L., & ZIMMERMAN, M. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: Investigating the role of overlapping symptoms in diagnostic comorbidity. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 548-551.
44. FRUEH, B. C., COUSINS, V. C., HIRES, T. G., CAVENAUGH, S. D., CUSACK, K. J., & SANTOS, A. B. (2002). The need for trauma assessment and related clinical services in a state-funded mental health system. Community Mental Health Journal, 38, 351-356.
45. GEARON, J. S., KALTMAN, S. I., BROWN, C., & BELLACK, A. S. (2003). Traumatic life events and PTSD among women with substance use disorders and schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 54, 523-528.
46. GOLD, S. N. (2000). Not trauma alone: Therapy for child abuse survivors in family and social context. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge.
47. GOLD, S. N., & FAUST, J. (2002). The future of trauma practice: Visions and aspirations. Journal of Trauma Practice, 1(1), 1-15.
48. GOLDSMITH, R. F., BARLOW, M. R., & FREYD, J. J. (2004). Knowing and not knowing about trauma: Implications for therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 448-463.
49. GOODMAN, L. A., ROSENBERG, S. D., MUESER, K. T., & DRAKE, R. E. (1997). Physical and sexual assault history in women with serious mental illness: Prevalence, correlates, treatment, and future research directions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23, 685-698.
50. HAMMERSELY, P., DIAS, A., TODD, G., BOWEN-JONES, K., REILLY, B., & BENTALL, R. P. (2003). Childhood trauma and hallucinations in bipolar affective disorder: Preliminary investigation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 543-547.
51. HANSON, T. C., HESSELBROCK, M., TWORKOWSKI, S. H., & SWAN, S. (2002). The prevalence and management of trauma in the public domain: An agency and clinician perspective. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 28, 365-380.
52. HARVEY, M. R. (1996). An ecological view of psychological trauma and trauma recovery. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(1), 3-23.
53. HERMAN, J. L. (1986). Histories of violence in an outpatient population. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56, 137-141.
54. HERMAN, J. L. (1992a). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377-391.
55. HERMAN, J. L. (1992b). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence - From domestic abuse to political terror. New York: Basic Books.
56. HUTCHINGS, P. S., & DUTTON, M. A. (1993). Sexual assault history in a community mental health center clinical population. Community Mental Health Journal, 29(1), 59-63.
57. JOHNSON, J. G., COHEN, P., BROWN, J., SMAILES, E. M., & BERNSTEIN, D. P. (1999). Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 600-608.
58. JOHNSON, J. G., SMAILES, E. M., COHEN, P., BROWN, J., & BERNSTEIN, D. P. (2000). Associations between four types of childhood neglect and personality disorder symptoms during adolescence and early adulthood: Findings of a community-based longitudinal study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14(2), 171-187.
59. JONGEDIJK R. A., CARLIER, I. V. E., SCHREUDER, B. J. N., & GERSONS, B. P. R. (1996). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory investigation of PTSD and DESNOS among Dutch war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 577-586.
60. KASSAM-ADAMS, N., & WINSTON, F. K. (2004). Predicting child PTSD: The relationship between acute stress disorder and PTSD in injured children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 403-411.
61. KESSLER, R. C., SONNEGA, A., BROMT, E., HUGHES, M., & NELSON, C. B. (1995). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
62. KILPATRICK, D. G., & BEST, C. L. (1984). Some cautionary remarks in treating sexual abuse victims with implosion. Behavior Therapy, 15, 421-423.
63. KOOPMAN, C., CLASSEN, C., CARDEÑA, E., & SPIEGEL, D. (1995). When disaster strikes, acute stress disorder may follow. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 29-46.
64. KULKA, R. A., SCHLENGER, W. E., FAIRBANK, J. A., HOUGH, R. L., JORDAN, B. K., MARMAR, C. R., ET AL. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
65. LAPORTE, L., & GUTTMAN, H. (1996). Traumatic childhood experiences as risk factors for borderline and other personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 10(3), 247-259.
66. LECRUBIER, Y. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care: A hidden diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(Suppl. 1), 49-54.
67. LESKIN, G. A., & SHEIKH, J. I. (2002). Lifetime trauma history and panic disorder: Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 599-603.
68. LIOTTI, G. (2004). Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 472-486.
69. LIOTTI, G., & PASQUINI, P. (2000). Predictive factors for borderline personality disorder: Patients' early traumatic experiences and losses suffered by the attachment figure. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102(4), 282-289.
70. MAES, M., MYLLE, J., DELMEIRE, L., & ALTAMURA, C. (2000). Psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity following accidental man-made traumatic events: Incidence and risk factors. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience, 250(3), 156-162.
71. MARSHALL, R. D., SCHNEIER, F. R., LIN, S. H., SIMPSON, H. B., VERMES, D., & LIEBOWITZ, M. (2000). Childhood trauma and dissociative symptoms in panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 451-453.
72. MCCARTHY, B. W. (1997). Therapeutic and iatrogenic interventions with adults who were sexually abused as children. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 23(2), 118-125.
73. MCFARLANE, A. C., BOOKLESS, C., & AIR, T. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder in a general psychiatric inpatient population. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 633-645.
74. MCLEAN, L. M., & GALLOP, R. (2003). Implications of childhood sexual abuse for adult borderline personality disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 369-371.
75. MCMILLEN, C., NORTH, C., MOSLEY, M., & SMITH, E. (2002). Untangling the psychiatric comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of flood survivors. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43, 478-485.
76. MCQUAID, J. R., PEDRELLI, P., MCCAHILL, M. E., & STEIN, M. B. (2001). Reported trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression among primary care patients. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1249-1257.
77. MORRISON, A. P., FRAME, L., & LARKIN, W. (2003). Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 331-353.
78. MUESER, K. T., GOODMAN, L. B., TRUMBETTA, S. L., ROSENBERG, S. D., OSHER, F. C., VIDAVER, R., ET AL. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 493-499.
79. NERIA, Y., BROMET, E. J., SIEVERS, S., LAVELLE, J., & FOCHTMAN, L. J. (2002). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in psychosis: Findings from a first-admission cohort. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 246-251.
80. PARIS, J. (1997). Emotion and empiricism: Research on childhood trauma and adult psychopathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 11(1), 1-3.
81. PERRY, C., HERMAN J. L., VAN DER KOLK, B. A., & HOKE, L. A. (1990). Psychotherapy and psychological trauma in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 20, 33-43.
82. PHELPS, L. F., MCCART, M. R., & DAVIES, W. H. (2002). The impact of community violence on children and parents: Development of contextual assessments. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 3(3), 194-209.
83. PITMAN, R. K., ALTMAN, B., GREENWALD, E., LONGPRE, R. E., MACKLIN, M. L., POIRE, R. E., ET AL. (1991). Psychiatric complications during flooding therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52, 17-20.
84. READ, J., & ROSS, C. A. (2003). Psychological trauma and psychosis: Another reason why people diagnosed schizophrenic must be offered psychological therapies. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis & Dynamic Psychiatry, 31(1), 247-268.
85. RESNICK, H. S., KILPATRICK, D. G., DANSKY, B. S., SAUNDERS, B. E., & BEST, C. L. (1993). Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 984-991.
86. REYES, G., & ELHAI, J. D. (2004). Psychosocial interventions in the early phases of disasters. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 399-411.
87. ROSS, C. A., & JOSHI, S. (1992). Schneiderian symptoms and childhood trauma in the general population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33, 269-273.
88. ROSS, C. A., KRONSON, J., KOENSGEN, S., & BARKMAN, K. (1992). Dissociative comorbidity in 100 chemically dependent patients. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 43, 840-842.
89. ROSS, C. A., MILLER, S. D., BJORNSON, L., REAGOR, P., & FRASER, G. A. (1991). Abuse histories in 102 cases of multiple personality disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 36(2), 97-101.
90. ROTH, S., NEWMAN, E., PELCOVITZ, D., VAN DER KOLK, B., & MANDEL, F. S. (1997). Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: Results from the DSM-IV field trial for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 539-555.
91. ROTHBAUM, B. O., FOA, E. B., RIGGS, D. S., MURDOCK, T., & WALSH, W. (1992). A prospective examination of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 455-475.
92. SCHNURR, P. P., FORD, J. D., FRIEDMAN, M. J., GREEN, B. L., DAIN, B. J., & SENGUPTA, A. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder in World War II veterans exposed to mustard gas. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 258-268.
93. SHEA, M. T., ZLOTNICK, C., DOLAN, R., WARSHAW, M. G., PHILLIPS, K. A., BROWN, P., ET AL. (2000). Personality disorders, history of trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in subjects with anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 315-325.
94. SILBERG, J. L. (2004). The treatment of dissociation in sexually abused children from a family/attachment perspective. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 487-495.
95. SIMEON, D., GURALNIK, O., SCHMEIDLER, J., SIROF, B., & KNUTELSKA, M. (2001). The role of childhood interpersonal trauma in depersonalization disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1027-1033.
96. SOLOMON, S. D., & JOHNSON, D. M. (2002). Psychosocial treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder: A practice-friendly review of outcome research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 947-959.
97. SPIEGEL, D., KOOPMAN, C., & CLASSEN, C. (1994). Acute stress disorder and dissociation. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 22(1), 11-23.
98. STONE, M. H. (1981). Borderline syndromes: A consideration of subtypes and an overview: Directions for research. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 4, 3-13.
99. SUFFOLETA-MAIERLE, S., GRUBAUGH, A. L., MAGRUDER, K., MONNIER, J., & FRUEH, B. C. (2003). Trauma-related mental health needs and service utilization among female veterans. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 9, 367-375.
100. SWITZER, G. E., DEW, M. A., THOMPSON, K., GOYCOOLEA, J. M., DERRICOTT, T., & MULLINS, S. D. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder and service utilization among urban mental health center clients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12(1), 25-39.
101. TEEGEN, F., & SCHRIEFER, J. (2002). Komplexe Posttraumatische Belastungsstoerung: Eine Untersuchung des diagnostischen Konstruktes am Beispiel misshandelter Frauen [Complex posttraumatic stress disorders: An investigation of the diagnostic construct in a sample of abused women]. Zeitschrift fuer Klinische Psychologie, Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 50(2), 219-233.
102. ULLMAN, S. E., & SIEGEL, J. M. (1996). Traumatic events and physical health in a community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 703-719.
103. VAN DEN BOSCH, L. M. C., VERHEUL, R., LANGELAND, W., & VAN DEN BRINK, W. (2003). Trauma, dissociation, and posttraumatic stress disorder in female borderline patients with and without substance abuse problems. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 549-555.
104. VRANA, S., & LAUTERBACH, D. (1994). Prevalence of traumatic events and post-traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 289-302.
105. WENZEL, T., GRIENGL, H., STOMPE, T., MIRZAEI, S., & KIEFFER, W. (2000). Psychological disorders in survivors of torture: Exhaustion, impairment, and depression. Psychopathology, 33, 292-296.
106. WILLIAMSON, D. F., THOMPSON, T. J., ANDA, R. F., DIETZ, W. H., & FELITTI, V. (2002). Body weight and obesity in adults and self-reported abuse in childhood. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26, 1075-1082.
107. YEN, SR., S., SHEA, M. T., BATTLE, C. L., JOHNSON, D. M., ZLOTNICK, C., DOLAN-SEWELL, R., ET AL. (2003). Traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in borderline, schizotypal, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: Findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Journal of Nervous & Mental Diseases, 190, 510-518.
108. ZLOTNICK, C., ZAKRISKI, A. L., SHEA, M. T., COSTELLO, E., BEGIN, A., PEARLSTEIN, T., ET AL. (1996). The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: Support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 195-205.