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Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 23-43

Trading contacts in the Bismarck Archipelago during the whaling era, 1799-1884

(1)  Gray, Alastair C a  

a NONE

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EID: 11044239358     PISSN: 00223344     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00223349908572889     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (140)
  • 6
    • 61249635549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There appears to be little surviving oral evidence. In consequence, this study has relied upon 54 whaling logs of which 46 recorded some form of contact with islanders. These logs have been filmed for the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau (hereinafter PMB) and in New Zealand are held on microfilm in the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, and in other participating libraries.
    • There appears to be little surviving oral evidence. In consequence, this study has relied upon 54 whaling logs of which 46 recorded some form of contact with islanders. These logs have been filmed for the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau (hereinafter PMB) and in New Zealand are held on microfilm in the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, and in other participating libraries.
  • 7
    • 61249329881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For sources, logs have been supplemented by the whalers' journals, memoirs, newspapers and records of the Royal Navy for information about trading and contact. Ethnographical and anthropological material on the Bismarcks has been used in conjunction with the primary sources to elucidate the impact of contact and trading.
    • For sources, logs have been supplemented by the whalers' journals, memoirs, newspapers and records of the Royal Navy for information about trading and contact. Ethnographical and anthropological material on the Bismarcks has been used in conjunction with the primary sources to elucidate the impact of contact and trading.
  • 10
    • 61249622724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Hughes, loc. cit.;
    • See Hughes, loc. cit.;
  • 11
    • 61249374067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whittaker, loc. cit.;
    • Whittaker, loc. cit.;
  • 20
    • 0012329734 scopus 로고
    • Honolulu
    • For general histories of the Pacific Whaling industry, see J. Bennett, Wealth of the Solomons (Honolulu 1987);
    • (1987) Wealth of the Solomons
    • Bennett, J.1
  • 29
    • 61249324889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and also Whittaker, Documents.
    • and also Whittaker, Documents.
  • 31
    • 79956682521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appendix 1 and 2
    • See Gray, 'From Windfall', Appendix 1 and 2.
    • From Windfall
    • Gray1
  • 33
    • 79956695835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There were of course exceptions. The Avola fished with considerable success out of season around New Ireland.
    • There were of course exceptions. The Avola fished with considerable success out of season around New Ireland.
  • 34
    • 79956682523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • e.g., the Gay Head in the Trobriands which would cut wood and then leave it to season before returning to pick it up later. The Superior focused on Jovency Island for its supplies. Never once did a whaler record venturing on shore at Buka or Bougainville to collect wood. The entry in the log of the Avola on 10 Mar. 1872 was 'went on shore gunning and got five pigeons' at the Duke of Yorks, a known and relatively safe place of contact.
    • See, e.g., the Gay Head in the Trobriands which would cut wood and then leave it to season before returning to pick it up later. The Superior focused on Jovency Island for its supplies. Never once did a whaler record venturing on shore at Buka or Bougainville to collect wood. The entry in the log of the Avola on 10 Mar. 1872 was 'went on shore gunning and got five pigeons' at the Duke of Yorks, a known and relatively safe place of contact.
  • 35
    • 79956702098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • e.g., the Sea Queen, Sea Breeze, Sun and Peruvian.
    • See, e.g., the Sea Queen, Sea Breeze, Sun and Peruvian.
  • 36
    • 79956682632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • While this group does not lie within the confines of the Bismarck Archipelago, 19th-century whalers had it firmly within their mental map of the New Guinea grounds as a whole
    • While this group does not lie within the confines of the Bismarck Archipelago, 19th-century whalers had it firmly within their mental map of the New Guinea grounds as a whole.
  • 37
    • 79956682640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superior, Sat. 2 Apr. to Tue. 12 Apr. 1859, Kendall Whaling Museum, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau (hereinafter PMB) Microfilm no. 818.
    • Superior, Sat. 2 Apr. to Tue. 12 Apr. 1859, Kendall Whaling Museum, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau (hereinafter PMB) Microfilm no. 818.
  • 38
    • 79956720183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approximately 46 recorded contacts
    • Approximately 46 recorded contacts.
  • 39
    • 79956754727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sandy Bay, Tas.
    • See D. Sprod (ed.), The Tregurtha Log (Sandy Bay, Tas. 1980), 101;
    • (1980) The Tregurtha Log , pp. 101
    • Sprod, D.1
  • 41
    • 79956670955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lusitania, Wed. 11 Feb. 1829, Alexander Turnbull Library;
    • Lusitania, Wed. 11 Feb. 1829, Alexander Turnbull Library;
  • 42
    • 79956682522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avola, Mon. 28 Dec. 1868, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 803. One of the difficulties in the compilation of trading and contact situations was that some ships merely mentioned that they were in, say, Gower's Harbour for a month, but did not mention every specific instance of trade. While this may make a quantitative difference, because these situations happened around the epicentres already mentioned there is little qualitative change. The patterns remain the same.
    • Avola, Mon. 28 Dec. 1868, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 803. One of the difficulties in the compilation of trading and contact situations was that some ships merely mentioned that they were in, say, Gower's Harbour for a month, but did not mention every specific instance of trade. While this may make a quantitative difference, because these situations happened around the epicentres already mentioned there is little qualitative change. The patterns remain the same.
  • 43
    • 79956695724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The presence of other Europeans contributed to the rapid inflation of prices, which whalers could not afford to pay. The whales themselves must have been rapidly depleting with the extensive whaling activity. What seems most significant, however, is that there was a growing new focus for the whalers
    • The presence of other Europeans contributed to the rapid inflation of prices, which whalers could not afford to pay. The whales themselves must have been rapidly depleting with the extensive whaling activity. What seems most significant, however, is that there was a growing new focus for the whalers.
  • 44
    • 79956720164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lusitania, 20 Nov. 1828, 26 Dec. 1828, 29 Dec. 1828.
    • Lusitania, 20 Nov. 1828, 26 Dec. 1828, 29 Dec. 1828.
  • 45
    • 79956682511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Lusitania in 1829 logged, 'many visitors from New Britain who amused us for hours with their musical instruments'. Lusitania, Duke of Yorks, Mon. 5 Jan. 1829.
    • The Lusitania in 1829 logged, 'many visitors from New Britain who amused us for hours with their musical instruments'. Lusitania, Duke of Yorks, Mon. 5 Jan. 1829.
  • 48
    • 79956702003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource, Sun. 6 Oct. 1799, San Francisco Maritime Museum, PMB 790. The reference to 1794 indicates that cither the log keeper had been in the Bismarcks in 1794 in another ship, or that the same ship had been there on a previous voyage, or had called at the same place earlier during the present voyage.
    • Resource, Sun. 6 Oct. 1799, San Francisco Maritime Museum, PMB 790. The reference to 1794 indicates that cither the log keeper had been in the Bismarcks in 1794 in another ship, or that the same ship had been there on a previous voyage, or had called at the same place earlier during the present voyage.
  • 49
    • 79956719919 scopus 로고
    • 24 Jan.PMB
    • When the General Scott did venture on shore at Buka in 1860 they 'found them very wild panic struck again'. See General Scott, 24 Jan. 1860, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 809.
    • (1860) Kendall Whaling Museum , pp. 809
    • Scott, G.1
  • 50
    • 79956682312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Lusitania, Wed. 11 Feb. 1829, at Carteret harbour, logged that natives had travelled overland a great distance bringing with them one hog which they exchanged for an old whaling lance.
    • The Lusitania, Wed. 11 Feb. 1829, at Carteret harbour, logged that natives had travelled overland a great distance bringing with them one hog which they exchanged for an old whaling lance.
  • 52
    • 79956720089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. R. Tucker, 23 and 29 Oct. 1872, PMB 802
    • A. R. Tucker, 23 and 29 Oct. 1872, PMB 802.
  • 53
    • 79956720065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mohawk, Tue. 4 Sept. 1860, PMB 390
    • Mohawk, Tue. 4 Sept. 1860, PMB 390.
  • 54
    • 79956682418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lusitania, 4 Jan. 1829, in the Duke of Yorks
    • Lusitania, 4 Jan. 1829, in the Duke of Yorks.
  • 55
    • 79956682310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thur. 20 Nov. and Mon. 29 Dec. 1828, in the Duke of Yorks. Clarice on 3 May 1844 reported 50 canoes alongside PMB
    • See Lusitania, Thur. 20 Nov. and Mon. 29 Dec. 1828, in the Duke of Yorks. Clarice on 3 May 1844 reported 50 canoes alongside, New Bedford Free Public Library, PMB 319.
    • New Bedford Free Public Library , pp. 319
    • Lusitania1
  • 56
    • 79956682326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James Arnold, 4 Sept. 1858 off Bougainville, PMB 260
    • James Arnold, 4 Sept. 1858 off Bougainville, PMB 260.
  • 58
    • 79956695628 scopus 로고
    • Wed. May 28,PMB
    • Eliza, Wed. May 28 1806, Peabody Museum, PMB 217;
    • (1806) Peabody Museum , pp. 217
    • Eliza1
  • 60
    • 79956682428 scopus 로고
    • Sat. Dec. 2, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB
    • Arctic, Sat. Dec. 2 1871, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB 791.
    • (1871) Arctic , pp. 791
  • 61
    • 79956695627 scopus 로고
    • Thur. 8 Nov,PMB
    • Massachusetts, Thur. 8 Nov. 1849, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 813.
    • (1849) Massachusetts , pp. 813
  • 62
    • 79956695624 scopus 로고
    • Mon. 8 Sept,PMB
    • Stafford, Mon. 8 Sept. 1862, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 957.
    • (1862) Stafford , pp. 957
  • 64
    • 79956695553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. R. Tucker at New Hanover, 'Daniel traded with them bought some . . . bracelets and beads . . . and a piece of music made of bamboo, they are very noisy but do not stop round the ship long at a time if they cannot come on deck'. 9 Oct. 1872.
    • A. R. Tucker at New Hanover, 'Daniel traded with them bought some . . . bracelets and beads . . . and a piece of music made of bamboo, they are very noisy but do not stop round the ship long at a time if they cannot come on deck'. 9 Oct. 1872.
  • 65
    • 79956719955 scopus 로고
    • the British whaler, between Tabar and New Ireland, Feb,Nantucket, PMB
    • Coronet, the British whaler, between Tabar and New Ireland, Feb. 1838, Whaling Museum, Nantucket, PMB 375.
    • (1838) Coronet , pp. 375
  • 67
    • 79956701855 scopus 로고
    • 11 Feb
    • Lusitania, 11 Feb. 1829.
    • (1829) Lusitania
  • 68
    • 79956695555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James Arnold, Tue. 14 and 15 Sept. 1858, PMB 260
    • James Arnold, Tue. 14 and 15 Sept. 1858, PMB 260.
  • 69
    • 79956719944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Only four references to tobacco were found in the logs. See Superior, Wed. 20 Apr. 1859, PMB 818
    • Only four references to tobacco were found in the logs. See Superior, Wed. 20 Apr. 1859, PMB 818;
  • 70
    • 79956720063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palmetto, Thur. 24 and 25 Feb. 1881, PMB 250
    • Palmetto, Thur. 24 and 25 Feb. 1881, PMB 250;
  • 71
    • 79956682306 scopus 로고
    • The cruise of the Alacrity
    • London, Public Records Office (hereinafter PRO);
    • 'The cruise of the Alacrity', Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station, Pacific Islands, Vol. 1. 1857-76, London, Public Records Office (hereinafter PRO);
    • (1857) Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station, Pacific Islands , pp. 1
  • 72
    • 79956695495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and A. R. Tucker, 25 Nov. 1872, PMB 802.
    • and A. R. Tucker, 25 Nov. 1872, PMB 802.
  • 73
  • 76
    • 79956701806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avola, off Cape Mimias New Ireland, 8 and 11 Mar. 1869, PMB 803
    • Avola, off Cape Mimias New Ireland, 8 and 11 Mar. 1869, PMB 803.
  • 77
    • 79956716513 scopus 로고
    • Adventures . . . including a Narative of Incidents at . . . Mew Ireland
    • London, II, 1-30, 67-98)( information supplied by Clive Moore)
    • Though there were already some beachcombers. John Coulter's account of his 1835 voyage on the trader Hound gives lengthy accounts of three: one supposed to have been living in southwest New Guinea, and one each in New Britain and New Ireland (John Coulter, Adventures . . . including a Narative of Incidents at . . . Mew Ireland, New Britain, New Guinea, and other Islands in the Pacific Ocean (London 1847), I, 243-8, II, 1-30, 67-98)( information supplied by Clive Moore).
    • (1847) New Britain, New Guinea, and Other Islands in the Pacific Ocean , vol.1 , pp. 243-248
    • Coulter, J.1
  • 78
    • 79956513334 scopus 로고
    • The cruise of the whaler Gypsy
    • Wilson's log from the British whaler Gypsy recorded in 1840 that beachcombers were already living in New Ireland; there was a West Indian living in one village, at another there had been four European residents, and at Gower's Harbour, near Cape St George, there were 18 deserters from Sydney ships (H.E. Maude, 'The cruise of the whaler "Gypsy"', Journal of Pacific History, 1 (1966), 193-4).
    • (1966) Journal of Pacific History , vol.1 , pp. 193-194
    • Maude, H.E.1
  • 79
    • 79956695492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eliza, Sat. 31 May 1806, PMB 217
    • Eliza, Sat. 31 May 1806, PMB 217;
  • 80
    • 79956682271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clarice, Mon. 22 Apr. 1844, PMB 319
    • Clarice, Mon. 22 Apr. 1844, PMB 319.
  • 81
    • 79956754737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lusitania, Wed. 3 Dec.1828
    • Lusitania, Wed. 3 Dec.1828.
  • 82
    • 79956671187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clarice, Sat. 20 Apr. 1844, PMB 319
    • Clarice, Sat. 20 Apr. 1844, PMB 319.
  • 83
    • 79956716390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilson's log of the Gypsy, in Whittaker, Documents, 325.
    • Wilson's log of the Gypsy, in Whittaker, Documents, 325.
  • 84
    • 79956693449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sun, Thur. 2 Jan. 1862, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB 894.
    • Sun, Thur. 2 Jan. 1862, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB 894.
  • 85
    • 79956695442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence surely that by 1838 there was no knowledge of tobacco on Tabar. See Coronet, Feb. 1838.
    • Evidence surely that by 1838 there was no knowledge of tobacco on Tabar. See Coronet, Feb. 1838.
  • 86
    • 79956682208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avola, Thur. 31 Dec. 1868, 11 Mar. 1872, PMB 803
    • Avola, Thur. 31 Dec. 1868, 11 Mar. 1872, PMB 803.
  • 88
    • 79956719910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter from General Bourke, Governor of New South Wales, to HMS Tinogene, Sydney, 5 July 1833, MS Papers 910, Wellington, Alexander Turnbull Library.
    • Letter from General Bourke, Governor of New South Wales, to HMS Tinogene, Sydney, 5 July 1833, MS Papers 910, Wellington, Alexander Turnbull Library.
  • 90
    • 79956719848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Only one case of theft was discovered; when the Lusitania was in the St George's Channel an islander was detected in the process of stealing a boat knife. See the Lusitania, Mon. 2 Mar. 1829.
    • Only one case of theft was discovered; when the Lusitania was in the St George's Channel an islander was detected in the process of stealing a boat knife. See the Lusitania, Mon. 2 Mar. 1829.
  • 91
    • 79956695448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moreover, in places where the process was observed, a person in a coastal community who had any iron to spare would sell it to a distant place because there the price was highest, maximising the economic advantage. Pers. comm, H. Nelson
    • Moreover, in places where the process was observed, a person in a coastal community who had any iron to spare would sell it to a distant place because there the price was highest, maximising the economic advantage. Pers. comm, H. Nelson.
  • 95
    • 0142005661 scopus 로고
    • New directions in Pacific history; A practitioner's critical view'
    • July
    • See F.X. Hezel, 'New directions in Pacific history; a practitioner's critical view', Pacificic Studies, 11, 3 (July 1988), 107.
    • (1988) Pacificic Studies , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 107
    • Hezel, F.X.1
  • 96
    • 79956671312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lusitania, 13 Nov. 1828
    • Lusitania, 13 Nov. 1828.
  • 99
    • 79956671087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epstein, Matupit
    • Epstein, Matupit;
  • 100
    • 79956716384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alfred, Tue. 5 Sept. 1848, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 801; pleurisy of course is not infectious
    • Alfred, Tue. 5 Sept. 1848, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 801; pleurisy of course is not infectious.
  • 101
    • 79956755013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The captain of the Palmetto was 'taken very sick again with the cholic'. Sun. 26 Nov. 1882, PMB 250.
    • The captain of the Palmetto was 'taken very sick again with the cholic'. Sun. 26 Nov. 1882, PMB 250.
  • 102
    • 79956754897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active, Sat. 2 Apr. 1853, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB 571. Young Hector, 1 May, and 12 May 1854, PMB 819.
    • Active, Sat. 2 Apr. 1853, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB 571. Young Hector, 1 May, and 12 May 1854, PMB 819.
  • 103
    • 79956755088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palmetto, 19 Nov. and 26 Nov. 1882, PMB 250.
    • Palmetto, 19 Nov. and 26 Nov. 1882, PMB 250.
  • 104
    • 79956693219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the Miantonomi from Mon. 22 Oct. 1854 until its wreck and rescue months later at Ponape. It is not recorded if the Miantonomi spread the disease amongst the islanders. Both D. Hanlon in Upon a Stone Altar (Honolulu 1988) and F.X. Hezel in The First Taint of Civilization (Honolulu 1983) seem to have missed this calamitous event. They do, however, record that the Delta of New York spread smallpox to Ponape in that same year.
    • See the Miantonomi from Mon. 22 Oct. 1854 until its wreck and rescue months later at Ponape. It is not recorded if the Miantonomi spread the disease amongst the islanders. Both D. Hanlon in Upon a Stone Altar (Honolulu 1988) and F.X. Hezel in The First Taint of Civilization (Honolulu 1983) seem to have missed this calamitous event. They do, however, record that the Delta of New York spread smallpox to Ponape in that same year.
  • 105
    • 79956671177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superior, Thur. 26 Jan. 1860, 'Francisco Gabettew off duty with venereal.', and Sun. 12 Feb. 1860, 'Manuel Savia off duty with venereal', PMB 818.
    • Superior, Thur. 26 Jan. 1860, 'Francisco Gabettew off duty with venereal.', and Sun. 12 Feb. 1860, 'Manuel Savia off duty with venereal', PMB 818.
  • 106
    • 79956754858 scopus 로고
    • Tue. 17 Feb.(venereal)', PMB
    • Arnolda, Tue. 17 Feb. 1874, 'Anton Andrew sick (venereal)', PMB 721.
    • (1874) Anton Andrew Sick , pp. 721
    • Arnolda1
  • 109
    • 5344245634 scopus 로고
    • Honolulu
    • but this is a point that is questioned by D. Stannard in Before the Horror (Honolulu 1989), 75-7.
    • (1989) Before the Horror , pp. 75-77
    • Stannard, D.1
  • 111
    • 79956671073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chewaw is a betel nut; see the log of Lusitania, Tue. 30 Dec. 1828
    • Chewaw is a betel nut; see the log of Lusitania, Tue. 30 Dec. 1828.
  • 112
    • 79956657170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g. Marquesans were aboard the Lusitania in 1828
    • E.g. Marquesans were aboard the Lusitania in 1828.
  • 113
    • 79956671097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Lusitania, 13 Nov. 1828.
    • See Lusitania, 13 Nov. 1828.
  • 114
    • 79956656968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of deserters from whaling ships in the Bismarcks was limited. Other than the small settlement in Gower's Harbour cited by Maude in 'The cruise of the whaler "Gypsy"', there were few cases of deserting. The only cases of whalers deserting were: at Gower's Harbour in 1844 when three men ran from the Clarice (Clarice, 14 and 15 Apr. 1844, PMB 319); in 1854 at Gower's Harbour, six of the crew of the Young Hector deserted, only five returned and the ship sailed on regardless. Young Hector, 17 Oct. 1854, PMB 819). The captain of the Lusitania even deliberately left troublesome crew on shore. 'One of our Marquesian men . . . who has not been able to attend the working of the ship on account of his health.
    • The impact of deserters from whaling ships in the Bismarcks was limited. Other than the small settlement in Gower's Harbour cited by Maude in 'The cruise of the whaler "Gypsy"', there were few cases of deserting. The only cases of whalers deserting were: at Gower's Harbour in 1844 when three men ran from the Clarice (Clarice, 14 and 15 Apr. 1844, PMB 319); in 1854 at Gower's Harbour, six of the crew of the Young Hector deserted, only five returned and the ship sailed on regardless. Young Hector, 17 Oct. 1854, PMB 819). The captain of the Lusitania even deliberately left troublesome crew on shore. 'One of our Marquesian men . . . who has not been able to attend the working of the ship on account of his health . . . In order to induce him to shake off his lethargy and to take exercise, the blood appearing to have stagnated in his legs, the captain had frequently threatened to put him on shore among the savages . . . Accordingly on the Sunday by command of the captain he with his chest was put on the land and left to himself. In my opinion it was a most shameful trick . . . They left him there but during the night 2 of his countrymen left the ship & swam to where he'd been left . . . That morning another man ran away from the watering party followed the others . . . It was supposed that the deserters would make for the nearest village so the captain & 2nd mate went to the village of King Dect.' The deserters came back the next day having gone 76 hours without food. See Lusitania, 13 Nov. 1828.
  • 116
    • 60949684785 scopus 로고
    • Canberra
    • and, O.H.K. Spate, Paradise Found and Lost (Canberra 1988), 232. Spate noted that trade muskets were the cast offs from armies and were extremely unreliable.
    • (1988) Paradise Found and Lost , pp. 232
    • Spate, O.H.K.1
  • 117
    • 79956657180 scopus 로고
    • Eduard Hernsheim
    • Boroko
    • P. Sack (ed.) Eduard Hernsheim, South Sea Merchant (Boroko 1983), 30.
    • (1983) South Sea Merchant , pp. 30
    • Sack, P.1
  • 123
    • 79956693085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Sept. 1875, the Wesleyan Methodist missionary George Brown arrived with eight Fijian teachers and made his headquarters at Port Hunter in the Duke of Yorks
    • In Sept. 1875, the Wesleyan Methodist missionary George Brown arrived with eight Fijian teachers and made his headquarters at Port Hunter in the Duke of Yorks.
  • 127
    • 79956657051 scopus 로고
    • Visit of the HMS Danae to New Britain and the Admiralties
    • 'Visit of the HMS Danae to New Britain and the Admiralties', ibid., 1877-79, Vol. 2;
    • (1877) The Phantom Paradise , pp. 2
  • 128
    • 79956693092 scopus 로고
    • Visit of the Beagle to New Britain and Duke of York Islands 1882
    • PRO
    • and 'Visit of the Beagle to New Britain and Duke of York Islands 1882,' ibid., Vol. 4, 1881-84. PRO.
    • (1881) The Phantom Paradise , pp. 4
  • 132
    • 61249511217 scopus 로고
    • The sandalwood trade in Melanesian economics, 1841-1865
    • D. Shineberg, 'The sandalwood trade in Melanesian economics, 1841-65', Journal of Pacific History, 1(1966), 129-46;
    • (1966) Journal of Pacific History , vol.1 , pp. 129-146
    • Shineberg, D.1
  • 133
    • 79956984042 scopus 로고
    • In Sack
    • 16 June
    • and Hernsheim, 16 June 1880, in Sack, Eduard Hernsheim, 131. The arrival of steel tools had aprofound effect in agriculture. Bamboo slashing implements became outdated with the arrival of lengths of sharpened steel strips made from iron hoop.
    • (1880) Eduard Hernsheim , pp. 131
    • Hernsheim1
  • 134
    • 79956996091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual 'big men' were able to increase their power by selling land on behalf of the tribe, cultivating support from one mission or other, and forming inter-district alliances. See Hempenstall, Pacific Islanders, 15.
    • Pacific Islanders , pp. 15
    • Hempenstall1
  • 135
    • 79956522630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the many murders of traders in the early 1880s, see Sack, Eduard Hemsheim, 69;
    • Eduard Hemsheim , pp. 69
    • Sack1
  • 137
    • 79956670746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station
    • Vols. 1-4, PRO
    • Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station, Pacific Islands 1857-84, Vols. 1-4, PRO;
    • Pacific Islands 1857-84
  • 139
    • 79956556172 scopus 로고
    • The Six Day War in the Bismarck Archipelago
    • H. Schütte, 'The Six Day War in the Bismarck Archipelago', Journal of Pacific History, 24 (1989), 38-53;
    • (1989) Journal of Pacific History , vol.24 , pp. 38-53
    • Schütte, H.1
  • 140
    • 79956539746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station
    • Vols 3 and 4, PRO
    • and Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station, Pacific Islands, Vols 3 and 4, PRO.
    • Pacific Islands


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.