-
6
-
-
61249635549
-
-
There appears to be little surviving oral evidence. In consequence, this study has relied upon 54 whaling logs of which 46 recorded some form of contact with islanders. These logs have been filmed for the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau (hereinafter PMB) and in New Zealand are held on microfilm in the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, and in other participating libraries.
-
There appears to be little surviving oral evidence. In consequence, this study has relied upon 54 whaling logs of which 46 recorded some form of contact with islanders. These logs have been filmed for the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau (hereinafter PMB) and in New Zealand are held on microfilm in the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, and in other participating libraries.
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
61249329881
-
-
For sources, logs have been supplemented by the whalers' journals, memoirs, newspapers and records of the Royal Navy for information about trading and contact. Ethnographical and anthropological material on the Bismarcks has been used in conjunction with the primary sources to elucidate the impact of contact and trading.
-
For sources, logs have been supplemented by the whalers' journals, memoirs, newspapers and records of the Royal Navy for information about trading and contact. Ethnographical and anthropological material on the Bismarcks has been used in conjunction with the primary sources to elucidate the impact of contact and trading.
-
-
-
-
10
-
-
61249622724
-
-
See Hughes, loc. cit.;
-
See Hughes, loc. cit.;
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
61249374067
-
-
Whittaker, loc. cit.;
-
Whittaker, loc. cit.;
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
0012329734
-
-
Honolulu
-
For general histories of the Pacific Whaling industry, see J. Bennett, Wealth of the Solomons (Honolulu 1987);
-
(1987)
Wealth of the Solomons
-
-
Bennett, J.1
-
29
-
-
61249324889
-
-
and also Whittaker, Documents.
-
and also Whittaker, Documents.
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
79956682521
-
-
Appendix 1 and 2
-
See Gray, 'From Windfall', Appendix 1 and 2.
-
From Windfall
-
-
Gray1
-
33
-
-
79956695835
-
-
There were of course exceptions. The Avola fished with considerable success out of season around New Ireland.
-
There were of course exceptions. The Avola fished with considerable success out of season around New Ireland.
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
79956682523
-
-
e.g., the Gay Head in the Trobriands which would cut wood and then leave it to season before returning to pick it up later. The Superior focused on Jovency Island for its supplies. Never once did a whaler record venturing on shore at Buka or Bougainville to collect wood. The entry in the log of the Avola on 10 Mar. 1872 was 'went on shore gunning and got five pigeons' at the Duke of Yorks, a known and relatively safe place of contact.
-
See, e.g., the Gay Head in the Trobriands which would cut wood and then leave it to season before returning to pick it up later. The Superior focused on Jovency Island for its supplies. Never once did a whaler record venturing on shore at Buka or Bougainville to collect wood. The entry in the log of the Avola on 10 Mar. 1872 was 'went on shore gunning and got five pigeons' at the Duke of Yorks, a known and relatively safe place of contact.
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
79956702098
-
-
e.g., the Sea Queen, Sea Breeze, Sun and Peruvian.
-
See, e.g., the Sea Queen, Sea Breeze, Sun and Peruvian.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
79956682632
-
-
While this group does not lie within the confines of the Bismarck Archipelago, 19th-century whalers had it firmly within their mental map of the New Guinea grounds as a whole
-
While this group does not lie within the confines of the Bismarck Archipelago, 19th-century whalers had it firmly within their mental map of the New Guinea grounds as a whole.
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
79956682640
-
-
Superior, Sat. 2 Apr. to Tue. 12 Apr. 1859, Kendall Whaling Museum, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau (hereinafter PMB) Microfilm no. 818.
-
Superior, Sat. 2 Apr. to Tue. 12 Apr. 1859, Kendall Whaling Museum, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau (hereinafter PMB) Microfilm no. 818.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
79956720183
-
-
Approximately 46 recorded contacts
-
Approximately 46 recorded contacts.
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
79956754727
-
-
Sandy Bay, Tas.
-
See D. Sprod (ed.), The Tregurtha Log (Sandy Bay, Tas. 1980), 101;
-
(1980)
The Tregurtha Log
, pp. 101
-
-
Sprod, D.1
-
41
-
-
79956670955
-
-
Lusitania, Wed. 11 Feb. 1829, Alexander Turnbull Library;
-
Lusitania, Wed. 11 Feb. 1829, Alexander Turnbull Library;
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
79956682522
-
-
Avola, Mon. 28 Dec. 1868, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 803. One of the difficulties in the compilation of trading and contact situations was that some ships merely mentioned that they were in, say, Gower's Harbour for a month, but did not mention every specific instance of trade. While this may make a quantitative difference, because these situations happened around the epicentres already mentioned there is little qualitative change. The patterns remain the same.
-
Avola, Mon. 28 Dec. 1868, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 803. One of the difficulties in the compilation of trading and contact situations was that some ships merely mentioned that they were in, say, Gower's Harbour for a month, but did not mention every specific instance of trade. While this may make a quantitative difference, because these situations happened around the epicentres already mentioned there is little qualitative change. The patterns remain the same.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
79956695724
-
-
The presence of other Europeans contributed to the rapid inflation of prices, which whalers could not afford to pay. The whales themselves must have been rapidly depleting with the extensive whaling activity. What seems most significant, however, is that there was a growing new focus for the whalers
-
The presence of other Europeans contributed to the rapid inflation of prices, which whalers could not afford to pay. The whales themselves must have been rapidly depleting with the extensive whaling activity. What seems most significant, however, is that there was a growing new focus for the whalers.
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
79956720164
-
-
Lusitania, 20 Nov. 1828, 26 Dec. 1828, 29 Dec. 1828.
-
Lusitania, 20 Nov. 1828, 26 Dec. 1828, 29 Dec. 1828.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
79956682511
-
-
The Lusitania in 1829 logged, 'many visitors from New Britain who amused us for hours with their musical instruments'. Lusitania, Duke of Yorks, Mon. 5 Jan. 1829.
-
The Lusitania in 1829 logged, 'many visitors from New Britain who amused us for hours with their musical instruments'. Lusitania, Duke of Yorks, Mon. 5 Jan. 1829.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
79956702003
-
-
Resource, Sun. 6 Oct. 1799, San Francisco Maritime Museum, PMB 790. The reference to 1794 indicates that cither the log keeper had been in the Bismarcks in 1794 in another ship, or that the same ship had been there on a previous voyage, or had called at the same place earlier during the present voyage.
-
Resource, Sun. 6 Oct. 1799, San Francisco Maritime Museum, PMB 790. The reference to 1794 indicates that cither the log keeper had been in the Bismarcks in 1794 in another ship, or that the same ship had been there on a previous voyage, or had called at the same place earlier during the present voyage.
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
79956719919
-
-
24 Jan.PMB
-
When the General Scott did venture on shore at Buka in 1860 they 'found them very wild panic struck again'. See General Scott, 24 Jan. 1860, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 809.
-
(1860)
Kendall Whaling Museum
, pp. 809
-
-
Scott, G.1
-
50
-
-
79956682312
-
-
The Lusitania, Wed. 11 Feb. 1829, at Carteret harbour, logged that natives had travelled overland a great distance bringing with them one hog which they exchanged for an old whaling lance.
-
The Lusitania, Wed. 11 Feb. 1829, at Carteret harbour, logged that natives had travelled overland a great distance bringing with them one hog which they exchanged for an old whaling lance.
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
79956720089
-
-
A. R. Tucker, 23 and 29 Oct. 1872, PMB 802
-
A. R. Tucker, 23 and 29 Oct. 1872, PMB 802.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
79956720065
-
-
Mohawk, Tue. 4 Sept. 1860, PMB 390
-
Mohawk, Tue. 4 Sept. 1860, PMB 390.
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
79956682418
-
-
Lusitania, 4 Jan. 1829, in the Duke of Yorks
-
Lusitania, 4 Jan. 1829, in the Duke of Yorks.
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
79956682310
-
-
Thur. 20 Nov. and Mon. 29 Dec. 1828, in the Duke of Yorks. Clarice on 3 May 1844 reported 50 canoes alongside PMB
-
See Lusitania, Thur. 20 Nov. and Mon. 29 Dec. 1828, in the Duke of Yorks. Clarice on 3 May 1844 reported 50 canoes alongside, New Bedford Free Public Library, PMB 319.
-
New Bedford Free Public Library
, pp. 319
-
-
Lusitania1
-
56
-
-
79956682326
-
-
James Arnold, 4 Sept. 1858 off Bougainville, PMB 260
-
James Arnold, 4 Sept. 1858 off Bougainville, PMB 260.
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
79956695628
-
-
Wed. May 28,PMB
-
Eliza, Wed. May 28 1806, Peabody Museum, PMB 217;
-
(1806)
Peabody Museum
, pp. 217
-
-
Eliza1
-
60
-
-
79956682428
-
-
Sat. Dec. 2, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB
-
Arctic, Sat. Dec. 2 1871, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB 791.
-
(1871)
Arctic
, pp. 791
-
-
-
61
-
-
79956695627
-
-
Thur. 8 Nov,PMB
-
Massachusetts, Thur. 8 Nov. 1849, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 813.
-
(1849)
Massachusetts
, pp. 813
-
-
-
62
-
-
79956695624
-
-
Mon. 8 Sept,PMB
-
Stafford, Mon. 8 Sept. 1862, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 957.
-
(1862)
Stafford
, pp. 957
-
-
-
64
-
-
79956695553
-
-
A. R. Tucker at New Hanover, 'Daniel traded with them bought some . . . bracelets and beads . . . and a piece of music made of bamboo, they are very noisy but do not stop round the ship long at a time if they cannot come on deck'. 9 Oct. 1872.
-
A. R. Tucker at New Hanover, 'Daniel traded with them bought some . . . bracelets and beads . . . and a piece of music made of bamboo, they are very noisy but do not stop round the ship long at a time if they cannot come on deck'. 9 Oct. 1872.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
79956719955
-
-
the British whaler, between Tabar and New Ireland, Feb,Nantucket, PMB
-
Coronet, the British whaler, between Tabar and New Ireland, Feb. 1838, Whaling Museum, Nantucket, PMB 375.
-
(1838)
Coronet
, pp. 375
-
-
-
67
-
-
79956701855
-
-
11 Feb
-
Lusitania, 11 Feb. 1829.
-
(1829)
Lusitania
-
-
-
68
-
-
79956695555
-
-
James Arnold, Tue. 14 and 15 Sept. 1858, PMB 260
-
James Arnold, Tue. 14 and 15 Sept. 1858, PMB 260.
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
79956719944
-
-
Only four references to tobacco were found in the logs. See Superior, Wed. 20 Apr. 1859, PMB 818
-
Only four references to tobacco were found in the logs. See Superior, Wed. 20 Apr. 1859, PMB 818;
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
79956720063
-
-
Palmetto, Thur. 24 and 25 Feb. 1881, PMB 250
-
Palmetto, Thur. 24 and 25 Feb. 1881, PMB 250;
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
79956682306
-
The cruise of the Alacrity
-
London, Public Records Office (hereinafter PRO);
-
'The cruise of the Alacrity', Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station, Pacific Islands, Vol. 1. 1857-76, London, Public Records Office (hereinafter PRO);
-
(1857)
Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station, Pacific Islands
, pp. 1
-
-
-
72
-
-
79956695495
-
-
and A. R. Tucker, 25 Nov. 1872, PMB 802.
-
and A. R. Tucker, 25 Nov. 1872, PMB 802.
-
-
-
-
73
-
-
79956682225
-
-
See for the experience in the Solomons, Bennett, The Wealth, 29-30
-
The Wealth
, pp. 29-30
-
-
Solomons, B.1
-
76
-
-
79956701806
-
-
Avola, off Cape Mimias New Ireland, 8 and 11 Mar. 1869, PMB 803
-
Avola, off Cape Mimias New Ireland, 8 and 11 Mar. 1869, PMB 803.
-
-
-
-
77
-
-
79956716513
-
Adventures . . . including a Narative of Incidents at . . . Mew Ireland
-
London, II, 1-30, 67-98)( information supplied by Clive Moore)
-
Though there were already some beachcombers. John Coulter's account of his 1835 voyage on the trader Hound gives lengthy accounts of three: one supposed to have been living in southwest New Guinea, and one each in New Britain and New Ireland (John Coulter, Adventures . . . including a Narative of Incidents at . . . Mew Ireland, New Britain, New Guinea, and other Islands in the Pacific Ocean (London 1847), I, 243-8, II, 1-30, 67-98)( information supplied by Clive Moore).
-
(1847)
New Britain, New Guinea, and Other Islands in the Pacific Ocean
, vol.1
, pp. 243-248
-
-
Coulter, J.1
-
78
-
-
79956513334
-
The cruise of the whaler Gypsy
-
Wilson's log from the British whaler Gypsy recorded in 1840 that beachcombers were already living in New Ireland; there was a West Indian living in one village, at another there had been four European residents, and at Gower's Harbour, near Cape St George, there were 18 deserters from Sydney ships (H.E. Maude, 'The cruise of the whaler "Gypsy"', Journal of Pacific History, 1 (1966), 193-4).
-
(1966)
Journal of Pacific History
, vol.1
, pp. 193-194
-
-
Maude, H.E.1
-
79
-
-
79956695492
-
-
Eliza, Sat. 31 May 1806, PMB 217
-
Eliza, Sat. 31 May 1806, PMB 217;
-
-
-
-
80
-
-
79956682271
-
-
Clarice, Mon. 22 Apr. 1844, PMB 319
-
Clarice, Mon. 22 Apr. 1844, PMB 319.
-
-
-
-
81
-
-
79956754737
-
-
Lusitania, Wed. 3 Dec.1828
-
Lusitania, Wed. 3 Dec.1828.
-
-
-
-
82
-
-
79956671187
-
-
Clarice, Sat. 20 Apr. 1844, PMB 319
-
Clarice, Sat. 20 Apr. 1844, PMB 319.
-
-
-
-
83
-
-
79956716390
-
-
Wilson's log of the Gypsy, in Whittaker, Documents, 325.
-
Wilson's log of the Gypsy, in Whittaker, Documents, 325.
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
79956693449
-
-
Sun, Thur. 2 Jan. 1862, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB 894.
-
Sun, Thur. 2 Jan. 1862, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB 894.
-
-
-
-
85
-
-
79956695442
-
-
Evidence surely that by 1838 there was no knowledge of tobacco on Tabar. See Coronet, Feb. 1838.
-
Evidence surely that by 1838 there was no knowledge of tobacco on Tabar. See Coronet, Feb. 1838.
-
-
-
-
86
-
-
79956682208
-
-
Avola, Thur. 31 Dec. 1868, 11 Mar. 1872, PMB 803
-
Avola, Thur. 31 Dec. 1868, 11 Mar. 1872, PMB 803.
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
79956719910
-
-
Letter from General Bourke, Governor of New South Wales, to HMS Tinogene, Sydney, 5 July 1833, MS Papers 910, Wellington, Alexander Turnbull Library.
-
Letter from General Bourke, Governor of New South Wales, to HMS Tinogene, Sydney, 5 July 1833, MS Papers 910, Wellington, Alexander Turnbull Library.
-
-
-
-
90
-
-
79956719848
-
-
Only one case of theft was discovered; when the Lusitania was in the St George's Channel an islander was detected in the process of stealing a boat knife. See the Lusitania, Mon. 2 Mar. 1829.
-
Only one case of theft was discovered; when the Lusitania was in the St George's Channel an islander was detected in the process of stealing a boat knife. See the Lusitania, Mon. 2 Mar. 1829.
-
-
-
-
91
-
-
79956695448
-
-
Moreover, in places where the process was observed, a person in a coastal community who had any iron to spare would sell it to a distant place because there the price was highest, maximising the economic advantage. Pers. comm, H. Nelson
-
Moreover, in places where the process was observed, a person in a coastal community who had any iron to spare would sell it to a distant place because there the price was highest, maximising the economic advantage. Pers. comm, H. Nelson.
-
-
-
-
95
-
-
0142005661
-
New directions in Pacific history; A practitioner's critical view'
-
July
-
See F.X. Hezel, 'New directions in Pacific history; a practitioner's critical view', Pacificic Studies, 11, 3 (July 1988), 107.
-
(1988)
Pacificic Studies
, vol.11
, Issue.3
, pp. 107
-
-
Hezel, F.X.1
-
96
-
-
79956671312
-
-
Lusitania, 13 Nov. 1828
-
Lusitania, 13 Nov. 1828.
-
-
-
-
99
-
-
79956671087
-
-
Epstein, Matupit
-
Epstein, Matupit;
-
-
-
-
100
-
-
79956716384
-
-
Alfred, Tue. 5 Sept. 1848, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 801; pleurisy of course is not infectious
-
Alfred, Tue. 5 Sept. 1848, Kendall Whaling Museum, PMB 801; pleurisy of course is not infectious.
-
-
-
-
101
-
-
79956755013
-
-
The captain of the Palmetto was 'taken very sick again with the cholic'. Sun. 26 Nov. 1882, PMB 250.
-
The captain of the Palmetto was 'taken very sick again with the cholic'. Sun. 26 Nov. 1882, PMB 250.
-
-
-
-
102
-
-
79956754897
-
-
Active, Sat. 2 Apr. 1853, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB 571. Young Hector, 1 May, and 12 May 1854, PMB 819.
-
Active, Sat. 2 Apr. 1853, Nicholson Whaling Collection, PMB 571. Young Hector, 1 May, and 12 May 1854, PMB 819.
-
-
-
-
103
-
-
79956755088
-
-
Palmetto, 19 Nov. and 26 Nov. 1882, PMB 250.
-
Palmetto, 19 Nov. and 26 Nov. 1882, PMB 250.
-
-
-
-
104
-
-
79956693219
-
-
See the Miantonomi from Mon. 22 Oct. 1854 until its wreck and rescue months later at Ponape. It is not recorded if the Miantonomi spread the disease amongst the islanders. Both D. Hanlon in Upon a Stone Altar (Honolulu 1988) and F.X. Hezel in The First Taint of Civilization (Honolulu 1983) seem to have missed this calamitous event. They do, however, record that the Delta of New York spread smallpox to Ponape in that same year.
-
See the Miantonomi from Mon. 22 Oct. 1854 until its wreck and rescue months later at Ponape. It is not recorded if the Miantonomi spread the disease amongst the islanders. Both D. Hanlon in Upon a Stone Altar (Honolulu 1988) and F.X. Hezel in The First Taint of Civilization (Honolulu 1983) seem to have missed this calamitous event. They do, however, record that the Delta of New York spread smallpox to Ponape in that same year.
-
-
-
-
105
-
-
79956671177
-
-
Superior, Thur. 26 Jan. 1860, 'Francisco Gabettew off duty with venereal.', and Sun. 12 Feb. 1860, 'Manuel Savia off duty with venereal', PMB 818.
-
Superior, Thur. 26 Jan. 1860, 'Francisco Gabettew off duty with venereal.', and Sun. 12 Feb. 1860, 'Manuel Savia off duty with venereal', PMB 818.
-
-
-
-
106
-
-
79956754858
-
-
Tue. 17 Feb.(venereal)', PMB
-
Arnolda, Tue. 17 Feb. 1874, 'Anton Andrew sick (venereal)', PMB 721.
-
(1874)
Anton Andrew Sick
, pp. 721
-
-
Arnolda1
-
109
-
-
5344245634
-
-
Honolulu
-
but this is a point that is questioned by D. Stannard in Before the Horror (Honolulu 1989), 75-7.
-
(1989)
Before the Horror
, pp. 75-77
-
-
Stannard, D.1
-
111
-
-
79956671073
-
-
Chewaw is a betel nut; see the log of Lusitania, Tue. 30 Dec. 1828
-
Chewaw is a betel nut; see the log of Lusitania, Tue. 30 Dec. 1828.
-
-
-
-
112
-
-
79956657170
-
-
E.g. Marquesans were aboard the Lusitania in 1828
-
E.g. Marquesans were aboard the Lusitania in 1828.
-
-
-
-
113
-
-
79956671097
-
-
See Lusitania, 13 Nov. 1828.
-
See Lusitania, 13 Nov. 1828.
-
-
-
-
114
-
-
79956656968
-
-
The impact of deserters from whaling ships in the Bismarcks was limited. Other than the small settlement in Gower's Harbour cited by Maude in 'The cruise of the whaler "Gypsy"', there were few cases of deserting. The only cases of whalers deserting were: at Gower's Harbour in 1844 when three men ran from the Clarice (Clarice, 14 and 15 Apr. 1844, PMB 319); in 1854 at Gower's Harbour, six of the crew of the Young Hector deserted, only five returned and the ship sailed on regardless. Young Hector, 17 Oct. 1854, PMB 819). The captain of the Lusitania even deliberately left troublesome crew on shore. 'One of our Marquesian men . . . who has not been able to attend the working of the ship on account of his health.
-
The impact of deserters from whaling ships in the Bismarcks was limited. Other than the small settlement in Gower's Harbour cited by Maude in 'The cruise of the whaler "Gypsy"', there were few cases of deserting. The only cases of whalers deserting were: at Gower's Harbour in 1844 when three men ran from the Clarice (Clarice, 14 and 15 Apr. 1844, PMB 319); in 1854 at Gower's Harbour, six of the crew of the Young Hector deserted, only five returned and the ship sailed on regardless. Young Hector, 17 Oct. 1854, PMB 819). The captain of the Lusitania even deliberately left troublesome crew on shore. 'One of our Marquesian men . . . who has not been able to attend the working of the ship on account of his health . . . In order to induce him to shake off his lethargy and to take exercise, the blood appearing to have stagnated in his legs, the captain had frequently threatened to put him on shore among the savages . . . Accordingly on the Sunday by command of the captain he with his chest was put on the land and left to himself. In my opinion it was a most shameful trick . . . They left him there but during the night 2 of his countrymen left the ship & swam to where he'd been left . . . That morning another man ran away from the watering party followed the others . . . It was supposed that the deserters would make for the nearest village so the captain & 2nd mate went to the village of King Dect.' The deserters came back the next day having gone 76 hours without food. See Lusitania, 13 Nov. 1828.
-
-
-
-
116
-
-
60949684785
-
-
Canberra
-
and, O.H.K. Spate, Paradise Found and Lost (Canberra 1988), 232. Spate noted that trade muskets were the cast offs from armies and were extremely unreliable.
-
(1988)
Paradise Found and Lost
, pp. 232
-
-
Spate, O.H.K.1
-
117
-
-
79956657180
-
Eduard Hernsheim
-
Boroko
-
P. Sack (ed.) Eduard Hernsheim, South Sea Merchant (Boroko 1983), 30.
-
(1983)
South Sea Merchant
, pp. 30
-
-
Sack, P.1
-
123
-
-
79956693085
-
-
In Sept. 1875, the Wesleyan Methodist missionary George Brown arrived with eight Fijian teachers and made his headquarters at Port Hunter in the Duke of Yorks
-
In Sept. 1875, the Wesleyan Methodist missionary George Brown arrived with eight Fijian teachers and made his headquarters at Port Hunter in the Duke of Yorks.
-
-
-
-
127
-
-
79956657051
-
Visit of the HMS Danae to New Britain and the Admiralties
-
'Visit of the HMS Danae to New Britain and the Admiralties', ibid., 1877-79, Vol. 2;
-
(1877)
The Phantom Paradise
, pp. 2
-
-
-
128
-
-
79956693092
-
Visit of the Beagle to New Britain and Duke of York Islands 1882
-
PRO
-
and 'Visit of the Beagle to New Britain and Duke of York Islands 1882,' ibid., Vol. 4, 1881-84. PRO.
-
(1881)
The Phantom Paradise
, pp. 4
-
-
-
132
-
-
61249511217
-
The sandalwood trade in Melanesian economics, 1841-1865
-
D. Shineberg, 'The sandalwood trade in Melanesian economics, 1841-65', Journal of Pacific History, 1(1966), 129-46;
-
(1966)
Journal of Pacific History
, vol.1
, pp. 129-146
-
-
Shineberg, D.1
-
133
-
-
79956984042
-
In Sack
-
16 June
-
and Hernsheim, 16 June 1880, in Sack, Eduard Hernsheim, 131. The arrival of steel tools had aprofound effect in agriculture. Bamboo slashing implements became outdated with the arrival of lengths of sharpened steel strips made from iron hoop.
-
(1880)
Eduard Hernsheim
, pp. 131
-
-
Hernsheim1
-
134
-
-
79956996091
-
-
Individual 'big men' were able to increase their power by selling land on behalf of the tribe, cultivating support from one mission or other, and forming inter-district alliances. See Hempenstall, Pacific Islanders, 15.
-
Pacific Islanders
, pp. 15
-
-
Hempenstall1
-
135
-
-
79956522630
-
-
For the many murders of traders in the early 1880s, see Sack, Eduard Hemsheim, 69;
-
Eduard Hemsheim
, pp. 69
-
-
Sack1
-
137
-
-
79956670746
-
Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station
-
Vols. 1-4, PRO
-
Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station, Pacific Islands 1857-84, Vols. 1-4, PRO;
-
Pacific Islands 1857-84
-
-
-
139
-
-
79956556172
-
The Six Day War in the Bismarck Archipelago
-
H. Schütte, 'The Six Day War in the Bismarck Archipelago', Journal of Pacific History, 24 (1989), 38-53;
-
(1989)
Journal of Pacific History
, vol.24
, pp. 38-53
-
-
Schütte, H.1
-
140
-
-
79956539746
-
Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station
-
Vols 3 and 4, PRO
-
and Records of the Royal Navy Australia Station, Pacific Islands, Vols 3 and 4, PRO.
-
Pacific Islands
-
-
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