Democracy against security: The debates about counterterrorism in the european parliament, September 2001-June 2003

Alternatives

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 417-439

  Tsoukala, Anastassia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS OUEST NANTERRE LA DÉFENSE   (France)

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EID: 11044230968     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030437540402900403     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. During that period, the political groups of the European parliament were the PPE-DE (Group of the European People's Party and European Democrats - 232 members); the PSE (Group of the Party of European Socialists - 175 members); the ELDR (Group of the European, Liberal, Democrat, and Reform Party - 53 members); the GUE/NGL (Confederal Group of the European United Left/Nordic Green Left - 49 members); the Greens/ALE (Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance - 45 members); the UEN (Union for Europe of the Nations - 23 members); the EDD (Group for a Europe of Democracies and Diversities - 18 members); and NI (Nonattached or independent - 31 members).
2. The decision of December 3, 1998, instructed Europol to deal with crimes committed or likely to be committed in the course of terrorist activities against life, limb, personal freedom, or property (Decision 99/C 26/06, official journal C26, January 30, 1999).
3. Watson (ELDR).
4. Galeote Quecedo (PPE-DE).
5. I b i d.
6. Ilka Schröder (Greens/ALE).
7. Karamanou (PSE).
8. The extraordinary formal sitting of September 12, 2001, and the sitting of September 19, 2001.
9. Souchet (NI), sitting of September 19, 2001.
10. Berthu (NI), extraordinary formal sitting of September 12, 2001.
11. Muscardini (UEN), sitting of September 19, 2001.
12. Souchet (NI), sitting of September 19, 2001.
13. I b i d.
14. Muscardini, sitting of September 19, 2001.
15. Nassauer (PPE-DE), sitting of September 19, 2001.
16. Watson, sitting of September 19, 2001.
17. Neyts-Uyttebroeck, president-in-office of the council, sitting of September 19, 2001.
18. Gorostiaga Atxalandabaso (NI), sitting of September 19, 2001.
19. Forty-eight out of the fifty-three speakers made their speech during these sittings.
20. Borghezio (NI), sitting of February 6, 2002.
21. Queiró (UEN), sitting of October 23, 2002.
22. Oostlander (PPE-DE), sitting of October 23, 2002.
23. I b i d.
24. Camre (UEN), sitting of February 6, 2002.
25. Commissioner Vitorino, sitting of October 23, 2002.
26. Van Orden (PPE-DE), sitting of October 23, 2002.
27. I b i d
28. Hernández Mollar (PPE-DE), sitting of March 12, 2003.
29. On the role played by this "ineffable space that determines the social existence," see F. Saint-Bonnet, L'état d'exception (Paris: PUF, 2001), pp. 354ff.
30. L. L. Weinreb, Natural Law and Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 169.
31. M. Bastit, Naissance de la loi moderne (Paris: PUF, 1990), p. 292.
32. Weinreb, note 30, p. 166.
33. On the existence of a close association between sovereignty and exclusion, see Didier Bigo's concept "ban-opticon" as elaborated in Bigo, "The Globalisation of Unease and the Ban-opticon," Traces 4 (2004).
34. During the extraordinary formal sitting of September 12, 2001, this view was expressed by Verhofstadt, president-in-office of the council, Poettering (PPE-DE), Barón Crespo (PSE), Cox (ELDR), Hautala (Greens/ALE), Wurtz (GUE/NGL), and Berthu (NI). During the sitting of September 19, 2001, it was expressed by Neyts-Uyttebroeck, president-in-office of the council, Poettering (PPE-DE), Barón Crespo (PSE), Watson (ELDR), Queiró (UEN), Lannoye (Greens/ALE), and Wurtz (GUE/NGL).
35. The Heritage Illustrated Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed.
36. On the questions raised by the overdetermination of the normative notion of exception by an existential concept of exception in the current politics of insecurity, see Jeff Huysmans, "International Politics of Insecurity: Unilateralism, Inwardness, and Exceptionalism," paper presented at the twenty-eighth annual conference of the British International Studies Association, Birmingham, December 15-17, 2003.
37. Commissioner Vitorino, sitting of November 28, 2001.
38. Cerdeira Morterero (PSE), sitting of November 28, 2001.
39. Segni (UEN), sitting of November 28, 2001.
40. Commissioner Patten, sitting of October 23, 2002.
41. Nogueira Roman (Greens/ALE), sitting of October 23, 2002.
42. Vitorino, sitting of October 23, 2002.
43. I b i d.
44. Galeote Quecedo (PPE-DE), sitting of November 28, 2001.
45. Watson, sitting of November 28, 2001.
46. Neyts-Uyttebroeck, president-in-office of the council, sitting of November 28, 2001.
47. Vitorino, sitting of November 28, 2001.
48. It should be pointed out that ELISE, the European Liberty and Security research program, has not been structured around this notion of balance. This is clearly shown by its intellectual framework "Security Issues, Social Cohesion, and Institutional Development of the European Union."
49. Haarder, president-in-office of the council, sitting of October 23, 2002.
50. Patten, sitting of October 23, 2002.
51. Haarder, president-in-office of the council, sitting of October 23, 2002.
52. C. Perelman, Logique juridique: Nouvelle rhétorique (Paris: Dalloz, 1999), p. 120.
53. Vitorino, sitting of October 23, 2002.
54. Vitorino, sitting of November 28, 2001.
55. I b i d.
56. Neyts-Uyttebroeck, president-in-office of the council, sitting of November 28, 2001.
57. Hedkvist Petersen (PSE), sitting of March 12, 2003.
58. Cerdeira Morterero (PSE), sitting of February 6, 2002.
59. Commissioner Schreyer, sitting of March 12, 2003.
60. Cerdeira Morterero (PSE), sitting of November 28, 2001.
61. Krivine spoke on the issue twice - during the sittings of October 23, 2001, and February 6, 2002.
62. Terrón i Cusí spoke on the issue twice - during the sittings of November 28, 2001, and February 6, 2002.
63. Ludford spoke on the issue twice - during the sittings of November 28, 2001, and February 6, 2002.
64. Terrón i Cusí (PSE), sitting of November 28, 2001.
65. Terrón i Cusí, sitting of February 6, 2002.
66. Sjöstedt (GUE/NGL), sitting of February 6, 2002.
67. De Miguel, president-in-office of the council, sitting of February 6, 2002.
68. De Rossa (PSE), sitting of October 23, 2002.
69. Haarder, president-in-office of the council, sitting of October 23, 2002.
70. Coelho (PPE-DE), sitting of March 12, 2003.
71. Farage (EDD), sitting of February 6, 2002.
72. Malmström (ELDR), sitting of October 23, 2002.
73. Sjöstedt, sitting of February 6, 2002.
74. J. Rawls, Théorie de la justice (Paris: Seuil, 1997), p. 279.
75. Krivine (GUE/NGL), sitting of October 23, 2002.
76. Boumediene-Thiery (Greens/ALE), sitting of November 28, 2001.
77. Theorin (PSE), sitting of October 23, 2002.
78. Coelho (PPE-DE), sitting of March 12, 2003.
79. Sousa Pinto (PSE), sitting of October 23, 2002.
80. Coelho (PPE-DE), sitting of March 12, 2003.
81. This association is made by Bonde (EDD), extraordinary formal sitting of September 12, 2001; Hautala (Greens/ALE), extraordinary formal sitting of September 12, 2001; Poettering (PPE-DE), sitting of September 19, 2001; Baron Crespo (PSE), sitting of September 19, 2001; Macs (Greens/ALE), sitting of September 19, 2001; Morgantini (GUE/NGL), sitting of September 19, 2001; Schmid, Herman, (GUE/NGL), sitting of September 19, 2001; Goebbels (PSE), sitting of September 19, 2001; Hume (PSE), sitting of September 19, 2001; Wurtz (GUE/NGL), sitting of September 19, 2001; Brok (PPE-DE), sitting of September 19, 2001; Evans, Robert (PSE), sitting of February 6, 2002.
82. The need to develop such a policy is expressed by many deputies as well as by the representatives of the EU institutions. See, for instance, the speech of Neyts-Uyttebroeck, president-in-office of the council, and of Commissioner Vitorino during the sitting of September 19, 2001.
83. Ilka Schröder (GUE/NGL), sitting of October 23, 2002.
84. Krivine (GUE/NGL), sitting of February 6, 2002.
85. Di Lello Finuoli (GUE/NGL), sitting of November 28, 2001.
86. Krivine, sitting of October 23, 2002. Several deputies have commented that the legal definition of terrorism remained vague and could imply major breaches of trade-union rights and of the freedom of expression and association. One of the most frequently mentioned issues in this respect has been the criminalization of antiglobalization demonstrations. These questions have been raised by Boumediene-Thiery (Greens/ALE), sitting of November 28, 2001; Maes (Greens/ALE), sitting of November 28, 2001; Di Lello Finuoli (GUE/NGL), sitting of November 28, 2001; Buitenweg (Greens/ALE), sitting of February 6, 2002; Krivine, sittings of February 6, 2002, and October 23, 2002; Nogueira Roman (Greens/ALE), sitting of October 23, 2002.
87. Krivine, sitting of October 23, 2002. The weakening of the legal position of migrants and asylum seekers and even of persons giving support to people in those categories was denounced by Boumediene-Thiery during the sitting of November 28, 2001.
88. Carl Schmitt, La notion de politique: Théorie du partisan (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1972).
89. Giorgio Agamben, Homo sacer (Paris: Seuil, 1997); and Moyens sans fins (Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2002), p. 47f. On the nondifferentiation between the inside and the outside in this context, see also Didier Bigo, "When Two Become One: Internal and External Securitisations in Europe," in Morten Kelstrup and Michael Williams, eds., International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 171-205.
90. Giorgio Agamben, Homo sacer (Paris: Seuil, 1997); and Moyens sans fins (Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2002), p. 47f. On the nondifferentiation between the inside and the outside in this context, see also Didier Bigo, "When Two Become One: Internal and External Securitisations in Europe," in Morten Kelstrup and Michael Williams, eds., International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 171-205.
91. Giorgio Agamben, Homo sacer (Paris: Seuil, 1997); and Moyens sans fins (Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2002), p. 47f. On the nondifferentiation between the inside and the outside in this context, see also Didier Bigo, "When Two Become One: Internal and External Securitisations in Europe," in Morten Kelstrup and Michael Williams, eds., International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 171-205.
92. From Emmanuel Emmanuel-Pierre Guittet's article on democratic solidarity and the redefinition of European political identity, in this issue of Alternatives.
93. I b i d.