Electron beam pumped krypton fluoride lasers for fusion energy

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 92, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 1043-1055

  Sethian, John D ^a   Myers, Matthew C ^a   Giuliani Jr , John L ^a   Lehmberg, Robert H ^a   Kepple, Paul C ^a   Obenschain, S P ^a   Hegeler, Frank ^b   Friedman, M ^b   Wolford, Matthew F ^c   Smilgys, Russell V ^c   Swanekamp, Stephen B ^d   Weidenheimer, Douglas ^d   Giorgi, David ^e   Welch, Dale R ^f   Rose, David V ^f   Searles, Stuart ^g  

^a NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b Commonwealth Technology Inc ^*  (United States)

^c SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION   (United States)

^d TITAN CORPORATION   (United States)

^e Optiswitch Technology Inc   (United States)

^f MISSION RESEARCH CORPORATION   (United States)

^g RESEARCH SUPPORT INSTRUMENTS   (United States)

Author keywords

Electron beam pumped lasers; Excimer laser; Field emission cathode; Inertial fusion energy (IFE); Krypton fluoride (KrF) lasers; Pulsed power; Solid state pulsed power

Indexed keywords

ELECTRON BEAMS; EXCIMER LASERS; FIELD EMISSION CATHODES; FLUORINE; GAS LASERS; KRYPTON; PUMPING (LASER); SOLID STATE LASERS;

ELECTRON BEAM PUMPED LASERS; INERTIAL FUSION ENERGY (IFE); KRYPTON FLUORIDE (KRF) LASERS; PULSED POWER; SOLID-STATE PULSED POWER;

FUSION REACTIONS;

EID: 10944266517     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2004.829051     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (49)

1. J. D. Sethian et al., "Fusion energy with lasers, direct drive targets, and dry wall chambers," Nucl. Fusion, vol. 43, pp. 1693-1709, 2003.
2. S. E. Bodner, D. G. Colombant, A. J. Schmitt, and M. Klapisch, "High gain direct drive target design for laser fusion," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 7, pp. 2298-2301, 2000.
3. D. Colombant et al., "Effect of radiation on direct drive laser fusion targets," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 7, pp. 2046-2054, 2000.
4. A. J. Schmitt, D. Colombant, S. Velikovich, S. Zalesak, J. Bates, J. Gardner, D. Fyfe, L. Phillips, and N. Metzler, "Direct drive pellet designs and performance: High resolution simulation and theory," presented at the 3rd Int. Fusion Science and Applications Conf., Monterey, CA, 2003, Paper TuO4.1.
5. I. V. Sviatoslavsky, M. E. Sawan, R. R. Peterson, G. L. Kulcinski, J. J. MacFarlane, L. J. Wittenberg, H. Y. Khater, E. A. Mogahed, and S. C. Rutledge, "A KrF laser driven inertial confinement fusion reactor 'SOMBRERO'," Fusion Technol., vol. 21, pp. 1470-1474, 1992.
6. N. G. Basov et al., "60 J quasistationary electroionization laser on Xe atomic metastables," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-21, pp. 1756-1760, Nov. 1985.
7. V. N. Smiley, "Review of high power excimer lasers," in Proc. SPIE High Power Gas Lasers, vol. 2, 1990, pp. 1225-1241.
8. I. Okuda, E. Takahashi, I. Matsushima, Y. Matsumoto, H. Yashiro, E. Miura, T. Tomie, and Y. Owandano, "Performance of 'Super Ashura' main amplifier," Fusion Eng. Des., vol. 44, pp. 377-381, 1999.
9. I. Okuda, J. Ma, E. Takahashi, I. Matsushima, Y. Matsumoto, S. Kato, and Y. Owadano, "Initial testing of a high-repetition-rate electron-beam-pumped KrF laser amplifier," Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt., vol. 72, pp. 623-626, 2001.
10. N. Wang, Y. Shan, W. Ma, D. Yang, G. Kun, X. Wang, X. Tang, Y. Tao, J. Ma, and X. Jiang, "Activities of developing high-power KrF lasers and studying laser plasmas interaction physics at CIAE," Laser Part. Beams, vol. 20, pp. 119-122, 2002.
11. V. D. Zvorykin, S. V. Arlantsev, V. G. Bakaev, O. V. Rantsev, P. B. Sergeev, G. V. Sychugov, and A. Yu. Tserkovnikov, "Transport of electron beams and stability of optical windows in high-power e-beam-pumped krypton fluoride lasers," Laser Part. Beams, vol. 19, pp. 609-622, 2001.
12. -2 ultraviolet laser," J. Mod, Opt., vol. 43, pp. 1025-1033, 1996.
13. L. Rosocha, F. Riepe, J. Hanlon, J. McLeod, M. Kang, B. Kortegaard, M. Burrows, and P. Bowling, "Aurora multikioljoule KrF laser system prototype for inertial confinement fusion," Fusion Technol., vol. 11, pp. 497-532, 1987.
14. J. D. Sethian, M. Friedhian, J. L. Giuliani Jr., R. H. Lehmberg, M. Myers, S. Obenschain, F. Hegeler, and S. B. Swanekamp, "Electra: A krypton fluoride laser for fusion energy," in Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications, K. A. Tanaka, D. D. Meyerhoffer, and J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, Eds. New York: Elsevier, 2002, vol. 1, pp. 495-499.
15. S. P. Obenschain et al., "The Nike KrF laser facility: Performance and intitial target experiments," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 3, pp. 2098-2107, 1996.
16. R. H. Lehmberg and J. Goldnar, "Profile control by incoherence," Fusion Technol., vol. 11, pp. 532-541, 1987.
17. R. H. Lehmberg, A. J. Schmitt, and S. E. Bodner, "Theory of induced spatial incoherence," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 68, pp. 2680-2701, 1987.
18. J. A. Hanlon and J. McLeod, "The Aurora laser optical system," Fusion Technol., vol. 11, pp. 634-653, 1987.
19. J. D. Sethian et al., "Large area electron beam pumped krypton fluoride laser amplifier," Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 68, pp. 2357-2366, 1997.
20. J. D. Sethian et al., "Pulsed power for a rep rate electron beam pumped KrF laser," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 28, pp. 1333-1337, Oct. 2000.
21. W. S. Melville, "The use of saturable reactors as discharge devices for pulse generators," in Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. (Pt. 3, Radio Commun.), vol. 98, 1951, pp. 185-207.
22. D. L. Bint et al., "Experiments in magnetic switching," in Proc. 3rd IEEE Pulsed Power Conf., 1981, pp. 262-268.
23. L. X. Schneider el al, "Repetitive high energy pulsed power technology development," presented at the 14th Int. Conf. Accelerators in Industry and Research, Denton, TX, 1996.
24. D. Weidenheimer et al., "Advanced pulsed power concept and component development for KrF laser IFE," in Proc. IEEE Power Modulator Conf., pp. 165-169.
25. L. R. Lowry, "Optically activated switch," Westinghouse R&D Center, Pittsburgh, PA, Tech. Report AFAPL-TR-78-17, , 1978.
26. Medici, 2002. Version 2001.4.
27. C. D. Child, "Discharges from a hot cao," Phys. Rev., vol. 32, pp. 492-195, 1911.
28. M. C. Myers, F. Hegeler, M. Friedman, and I. D. Sethian, "Development of a durable, large area cathode for repetitive, uniform electron beam generation," in Dig. Tech. Papers IEEE Pulsed Power Conf., 2001, pp. 710-713.
29. M. Friedman, M. Myers, F. Hegeler, S. B. Swanekamp, J. D. Sethian, and L. Ludeking, "Emission of an intense electron beam from a ceramic cathode honeycomb, " Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 82, pp. 179-181, 2003.
30. M. Friedman, S. B. Swanekamp, S. Obenschain, Y. Chan, L. Ludeking, and D. Smithe, "Stability of large area electron beam diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 77, pp. 1053-1055, 2000.
31. M. Friedman, Y. Chan, S. Obenschain, J. D. Sethian, and S. B. Swanekamp, "Eliminating the transit-time instability in large-area electron-beam diodes," App. Phys. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 1539-1541, 2003.
32. D. V. Rose, D. R. Welch, F. Hegeler, S. B. Swanekamp, M. C. Myers, and J. D. Sethian, "Numerical modeling of large-area electron-beam diodes for KrF lasers," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 94, pp. 5343-5349, 2003.
33. F. Hegeler, M. Friedman, M. C. Myers, J. D. Sethian, and S. B. Swanekamp, "Reduction of edge emission in electron beam diodes," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 9, pp. 4309-4315, 2002.
34. F. Hegeler, M. C. Myers, J. D. Sethian, D. V. Rose, M. Friedman, M. F. Wolford, J. L. Giuliani, S. B. Swanekamp, and A. Banka, "Efficient electron beam pumping of repetitively pulsed, high energy krypton fluoride lasers," presented at the 3rd Int. Fusion Science and Applications Conf., Monterey, CA, 2003, Paper TuPol.31.
35. A. Suda, H. Kumagai, and M. Obara, "Characteristics of an electron beam pumped KrF laser amplifier with an atmospheric-pressure Kr-rich mixture in a strongly saturated region," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 218-220, 1987.
36. A. E. Mandl, D. E. Klimek, and E. Salesky, "KrF laser studies at high krypton density," Fusion Technol., vol. 11, pp. 542-547, 1987.
37. Y. Owandano, I. Okuda, M. Tanimoto, Y. Matsumoto,T. Kaeshi, and M. Yano, "Development of a 1 kJ KrF laser system for laser fusion research," Fusion Technol., vol. 11, pp. 486-491, 1987.
38. F. Kanari, M. Obara, and T. Fujikoa, "An advanced kinetic model of electron beam excited KrF lasers including the vibrational relaxation in KrF(B) and collisional mixing of KrF(B,C)," J. Appl. Phys., pp. 4309-4322, 1985.
39. W. W. Rigrod, "Saturation effects in high-gain lasers," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 36, pp. 2487-2490, 1965.
40. M. F. Wolford, F. Hegeler, M. C. Myers, J. Giuliani, P. Kepple, and J. D. Sethian, "Electra as an oscillator: A repetitively pulsed, 500 J, 100 ns, KrF laser," presented at the 3rd Int. Fusion Science and Applications Conf., Monterey, CA, 2003, Paper Wpo4.36.
41. J. K. Rice, G. C. Tisone, and E. L. Patterson, "Oscillator performance and energy extraction from a KrF laser pumped by a high-intensity relativistic electron beam," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-16, pp. 1315-1326, Dec. 1980.
42. G. M. Petrov, J. L. Giuliani, and A. Dasgupta, "Electron energy deposition in an electron-beam pumped KrF amplifier: Impact of beam power and energy," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 91, pp. 2662-2677, 2002.
43. J. L. Giuliani Jr., G. M. Petrov, and A. Dasgupta, "Electron energy deposition in an electron-beam pumped KrF amplifier: Impact of the gas composition," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 92, pp. 1200-1206, 2002.
44. J. L. Giuliani, P. Kepple, R. H. Lehmberg, M. C. Myers, J. D. Sethian, M. F. Wolford, F. Hegeler, and G. Petrov, "Orestes: A kinetics model for electron beam pumped KrF lasers," presented at the 3rd Int. Fusion Science and Applications Conf., Monterey, CA, 2003. Paper Wpo4.31.
45. P. J. M. Peters, H. M. J. Basraens, W. J. Witterman, and T. Gerber, "A study of electron quenching of excimers in a KrF laser excited by a coaxial electron beam," Appl. Phys. B., vol. 43, pp. 253-261, 1987.
46. J. Moran, private communication.
47. V. Novak, D. Sadowski, S. Shin, K. Schoonover, and S. Abdel-Khalik. (2003) Experimental and numerical study of mist cooling for the Electra hibachi. Proc. 7th High Average Power Laser Workshop [Online]. Available: http://aries.ucsd.edu/HAPL/MEETINGS/0309-HAPL/posters/abdelkhalik.ppt
48. V. Zvorykin et al., "Orestes kinetics model for electron beam pumped KrF lasers," presented at the 3rd International Fusion Science and Applications Conf., Monterey, CA, 2003, Paper Wpo4.31.
49. M. W. McGeoch, P. A. Corcoran, R. G. Altes, I. D. Smith, S. E. Bodner, R. H. Lehmberg, S. P. Obenschain, and J. D. Sethian, "Conceptual design of a 2 MJ KrF laser facility," Fusion Technol., vol. 32, pp. 610-643, 1997.