Time delays in visually coupled systems during flight test and simulation

Journal of Aircraft

Volumn 41, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 1327-1335

  Jennings, Sion ^a   Reid, L D ^b,d   Craig, Gregory ^a   Kruk, R V ^c,e  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c Canadian Aviation Electronics Ltd   (Canada)

^d Institute for Aerospace Studies   (Canada)

^e Military Simulation and Training

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONTROL SYSTEMS; ERROR ANALYSIS; HELMET MOUNTED DISPLAYS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

DELAY SOURCES; OPERATOR PERFORMANCE; PHASE ANGLES; TIME DELAY;

AERODYNAMICS;

EID: 10944252450     PISSN: 00218669     EISSN: 15333868     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2514/1.449     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Wickens, C. D., "Chapter 39: The Effect of Control Dynamics on Performance," The Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, Vol. 2, edited by K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, and J. P. Thomas, Wiley, New York, 1986, pp. 39.1-39.60.
2. Adamczyk, M. M., and Crago, P. E., "Input-Output Nonlinearities and Time Delays Increase Tracking Errors in Handgrasp Neuroprostheses," IEEE Proceedings of the Annual International Conference-IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vol. 16, Pt. 1, 1994, pp. 436-437.
3. Gawron, V. J., Bailey, R. E., Knotts, L. H., and McMillan, G. R., "Comparison of Time Delay During In-Flight and Ground Simulation," Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, Human Factors and Engineering Society, Santa Monica, CA, 1989, pp. 120-123.
4. McRuer, D., "Advances in Flying Qualities," NATO AGARD N88-29735 24-01, 1988.
5. Conklin, J. E., "The Effect of Control Lag on Performance in a Tracking Task," Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 53, No. 4, 1957, pp. 261-268.
6. Foulkes, A. J. M., and Miall, R. C., "Adaptation to Visual Feedback Delays in a Human Manual Tracking Task," Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 131, No. 1, 2000, pp. 101-110.
7. Garvey, W. D., Sweeney, J. S., and Birmingham, H. P., "Differential Effects of Display Lags and Control Lags on the Performance of Manual Tracking Systems," Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 1, 1958, pp. 8-10.
8. Warrick, M. J., "Effect of Exponential Type Control Lags on the Speed and Accuracy of Positioning a Visual Indicator," Wright Air Development Center, WADC Technical Note 55-348, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, 1957.
9. Jagacinski, R. J., "A Qualitative Look at Feedback Control Theory as a Style of Describing Behaviour," Human Factors, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1977, pp. 331-347.
10. Lusk, S. L., Martin, C. D., Whitely, J. D., and Johnson, W. V., "Time Delay Compensation Using Peripheral Visual Cues in an Aircraft Simulator," AIAA Flight Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit, AIAA, Washington, DC, 1990, pp. 63-70.
11. King, D. W., "Handling Qualities Effects of Display Latency," Piloting Vertical Flight Aircraft: A Conference on Flying Qualities and Human Factors, NASA CP-3220, 1993, pp. 329-340.
12. Smith, R. E., "Evaluation of F-18A, Approach and Landing Flying Qualities Using an In-Flight Simulator," Calspan Rept. 6241-F-1, Buffalo, NY. 1979.
13. Berry, D. T., Powers, B. G., Szalai, K. J., and Wilson, R. J., "In-Flight Evaluation of Control System Pure Time Delays," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 19. No. 6, 1980, pp. 318-323.
14. Smith, R. E., and Sarrafian, S.K., "Effect of Time Delay on Flying Qualities: An Update," Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, AIAA, New York, 1986, pp. 711-720.
15. Powers, B. G., "Space Shuttle Longitudinal Landing Flying Qualities," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 9, No. 5, 1986, pp. 566-572.
16. Jackson, P., Munson, K., and Peacock, L., Jane's All the World's Aircraft. Coulsden, Surrey, England, U.K., 2000.
17. Funk, J. D., Beck, C. P., and Johns, J. B., "Primary Display Latency Criteria Based on Flying Qualities and Performance Data," Piloting Vertical Flight Aircraft: A Conference on Flying Qualities and Human Factors, NASA CP-3220, 1993.
18. Levison, W. H., Lancraft, R. E., and Junker, A. M., "Effects of Simulator Delays on Performance and Learning in a Roll-Axis Tracking Task, " Rept. AFFDL-TR-79-3134, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory. OH, 1979.
19. Wildzunas, R. M., Barron, T. L., and Wiley, R. W., "Visual Display Delay Effects on Pilot Performance," Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 67, No. 3, 1996, pp. 214-221.
20. Stanney, K. M., Mourant, R. R., and Kennedy, R. S., "Human Factors Issues in Virtual Environments: A Review of the Literature," Presence, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1998, pp. 327-351.
21. Reason, J. T., and Brand, J. J., Motion Sickness, Academic Press, New York, 1975.
22. Ebenholtz, S. M., "Properties of Adaptive Oculomotor Control Systems and Perception," Acta Psychologia, Vol. 63, No. 1-3, 1986, pp. 233-246.
23. Draper, M. H., Virre, E. S., Furness, T. A., and Gawron, V. J., "Effects of Scale and System Time Delay on Simulator Sickness Within Head-Coupled Virtual Environments," Human Factors, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2001, pp. 129-146.
24. So, R. H. Y., "An Investigation into the Effects of Lags on Motion Sickness with a Head-Coupled Visual Display." The United Kingdom Informal Group Meeting on Human Response to Vibration, Inst. of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke, Gosport, Hants, England, U.K., 1994, pp. 1-16.
25. "Aeronautical Design Standard: Handling Qualities Requirements for Military Rotorcraft (ADS-33D)," U.S. Army Aviation and Troop Command, Directorate for Engineering, St. Louis, MO, 1994.
26. Jennings, S., Gubbels, A. W., Swail, C. P., and Craig, G. L., "In Flight Evaluation of a Fibre Optic Helmet-Mounted Display," Proceedings of SPIE: Helmet- and Head- Mounted Displays III, Vol. 3362, 1998, pp. 126-135.
27. Jennings, S., Reid, L., and Tai, E., "Comparison of Visually Coupled System Performance in Helicopter Flight and Simulator Trials." Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001, pp. 1124-1129.
28. Smith, R. E., and Bailey, R. E., "Effect of Control System Delays on Fighter Flying Qualities," AGARD Conference Proceedings on Criteria for Handling Qualities of Military Aircraft, AGARD-CP-333, April 1982.
29. Hui, K., "An Improved Aerodynamic Model of a Bell 205 in Forward Flight," Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4, 1996, pp. 194-199.
30. Hui, K., and Miller, A., "Frequency Domain Analysis of the Heave Axis Characteristics of a Bell 205A Helicopter," National Research Council of Canada, Flight Research Lab. Memorandum FR-126, Ottawa, ON, Dec. 1998.
31. Jennings, S., Craig, G., Swail, C., and Kruk, R., "Contrasting Effects of Control System Delay and Visual System Delay on Helicopter Pilot Performance: Preliminary Findings," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society Annual Forum, Vol. 55, No. 2, 1999, pp. 2041-2048.
32. Cooper, G. E., and Harper, R. P., "The Use of Pilot Rating in the Evaluation of Aircraft Handling Qualities." NASA, Technical Note. TN D-5153, 1969.
33. Kruk, R. V., Kellogg, R. S., Runnings, D. W., and Kelley, G., "Experience with Simulator Sickness in a Simulator with a Fibre Optic Helmet Mounted Display: Survey Data and Characteristics of Experimentally Induced Symptoms," U.S. Airforce Human Resources Lab. Technical Rept. TR-89-36, 1990, pp. 170-204.
34. "Office of Simulator Sickness Field Manual Mod 3, U.S. Naval Training Systems Center, Orlando, FL.
35. Reid, L. D., Sattler, D. E., Graf, W. O., Dufort, P. A., and Zielinski, A. W., "Cockpit Technology Simulation Development Study for Enhanced/Synthetic Vision System," Univ. of Toronto Inst. for Aerospace Studies, UTIAS Rept. 355, Toronto, 1998.
36. Grant, P. R., "Motion Characteristics of the UTIAS Flight Research Simulator Motion-Base," Aerospace Studies, UTIAS Technical Note 261, Toronto, 1986.
37. Tai, E., "A Preliminary Evaluation of a Synthetic Vision System for Helicopter Search and Rescue Operations," M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Toronto Inst. for Aerospace Studies, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, May 1998.
38. Kruk, R. V., "Simulator Sickness Experience in Simulators Equipped with Fiber Optic Helmet Mounted Display Systems," AIAA 92-4135, Aug. 1992.
39. Howard, I., "The Perception of Posture, Selfmotion, and the Visual Vertical," Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, Volume I: Sensory Processes and Perception, edited by K. R. Boff, L. Kauf'man, and J. P. Thomas, Wiley, New York, 1986, pp. 18-1-18-62.