John Stuart Mill on intervention and non-intervention

Millenium

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 57-76

  Varouxakis, Georgios ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 10944252175     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298970260010701     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. See, for example, Kenneth E. Miller, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of International Relations', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 22, No. 4, 1961), pp. 493-514; Sheila Grader, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of Nationality: A Liberal Dilemma in the Field of International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 14, No. 2, 1985), pp. 207-16; Anthony Ellis, 'Utilitarianism and International Ethics', in Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds.), Traditions of International Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 158-79; Eileen P. Sullivan, 'Liberalism and Imperialism: J.S. Mill's Defence of the British Empire', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 44, No. 4, 1983), pp. 599-617; Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 82, 84n, 85-87, and 112-14; R.J. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-56, 61-63, and passim; Michael Walzet, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 87-97 and 101; Carsten Holbraad, The Concert of Europe: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815-1914 (London: Longman, 1970), pp. 162-65, 168, 170, and 176; and Hans Kohn, Prophets and Peoples: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Nationalism (New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1946), pp. 11-42.
2. See, for example, Kenneth E. Miller, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of International Relations', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 22, No. 4, 1961), pp. 493-514; Sheila Grader, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of Nationality: A Liberal Dilemma in the Field of International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 14, No. 2, 1985), pp. 207-16; Anthony Ellis, 'Utilitarianism and International Ethics', in Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds.), Traditions of International Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 158-79; Eileen P. Sullivan, 'Liberalism and Imperialism: J.S. Mill's Defence of the British Empire', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 44, No. 4, 1983), pp. 599-617; Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 82, 84n, 85-87, and 112-14; R.J. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-56, 61-63, and passim; Michael Walzet, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 87-97 and 101; Carsten Holbraad, The Concert of Europe: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815-1914 (London: Longman, 1970), pp. 162-65, 168, 170, and 176; and Hans Kohn, Prophets and Peoples: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Nationalism (New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1946), pp. 11-42.
3. See, for example, Kenneth E. Miller, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of International Relations', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 22, No. 4, 1961), pp. 493-514; Sheila Grader, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of Nationality: A Liberal Dilemma in the Field of International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 14, No. 2, 1985), pp. 207-16; Anthony Ellis, 'Utilitarianism and International Ethics', in Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds.), Traditions of International Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 158-79; Eileen P. Sullivan, 'Liberalism and Imperialism: J.S. Mill's Defence of the British Empire', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 44, No. 4, 1983), pp. 599-617; Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 82, 84n, 85-87, and 112-14; R.J. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-56, 61-63, and passim; Michael Walzet, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 87-97 and 101; Carsten Holbraad, The Concert of Europe: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815-1914 (London: Longman, 1970), pp. 162-65, 168, 170, and 176; and Hans Kohn, Prophets and Peoples: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Nationalism (New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1946), pp. 11-42.
4. See, for example, Kenneth E. Miller, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of International Relations', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 22, No. 4, 1961), pp. 493-514; Sheila Grader, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of Nationality: A Liberal Dilemma in the Field of International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 14, No. 2, 1985), pp. 207-16; Anthony Ellis, 'Utilitarianism and International Ethics', in Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds.), Traditions of International Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 158-79; Eileen P. Sullivan, 'Liberalism and Imperialism: J.S. Mill's Defence of the British Empire', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 44, No. 4, 1983), pp. 599-617; Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 82, 84n, 85-87, and 112-14; R.J. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-56, 61-63, and passim; Michael Walzet, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 87-97 and 101; Carsten Holbraad, The Concert of Europe: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815-1914 (London: Longman, 1970), pp. 162-65, 168, 170, and 176; and Hans Kohn, Prophets and Peoples: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Nationalism (New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1946), pp. 11-42.
5. See, for example, Kenneth E. Miller, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of International Relations', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 22, No. 4, 1961), pp. 493-514; Sheila Grader, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of Nationality: A Liberal Dilemma in the Field of International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 14, No. 2, 1985), pp. 207-16; Anthony Ellis, 'Utilitarianism and International Ethics', in Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds.), Traditions of International Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 158-79; Eileen P. Sullivan, 'Liberalism and Imperialism: J.S. Mill's Defence of the British Empire', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 44, No. 4, 1983), pp. 599-617; Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 82, 84n, 85-87, and 112-14; R.J. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-56, 61-63, and passim; Michael Walzet, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 87-97 and 101; Carsten Holbraad, The Concert of Europe: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815-1914 (London: Longman, 1970), pp. 162-65, 168, 170, and 176; and Hans Kohn, Prophets and Peoples: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Nationalism (New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1946), pp. 11-42.
6. See, for example, Kenneth E. Miller, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of International Relations', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 22, No. 4, 1961), pp. 493-514; Sheila Grader, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of Nationality: A Liberal Dilemma in the Field of International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 14, No. 2, 1985), pp. 207-16; Anthony Ellis, 'Utilitarianism and International Ethics', in Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds.), Traditions of International Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 158-79; Eileen P. Sullivan, 'Liberalism and Imperialism: J.S. Mill's Defence of the British Empire', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 44, No. 4, 1983), pp. 599-617; Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 82, 84n, 85-87, and 112-14; R.J. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-56, 61-63, and passim; Michael Walzet, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 87-97 and 101; Carsten Holbraad, The Concert of Europe: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815-1914 (London: Longman, 1970), pp. 162-65, 168, 170, and 176; and Hans Kohn, Prophets and Peoples: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Nationalism (New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1946), pp. 11-42.
7. See, for example, Kenneth E. Miller, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of International Relations', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 22, No. 4, 1961), pp. 493-514; Sheila Grader, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of Nationality: A Liberal Dilemma in the Field of International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 14, No. 2, 1985), pp. 207-16; Anthony Ellis, 'Utilitarianism and International Ethics', in Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds.), Traditions of International Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 158-79; Eileen P. Sullivan, 'Liberalism and Imperialism: J.S. Mill's Defence of the British Empire', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 44, No. 4, 1983), pp. 599-617; Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 82, 84n, 85-87, and 112-14; R.J. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-56, 61-63, and passim; Michael Walzet, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 87-97 and 101; Carsten Holbraad, The Concert of Europe: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815-1914 (London: Longman, 1970), pp. 162-65, 168, 170, and 176; and Hans Kohn, Prophets and Peoples: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Nationalism (New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1946), pp. 11-42.
8. See, for example, Kenneth E. Miller, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of International Relations', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 22, No. 4, 1961), pp. 493-514; Sheila Grader, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of Nationality: A Liberal Dilemma in the Field of International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 14, No. 2, 1985), pp. 207-16; Anthony Ellis, 'Utilitarianism and International Ethics', in Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds.), Traditions of International Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 158-79; Eileen P. Sullivan, 'Liberalism and Imperialism: J.S. Mill's Defence of the British Empire', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 44, No. 4, 1983), pp. 599-617; Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 82, 84n, 85-87, and 112-14; R.J. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-56, 61-63, and passim; Michael Walzet, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 87-97 and 101; Carsten Holbraad, The Concert of Europe: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815-1914 (London: Longman, 1970), pp. 162-65, 168, 170, and 176; and Hans Kohn, Prophets and Peoples: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Nationalism (New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1946), pp. 11-42.
9. See, for example, Kenneth E. Miller, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of International Relations', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 22, No. 4, 1961), pp. 493-514; Sheila Grader, 'John Stuart Mill's Theory of Nationality: A Liberal Dilemma in the Field of International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 14, No. 2, 1985), pp. 207-16; Anthony Ellis, 'Utilitarianism and International Ethics', in Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds.), Traditions of International Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 158-79; Eileen P. Sullivan, 'Liberalism and Imperialism: J.S. Mill's Defence of the British Empire', Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 44, No. 4, 1983), pp. 599-617; Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 82, 84n, 85-87, and 112-14; R.J. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-56, 61-63, and passim; Michael Walzet, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 87-97 and 101; Carsten Holbraad, The Concert of Europe: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815-1914 (London: Longman, 1970), pp. 162-65, 168, 170, and 176; and Hans Kohn, Prophets and Peoples: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Nationalism (New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1946), pp. 11-42.
10. Miller, op. cit., in note 1, p. 495.
11. For this latter point, see, for instance, James Mayall, 'Non-intervention, Self-determination and the "New World Order"', International Affairs (Vol. 67, No. 3, 1991), pp. 421-29.
12. Vincent, op. cit., in note 1, p. 45.
13. Vincent concludes his chapter entitled 'Theory' as follows: '[i]n the Cold War, Mill's doctrine of counterintervention to enforce nonintervention has seen service on both sides of the battle, and Cobden's doctrine has survived as a protest against it. The recurrence of these different themes will be apparent in the chapters that follow'. Ibid., p. 63. Vincent does make good his promise. See ibid., pp. 112, 173, 225, 230, 245, 314, 314n, 318, and 388-89. See also Ian Forbes and Mark Hoffman (eds.), Political Theory, International Relations, and the Ethics of Intervention (London: Macmillan Press, 1993), pp. 66-67, 69, 70, and 82, and Beitz, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 82 and 85-87.
14. Vincent concludes his chapter entitled 'Theory' as follows: '[i]n the Cold War, Mill's doctrine of counterintervention to enforce nonintervention has seen service on both sides of the battle, and Cobden's doctrine has survived as a protest against it. The recurrence of these different themes will be apparent in the chapters that follow'. Ibid., p. 63. Vincent does make good his promise. See ibid., pp. 112, 173, 225, 230, 245, 314, 314n, 318, and 388-89. See also Ian Forbes and Mark Hoffman (eds.), Political Theory, International Relations, and the Ethics of Intervention (London: Macmillan Press, 1993), pp. 66-67, 69, 70, and 82, and Beitz, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 82 and 85-87.
15. Vincent concludes his chapter entitled 'Theory' as follows: '[i]n the Cold War, Mill's doctrine of counterintervention to enforce nonintervention has seen service on both sides of the battle, and Cobden's doctrine has survived as a protest against it. The recurrence of these different themes will be apparent in the chapters that follow'. Ibid., p. 63. Vincent does make good his promise. See ibid., pp. 112, 173, 225, 230, 245, 314, 314n, 318, and 388-89. See also Ian Forbes and Mark Hoffman (eds.), Political Theory, International Relations, and the Ethics of Intervention (London: Macmillan Press, 1993), pp. 66-67, 69, 70, and 82, and Beitz, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 82 and 85-87.
16. Vincent concludes his chapter entitled 'Theory' as follows: '[i]n the Cold War, Mill's doctrine of counterintervention to enforce nonintervention has seen service on both sides of the battle, and Cobden's doctrine has survived as a protest against it. The recurrence of these different themes will be apparent in the chapters that follow'. Ibid., p. 63. Vincent does make good his promise. See ibid., pp. 112, 173, 225, 230, 245, 314, 314n, 318, and 388-89. See also Ian Forbes and Mark Hoffman (eds.), Political Theory, International Relations, and the Ethics of Intervention (London: Macmillan Press, 1993), pp. 66-67, 69, 70, and 82, and Beitz, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 82 and 85-87.
17. For an account of the 'progressive theory' see Holbraad, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 162-63.
18. Ibid., p. 165.
19. Peter Johnson, 'Intervention and Moral Dilemmas', in Forbes and Hoffman (eds.), op. cit., in note 5, p. 69. See also Leon McCarthy, 'International Anarchy, Realism and Non-Intervention', in Forbes and Hoffman (eds.), op. cit., in note 5, pp. 81-82, and Michael Joseph Smith, 'Liberalism and International Reform', in Nardin and Mapel (eds.), op. cit., in note 1, pp. 213-14.
20. Peter Johnson, 'Intervention and Moral Dilemmas', in Forbes and Hoffman (eds.), op. cit., in note 5, p. 69. See also Leon McCarthy, 'International Anarchy, Realism and Non-Intervention', in Forbes and Hoffman (eds.), op. cit., in note 5, pp. 81-82, and Michael Joseph Smith, 'Liberalism and International Reform', in Nardin and Mapel (eds.), op. cit., in note 1, pp. 213-14.
21. Peter Johnson, 'Intervention and Moral Dilemmas', in Forbes and Hoffman (eds.), op. cit., in note 5, p. 69. See also Leon McCarthy, 'International Anarchy, Realism and Non-Intervention', in Forbes and Hoffman (eds.), op. cit., in note 5, pp. 81-82, and Michael Joseph Smith, 'Liberalism and International Reform', in Nardin and Mapel (eds.), op. cit., in note 1, pp. 213-14.
22. See especially, Walzer, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 86-101.
23. See John A. Perkins, 'The Right of Counter-intervention', Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law (Vol. 17, 1987), p. 172.
24. Unless specifically noted, the quotations from this section are from John Stuart Mill's, 'Few Words on Non-Intervention', in John M. Robson (ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volumes 1-33 (Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press, 1963-1991). 'A Few Words' can be found in Volume 21, pp. 109-24. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, are hereafter referred to as CW, followed by volume number and page number. The article was first published in Fraser's Magazine (Vol. 60, December 1859), pp. 766-76. 'A Few Words' has been the focus of attention for existing accounts of Mill's views on non-intervention. Some of them also looked at the 'Vindication of the French Revolution of February 1848', written in 1849, CW, Volume 20, pp. 317-63, and at the earlier article 'The Spanish Question', written in 1837, to which Mill had contributed the theoretical part, see CW, Volume 31, pp. 359-88. None of the existing accounts has referred to Mill's early newspaper writings of 1830-31.
25. Unless specifically noted, the quotations from this section are from John Stuart Mill's, 'Few Words on Non-Intervention', in John M. Robson (ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volumes 1-33 (Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press, 1963-1991). 'A Few Words' can be found in Volume 21, pp. 109-24. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, are hereafter referred to as CW, followed by volume number and page number. The article was first published in Fraser's Magazine (Vol. 60, December 1859), pp. 766-76. 'A Few Words' has been the focus of attention for existing accounts of Mill's views on non-intervention. Some of them also looked at the 'Vindication of the French Revolution of February 1848', written in 1849, CW, Volume 20, pp. 317-63, and at the earlier article 'The Spanish Question', written in 1837, to which Mill had contributed the theoretical part, see CW, Volume 31, pp. 359-88. None of the existing accounts has referred to Mill's early newspaper writings of 1830-31.
26. Unless specifically noted, the quotations from this section are from John Stuart Mill's, 'Few Words on Non-Intervention', in John M. Robson (ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volumes 1-33 (Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press, 1963-1991). 'A Few Words' can be found in Volume 21, pp. 109-24. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, are hereafter referred to as CW, followed by volume number and page number. The article was first published in Fraser's Magazine (Vol. 60, December 1859), pp. 766-76. 'A Few Words' has been the focus of attention for existing accounts of Mill's views on non-intervention. Some of them also looked at the 'Vindication of the French Revolution of February 1848', written in 1849, CW, Volume 20, pp. 317-63, and at the earlier article 'The Spanish Question', written in 1837, to which Mill had contributed the theoretical part, see CW, Volume 31, pp. 359-88. None of the existing accounts has referred to Mill's early newspaper writings of 1830-31.
27. Unless specifically noted, the quotations from this section are from John Stuart Mill's, 'Few Words on Non-Intervention', in John M. Robson (ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volumes 1-33 (Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press, 1963-1991). 'A Few Words' can be found in Volume 21, pp. 109-24. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, are hereafter referred to as CW, followed by volume number and page number. The article was first published in Fraser's Magazine (Vol. 60, December 1859), pp. 766-76. 'A Few Words' has been the focus of attention for existing accounts of Mill's views on non-intervention. Some of them also looked at the 'Vindication of the French Revolution of February 1848', written in 1849, CW, Volume 20, pp. 317-63, and at the earlier article 'The Spanish Question', written in 1837, to which Mill had contributed the theoretical part, see CW, Volume 31, pp. 359-88. None of the existing accounts has referred to Mill's early newspaper writings of 1830-31.
28. Unless specifically noted, the quotations from this section are from John Stuart Mill's, 'Few Words on Non-Intervention', in John M. Robson (ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volumes 1-33 (Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press, 1963-1991). 'A Few Words' can be found in Volume 21, pp. 109-24. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, are hereafter referred to as CW, followed by volume number and page number. The article was first published in Fraser's Magazine (Vol. 60, December 1859), pp. 766-76. 'A Few Words' has been the focus of attention for existing accounts of Mill's views on non-intervention. Some of them also looked at the 'Vindication of the French Revolution of February 1848', written in 1849, CW, Volume 20, pp. 317-63, and at the earlier article 'The Spanish Question', written in 1837, to which Mill had contributed the theoretical part, see CW, Volume 31, pp. 359-88. None of the existing accounts has referred to Mill's early newspaper writings of 1830-31.
29. CW, Volume 21, p. 118.
30. Ibid, pp. 118-20. Another 'fundamental distinction' that Mill had already made in this article was that between 'civilized' and 'barbarian' peoples. The principles that are presented here are those he held to apply in relations between 'civilized' countries. See ibid. For a criticism of Mill's attitude towards what he called 'barbarian' peoples, see Bhikhu Parekh, 'Decolonizing Liberalism', in Aleksandras Shtromas (ed.), The End of 'isms'? Reflections on the Fate of Ideological Politics after Communism's Collapse (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994), pp. 85-103.
31. Ibid, pp. 118-20. Another 'fundamental distinction' that Mill had already made in this article was that between 'civilized' and 'barbarian' peoples. The principles that are presented here are those he held to apply in relations between 'civilized' countries. See ibid. For a criticism of Mill's attitude towards what he called 'barbarian' peoples, see Bhikhu Parekh, 'Decolonizing Liberalism', in Aleksandras Shtromas (ed.), The End of 'isms'? Reflections on the Fate of Ideological Politics after Communism's Collapse (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994), pp. 85-103.
32. Ibid, pp. 118-20. Another 'fundamental distinction' that Mill had already made in this article was that between 'civilized' and 'barbarian' peoples. The principles that are presented here are those he held to apply in relations between 'civilized' countries. See ibid. For a criticism of Mill's attitude towards what he called 'barbarian' peoples, see Bhikhu Parekh, 'Decolonizing Liberalism', in Aleksandras Shtromas (ed.), The End of 'isms'? Reflections on the Fate of Ideological Politics after Communism's Collapse (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994), pp. 85-103.
33. CW, Volume 21, pp. 123-24. So far, Mill agreed with Cobden who also used this argument - among others - against intervention. However, this is as far as their agreement went. See also Vincent, op. cit., in note 1, p. 53.
34. CW, Volume 21, pp. 123-24. So far, Mill agreed with Cobden who also used this argument - among others - against intervention. However, this is as far as their agreement went. See also Vincent, op. cit., in note 1, p. 53.
35. The quotes in this paragraph are from ibid. The main 'despotic' powers Mill referred to were the Russian, Austrian, and Ottoman empires as well as Prussia.
36. Ibid. For a succinct analysis of the philosophical premises underlying Mill's views on non-intervention presented here, see Walzer, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 87-91.
37. Ibid. For a succinct analysis of the philosophical premises underlying Mill's views on non-intervention presented here, see Walzer, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 87-91.
38. On Mill's familiarity with France, see Iris Wessel Mueller, John Stuart Mill and French Thought (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1968); Marion Filipiuk, 'John Stuart Mill and France', in Michael Laine (ed.), A Cultivated Mind: Essays on J.S. Mill Presented to John Robson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991), pp. 80-120; and Georgios Varouxakis, 'The Public Moralist versus Ethnocentrism: John Stuart Mill's French Enterprise', European Review of History - Revue Européenne d'Histoire (Vol. 3, No. 1, 1996), pp. 27-38.
39. On Mill's familiarity with France, see Iris Wessel Mueller, John Stuart Mill and French Thought (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1968); Marion Filipiuk, 'John Stuart Mill and France', in Michael Laine (ed.), A Cultivated Mind: Essays on J.S. Mill Presented to John Robson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991), pp. 80-120; and Georgios Varouxakis, 'The Public Moralist versus Ethnocentrism: John Stuart Mill's French Enterprise', European Review of History - Revue Européenne d'Histoire (Vol. 3, No. 1, 1996), pp. 27-38.
40. On Mill's familiarity with France, see Iris Wessel Mueller, John Stuart Mill and French Thought (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1968); Marion Filipiuk, 'John Stuart Mill and France', in Michael Laine (ed.), A Cultivated Mind: Essays on J.S. Mill Presented to John Robson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991), pp. 80-120; and Georgios Varouxakis, 'The Public Moralist versus Ethnocentrism: John Stuart Mill's French Enterprise', European Review of History - Revue Européenne d'Histoire (Vol. 3, No. 1, 1996), pp. 27-38.
41. The original response was: '[c]'est un mot métaphysique, et politique, qui signifie à peu près l[a] même chose qu'intervention'. Wight refers to Thomas Raikes, A Portion of the Journal, Volume 1 (London: Longman, 1856), p. 106.
42. Martin Wight, 'Western Values in International Relations', in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds.), Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1966), p. 115, emphasis added. Wight went on to explain that '[w]ithout adopting the tacit premises of the remark, one may recognize that it is very difficult to give precision to the terms intervention and non-intervention, and very difficult to erect either of them into a theoretical norm of international conduct'.
43. Holbraad, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 163-64.
44. 'This interpretation of the function of the nonintervention doctrine after 1815 allowed Mazzini to assert his view of the real meaning of the doctrine in words which were to be echoed by John Stuart Mill eight years later'. Vincent, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 59-60. The above statement is followed by a footnote referring the reader to p. 56 of Vincent's book, where he deals with Mill's advocacy of 'the case for counterintervention', basing his discussion exclusively on 'A Few Words on Non-Intervention'. On Mazzini's arguments, see Wight, op. cit., in note 19, p. 114.
45. 'This interpretation of the function of the nonintervention doctrine after 1815 allowed Mazzini to assert his view of the real meaning of the doctrine in words which were to be echoed by John Stuart Mill eight years later'. Vincent, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 59-60. The above statement is followed by a footnote referring the reader to p. 56 of Vincent's book, where he deals with Mill's advocacy of 'the case for counterintervention', basing his discussion exclusively on 'A Few Words on Non-Intervention'. On Mazzini's arguments, see Wight, op. cit., in note 19, p. 114.
46. See H.A.C. Collingham, The July Monarchy: A Political History of France: 1830-1848 (London: Longman, 1988), pp. 186-93; Pamela M. Pilbeam, The 1830 Revolution in France (London: Macmillan Press, 1991), pp. 60-79, and passim; Robert Tombs, France: 1814-1914 (London and New York, NY: Longman, 1996), pp. 358-63; Jeremy Jennings, 'Nationalist Ideas in the Early Years of the July Monarchy: Armand Carrel and Le National', History of Political Thought (Vol. 12, No. 3, 1991), pp. 497-514, particularly pp. 507-10; and Jan Andrej Betley, Belgium and Poland in International Relations, 1830-1831 (The Hague: Mouton and Company, 1960).
47. See H.A.C. Collingham, The July Monarchy: A Political History of France: 1830-1848 (London: Longman, 1988), pp. 186-93; Pamela M. Pilbeam, The 1830 Revolution in France (London: Macmillan Press, 1991), pp. 60-79, and passim; Robert Tombs, France: 1814-1914 (London and New York, NY: Longman, 1996), pp. 358-63; Jeremy Jennings, 'Nationalist Ideas in the Early Years of the July Monarchy: Armand Carrel and Le National', History of Political Thought (Vol. 12, No. 3, 1991), pp. 497-514, particularly pp. 507-10; and Jan Andrej Betley, Belgium and Poland in International Relations, 1830-1831 (The Hague: Mouton and Company, 1960).
48. See H.A.C. Collingham, The July Monarchy: A Political History of France: 1830-1848 (London: Longman, 1988), pp. 186-93; Pamela M. Pilbeam, The 1830 Revolution in France (London: Macmillan Press, 1991), pp. 60-79, and passim; Robert Tombs, France: 1814-1914 (London and New York, NY: Longman, 1996), pp. 358-63; Jeremy Jennings, 'Nationalist Ideas in the Early Years of the July Monarchy: Armand Carrel and Le National', History of Political Thought (Vol. 12, No. 3, 1991), pp. 497-514, particularly pp. 507-10; and Jan Andrej Betley, Belgium and Poland in International Relations, 1830-1831 (The Hague: Mouton and Company, 1960).
49. See H.A.C. Collingham, The July Monarchy: A Political History of France: 1830-1848 (London: Longman, 1988), pp. 186-93; Pamela M. Pilbeam, The 1830 Revolution in France (London: Macmillan Press, 1991), pp. 60-79, and passim; Robert Tombs, France: 1814-1914 (London and New York, NY: Longman, 1996), pp. 358-63; Jeremy Jennings, 'Nationalist Ideas in the Early Years of the July Monarchy: Armand Carrel and Le National', History of Political Thought (Vol. 12, No. 3, 1991), pp. 497-514, particularly pp. 507-10; and Jan Andrej Betley, Belgium and Poland in International Relations, 1830-1831 (The Hague: Mouton and Company, 1960).
50. See H.A.C. Collingham, The July Monarchy: A Political History of France: 1830-1848 (London: Longman, 1988), pp. 186-93; Pamela M. Pilbeam, The 1830 Revolution in France (London: Macmillan Press, 1991), pp. 60-79, and passim; Robert Tombs, France: 1814-1914 (London and New York, NY: Longman, 1996), pp. 358-63; Jeremy Jennings, 'Nationalist Ideas in the Early Years of the July Monarchy: Armand Carrel and Le National', History of Political Thought (Vol. 12, No. 3, 1991), pp. 497-514, particularly pp. 507-10; and Jan Andrej Betley, Belgium and Poland in International Relations, 1830-1831 (The Hague: Mouton and Company, 1960).
51. Jennings, op. cit., in note 22, p. 498, emphasis in original.
52. See, especially, Armand Carrel, Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires, Volumes 1-5 (Paris: Librairie de F. Chamerot, 1857-1859), Volume 1, pp. 150-51, 220, 230-31, 320-21, 338-41, and 379-434; Volume 22, pp. 5-12, 52-57 (especially p. 56), 176-83, and 184-90. Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires is hereafter referred to as Oeuvres. Given Mill's pronounced admiration and affection for Carrel, there is a prima facie case for suspecting and investigating some connection. Carrel, who played an active role in the July revolution and initially supported the government of the July monarchy, passed gradually to the ranks of the opposition precisely because of his frustration with the foreign policy of the government, which he saw as pusillanimous and dishonourable for France. See Jennings, op. cit., in note 22, pp. 497-514, especially pp. 507-10. See also Angus G. McLaren, 'The National Under the Editorship of Armand Carrer' (unpublished PhD thesis, Harvard University, 1971), pp. 246-78. For Mill's extraordinary admiration for Carrel, see Ann P. Robson and John M. Robson, 'Private and Public Goals: John Stuart Mill and the London and Westminster', in Joel H. Wiener (ed.), Innovators and Preachers: The Role of the Editor in Victorian England (Westport, CT: 1985), pp. 231-57.
53. See, especially, Armand Carrel, Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires, Volumes 1-5 (Paris: Librairie de F. Chamerot, 1857-1859), Volume 1, pp. 150-51, 220, 230-31, 320-21, 338-41, and 379-434; Volume 22, pp. 5-12, 52-57 (especially p. 56), 176-83, and 184-90. Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires is hereafter referred to as Oeuvres. Given Mill's pronounced admiration and affection for Carrel, there is a prima facie case for suspecting and investigating some connection. Carrel, who played an active role in the July revolution and initially supported the government of the July monarchy, passed gradually to the ranks of the opposition precisely because of his frustration with the foreign policy of the government, which he saw as pusillanimous and dishonourable for France. See Jennings, op. cit., in note 22, pp. 497-514, especially pp. 507-10. See also Angus G. McLaren, 'The National Under the Editorship of Armand Carrer' (unpublished PhD thesis, Harvard University, 1971), pp. 246-78. For Mill's extraordinary admiration for Carrel, see Ann P. Robson and John M. Robson, 'Private and Public Goals: John Stuart Mill and the London and Westminster', in Joel H. Wiener (ed.), Innovators and Preachers: The Role of the Editor in Victorian England (Westport, CT: 1985), pp. 231-57.
54. See, especially, Armand Carrel, Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires, Volumes 1-5 (Paris: Librairie de F. Chamerot, 1857-1859), Volume 1, pp. 150-51, 220, 230-31, 320-21, 338-41, and 379-434; Volume 22, pp. 5-12, 52-57 (especially p. 56), 176-83, and 184-90. Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires is hereafter referred to as Oeuvres. Given Mill's pronounced admiration and affection for Carrel, there is a prima facie case for suspecting and investigating some connection. Carrel, who played an active role in the July revolution and initially supported the government of the July monarchy, passed gradually to the ranks of the opposition precisely because of his frustration with the foreign policy of the government, which he saw as pusillanimous and dishonourable for France. See Jennings, op. cit., in note 22, pp. 497-514, especially pp. 507-10. See also Angus G. McLaren, 'The National Under the Editorship of Armand Carrer' (unpublished PhD thesis, Harvard University, 1971), pp. 246-78. For Mill's extraordinary admiration for Carrel, see Ann P. Robson and John M. Robson, 'Private and Public Goals: John Stuart Mill and the London and Westminster', in Joel H. Wiener (ed.), Innovators and Preachers: The Role of the Editor in Victorian England (Westport, CT: 1985), pp. 231-57.
55. See, especially, Armand Carrel, Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires, Volumes 1-5 (Paris: Librairie de F. Chamerot, 1857-1859), Volume 1, pp. 150-51, 220, 230-31, 320-21, 338-41, and 379-434; Volume 22, pp. 5-12, 52-57 (especially p. 56), 176-83, and 184-90. Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires is hereafter referred to as Oeuvres. Given Mill's pronounced admiration and affection for Carrel, there is a prima facie case for suspecting and investigating some connection. Carrel, who played an active role in the July revolution and initially supported the government of the July monarchy, passed gradually to the ranks of the opposition precisely because of his frustration with the foreign policy of the government, which he saw as pusillanimous and dishonourable for France. See Jennings, op. cit., in note 22, pp. 497-514, especially pp. 507-10. See also Angus G. McLaren, 'The National Under the Editorship of Armand Carrer' (unpublished PhD thesis, Harvard University, 1971), pp. 246-78. For Mill's extraordinary admiration for Carrel, see Ann P. Robson and John M. Robson, 'Private and Public Goals: John Stuart Mill and the London and Westminster', in Joel H. Wiener (ed.), Innovators and Preachers: The Role of the Editor in Victorian England (Westport, CT: 1985), pp. 231-57.
56. See, especially, Armand Carrel, Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires, Volumes 1-5 (Paris: Librairie de F. Chamerot, 1857-1859), Volume 1, pp. 150-51, 220, 230-31, 320-21, 338-41, and 379-434; Volume 22, pp. 5-12, 52-57 (especially p. 56), 176-83, and 184-90. Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires is hereafter referred to as Oeuvres. Given Mill's pronounced admiration and affection for Carrel, there is a prima facie case for suspecting and investigating some connection. Carrel, who played an active role in the July revolution and initially supported the government of the July monarchy, passed gradually to the ranks of the opposition precisely because of his frustration with the foreign policy of the government, which he saw as pusillanimous and dishonourable for France. See Jennings, op. cit., in note 22, pp. 497-514, especially pp. 507-10. See also Angus G. McLaren, 'The National Under the Editorship of Armand Carrer' (unpublished PhD thesis, Harvard University, 1971), pp. 246-78. For Mill's extraordinary admiration for Carrel, see Ann P. Robson and John M. Robson, 'Private and Public Goals: John Stuart Mill and the London and Westminster', in Joel H. Wiener (ed.), Innovators and Preachers: The Role of the Editor in Victorian England (Westport, CT: 1985), pp. 231-57.
57. See, especially, Armand Carrel, Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires, Volumes 1-5 (Paris: Librairie de F. Chamerot, 1857-1859), Volume 1, pp. 150-51, 220, 230-31, 320-21, 338-41, and 379-434; Volume 22, pp. 5-12, 52-57 (especially p. 56), 176-83, and 184-90. Oeuvres Politiques et Littéraires is hereafter referred to as Oeuvres. Given Mill's pronounced admiration and affection for Carrel, there is a prima facie case for suspecting and investigating some connection. Carrel, who played an active role in the July revolution and initially supported the government of the July monarchy, passed gradually to the ranks of the opposition precisely because of his frustration with the foreign policy of the government, which he saw as pusillanimous and dishonourable for France. See Jennings, op. cit., in note 22, pp. 497-514, especially pp. 507-10. See also Angus G. McLaren, 'The National Under the Editorship of Armand Carrer' (unpublished PhD thesis, Harvard University, 1971), pp. 246-78. For Mill's extraordinary admiration for Carrel, see Ann P. Robson and John M. Robson, 'Private and Public Goals: John Stuart Mill and the London and Westminster', in Joel H. Wiener (ed.), Innovators and Preachers: The Role of the Editor in Victorian England (Westport, CT: 1985), pp. 231-57.
58. CW, Volume 22, pp. 299-301.
59. CW, Volume 22, pp. 214-15.
60. Carrel, Oeuvres, Volume 1, pp. 409-14.
61. CW, Volume 22, p. 214.
62. Ibid., p. 215, emphasis added.
63. Ibid., pp. 247-48. For the General's speech, see Moniteur Universel(15 January 1831), pp. 109-10. Hereafter it is referred to as Moniteur.
64. Ibid., pp. 247-48. For the General's speech, see Moniteur Universel(15 January 1831), pp. 109-10. Hereafter it is referred to as Moniteur.
65. Maximilien Lamarque and François Mauguin were members of the opposition. They were the two politicians for whom the National reserved its most unqualified support, due precisely to their intensely nationalistic speeches and pleas for war, of which Mill was critical in this article. See McLaren, op. cit., in note 24, p. 122. For Mauguin's speech see, Moniteur (15 January 1831), p. 111. Mill went on to report that '[t]hat able and highly-principled paper, the Courrier Français, has answered both speeches in an article, which, we trust, will be read in every corner of France'. CW, Volume 22, p. 248. The article Mill referred to was 'De la Paix et de la Guerre', Courrier Français (17 January 1831), pp. 1-2.
66. Maximilien Lamarque and François Mauguin were members of the opposition. They were the two politicians for whom the National reserved its most unqualified support, due precisely to their intensely nationalistic speeches and pleas for war, of which Mill was critical in this article. See McLaren, op. cit., in note 24, p. 122. For Mauguin's speech see, Moniteur (15 January 1831), p. 111. Mill went on to report that '[t]hat able and highly-principled paper, the Courrier Français, has answered both speeches in an article, which, we trust, will be read in every corner of France'. CW, Volume 22, p. 248. The article Mill referred to was 'De la Paix et de la Guerre', Courrier Français (17 January 1831), pp. 1-2.
67. Maximilien Lamarque and François Mauguin were members of the opposition. They were the two politicians for whom the National reserved its most unqualified support, due precisely to their intensely nationalistic speeches and pleas for war, of which Mill was critical in this article. See McLaren, op. cit., in note 24, p. 122. For Mauguin's speech see, Moniteur (15 January 1831), p. 111. Mill went on to report that '[t]hat able and highly-principled paper, the Courrier Français, has answered both speeches in an article, which, we trust, will be read in every corner of France'. CW, Volume 22, p. 248. The article Mill referred to was 'De la Paix et de la Guerre', Courrier Français (17 January 1831), pp. 1-2.
68. Maximilien Lamarque and François Mauguin were members of the opposition. They were the two politicians for whom the National reserved its most unqualified support, due precisely to their intensely nationalistic speeches and pleas for war, of which Mill was critical in this article. See McLaren, op. cit., in note 24, p. 122. For Mauguin's speech see, Moniteur (15 January 1831), p. 111. Mill went on to report that '[t]hat able and highly-principled paper, the Courrier Français, has answered both speeches in an article, which, we trust, will be read in every corner of France'. CW, Volume 22, p. 248. The article Mill referred to was 'De la Paix et de la Guerre', Courrier Français (17 January 1831), pp. 1-2.
69. CW, Volume 22, pp. 258-59.
70. Ibid., p. 284, emphases in original.
71. Ibid., p. 299.
72. Ibid.
73. That Mill was reading the National before he met its chief editor personally in 1833 (and developed an extraordinary admiration for him) can be surmised, for example, from CW, Volume 23, pp. 466-67 and 525-30, and ibid., Volume 12, pp. 194-95 and 220.
74. That Mill was reading the National before he met its chief editor personally in 1833 (and developed an extraordinary admiration for him) can be surmised, for example, from CW, Volume 23, pp. 466-67 and 525-30, and ibid., Volume 12, pp. 194-95 and 220.
75. CW, Volume 22, p. 299, emphasis added in first sentence.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid., pp. 299-300, emphasis in original. Some of those who championed intervention did advocate a 'mission libératrice' on the Napoleonic model. See R.A. Lochore, History of the Idea of Civilization in France (1830-1870) (Bonn: Ludwig Röhrscheid Verlag, 1935), p. 79. Mill apparently was not referring to these champions of a 'mission libératrice', but, most notably, to Lafayette, who had based his argument on the grounds Mill goes on to present.
78. Ibid., pp. 299-300, emphasis in original. Some of those who championed intervention did advocate a 'mission libératrice' on the Napoleonic model. See R.A. Lochore, History of the Idea of Civilization in France (1830-1870) (Bonn: Ludwig Röhrscheid Verlag, 1935), p. 79. Mill apparently was not referring to these champions of a 'mission libératrice', but, most notably, to Lafayette, who had based his argument on the grounds Mill goes on to present.
79. CW, Volume 22, p. 300.
80. Ibid.
81. 'War, the Left argued, was inevitable anyway, because the reactionary monarchies of Europe would not dare to let a revolutionary regime survive. France must therefore seize the most favourable moment to fight, which was while the Poles, the Belgians and the Italians were still up in arms'. Tombs, op. cit., in note 22, p. 360.
82. CW, Volume 22, p. 300.
83. Ibid. See Lafayette's speech of 28 January 1831 in Moniteur (1831), pp. 193-94.
84. Ibid. See Lafayette's speech of 28 January 1831 in Moniteur (1831), pp. 193-94.
85. Ibid., p. 301.
86. The French government had declared that the entry of foreign troops into Belgium would be considered a declaration of war. The result had been, in Mill's words, that 'all Europe applauded, and the Cabinets reluctantly acquiesced'. Though France had been at that time 'almost without an army', and many of its frontier fortresses were 'in a state almost incapable of defence', the 'imposing unanimity which reigned in the July revolution, struck terror into the Powers, and they feared to stir'. Ibid., pp. 300-301.
87. Ibid., p. 301.
88. Ibid., emphasis in original.
89. Ibid. He concluded: 'This being the melancholy fact, the attempt to enforce non-intervention against Austria in the case of the Papal states would probably lead to war; and the co-operation of such a spiritless people as that of Romagna, in case of future hostilities, is so little worth, that it would be unwise in France to accelerate such a calamity in order to save them. Her policy now is to throw her shield over Belgium and Switzerland; leave events in other countries to take their course; and, if war is coming, wait till it comes', p. 301.
90. In 'The Spanish Question', CW, Volume 31, pp. 373-74, Mill had taken issue with John Arthur Roebuck's complete condemnation of interference.
91. See Carrel, Oeuvres, Volume 2, pp. 5-12. [Trans: 'What is Non-intervention?']
92. Ibid., pp. 52-57, especially p. 56. [Trans: 'Debate on Poland in the Chamber of Deputies']
93. See Lafayette's speech on external affairs, in Moniteur (28 January 1831), pp. 193-94.
94. CW, Volume 22, pp. 299-301.
95. Oeuvres, Volume 2, pp. 176-83. See also ibid., On the New Ministry's Interpretation of the Principle of Non-Intervention', pp. 184-90.
96. Oeuvres, Volume 2, pp. 176-83. See also ibid., On the New Ministry's Interpretation of the Principle of Non-Intervention', pp. 184-90.
97. CW, Volume 21, p. 124.
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid.
100. He alluded to the Crimean War. CW, Volume 21, p. 124. Compare the above with what Carrel had written in the National (22 January 1831), Carrel, Oeuvres, Volume 2, p. 51.
101. He alluded to the Crimean War. CW, Volume 21, p. 124. Compare the above with what Carrel had written in the National (22 January 1831), Carrel, Oeuvres, Volume 2, p. 51.
102. CW, Volume 21, p. 124.
103. CW, Volume 21, p. 124.
104. In this switch, Mill was not alone, of course. Alexis de Tocqueville, by no means favourable to Britain's international ambitions before the Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup (in 1851), became, after the latter event, an ardent supporter of Britain's international greatness as the only guarantee for the survival of liberty. See Seymour Drescher, Tocqueville and England (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 170-92. See also Giuseppe Mazzini, 'Europe: Its Condition and Prospects', in William Clarke (ed.), Essays: Selected from the Writings. Literary, Political, and Religious, of Joseph Mazzini (London: The Walter Scott Publishing Co., no date), pp. 272-73, and 296. First published in the Westminster Review (2 April 1852).
105. In this switch, Mill was not alone, of course. Alexis de Tocqueville, by no means favourable to Britain's international ambitions before the Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup (in 1851), became, after the latter event, an ardent supporter of Britain's international greatness as the only guarantee for the survival of liberty. See Seymour Drescher, Tocqueville and England (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 170-92. See also Giuseppe Mazzini, 'Europe: Its Condition and Prospects', in William Clarke (ed.), Essays: Selected from the Writings. Literary, Political, and Religious, of Joseph Mazzini (London: The Walter Scott Publishing Co., no date), pp. 272-73, and 296. First published in the Westminster Review (2 April 1852).
106. In this switch, Mill was not alone, of course. Alexis de Tocqueville, by no means favourable to Britain's international ambitions before the Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup (in 1851), became, after the latter event, an ardent supporter of Britain's international greatness as the only guarantee for the survival of liberty. See Seymour Drescher, Tocqueville and England (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 170-92. See also Giuseppe Mazzini, 'Europe: Its Condition and Prospects', in William Clarke (ed.), Essays: Selected from the Writings. Literary, Political, and Religious, of Joseph Mazzini (London: The Walter Scott Publishing Co., no date), pp. 272-73, and 296. First published in the Westminster Review (2 April 1852).
107. Letter to James Beal on 17 April 1865. CW, Volume 16, p. 1033.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid. See also Mill's reported reply to the question 'What are your principles of non-intervention?' during one of the meetings before the Westminster election on 8 July 1865. CW, Volume 28, p. 39. See also his reply to the same effect on 3 July 1865. Ibid., p. 17.
110. Ibid. See also Mill's reported reply to the question 'What are your principles of non-intervention?' during one of the meetings before the Westminster election on 8 July 1865. CW, Volume 28, p. 39. See also his reply to the same effect on 3 July 1865. Ibid., p. 17.
111. Ibid. See also Mill's reported reply to the question 'What are your principles of non-intervention?' during one of the meetings before the Westminster election on 8 July 1865. CW, Volume 28, p. 39. See also his reply to the same effect on 3 July 1865. Ibid., p. 17.
112. The 1849 French intervention in Italy, of which Mill disapproved, was directed in its crucial phase (from June to October 1849) by the foreign minister of the French Second Republic who also happened to be a well-known acquaintance of Mill's: Alexis de Tocqueville. See Françoise Mélonio, 'Tocqueville et la Restauration du Pouvoir Temporel du Pape (Juin-Octobre 1849)', Revue Historique (Vol. 271, No. I, 1984), pp. 109-23.
113. CW, Volume 21, p. 124.
114. This seems to be the case in the example that Mill employed, namely the Russian intervention to aid Austria in keeping down the Hungarians. See also his statement in the same text 'that not a gun shall be fired in Europe by the soldiers of one Power against the revolted subjects of another...'. Ibid.
115. Westminster Review (Vol. 51, 1849), pp. 1-47. The text is now edited in CW, Volume 20, pp. 317-63. The part of the article dealing with international relations is in ibid., pp. 340-48.
116. Westminster Review (Vol. 51, 1849), pp. 1-47. The text is now edited in CW, Volume 20, pp. 317-63. The part of the article dealing with international relations is in ibid., pp. 340-48.
117. Westminster Review (Vol. 51, 1849), pp. 1-47. The text is now edited in CW, Volume 20, pp. 317-63. The part of the article dealing with international relations is in ibid., pp. 340-48.
118. Henry Peter, Lord Brougham, Leiter to the Marquess of Lansdowne. K.G., Lord President of the Council, On the late Revolution in France (London: Ridgway, 1848) . See also the discussion on Lord Brougham's advocacy of strict non-intervention in the 1820s in Richard Little, Intervention: External Involvement in Civil Wars (London: Martin Robertson, 1975), p. 25.
119. Henry Peter, Lord Brougham, Leiter to the Marquess of Lansdowne. K.G., Lord President of the Council, On the late Revolution in France (London: Ridgway, 1848) . See also the discussion on Lord Brougham's advocacy of strict non-intervention in the 1820s in Richard Little, Intervention: External Involvement in Civil Wars (London: Martin Robertson, 1975), p. 25.
120. CW, Volume 20, p. 343.
121. Ibid., p. 344.
122. See Samuel von Pufendorf, Le droit de la Nature et des Gens, trans. J. Barbeyrac, Fifth Edition, Volumes 1-2 (Amsterdam: De Coup, 1734); Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Principes du Droit Naturel (Geneva: Barillot, 1747); Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Principes du Droit Politique (Geneva: Barillot, 1751 ); and Emerich von Vattel, Le Droit des Gens, Volumes 1-2 (Leyden: Dépens de la Compagnie, 1758).
123. See Samuel von Pufendorf, Le droit de la Nature et des Gens, trans. J. Barbeyrac, Fifth Edition, Volumes 1-2 (Amsterdam: De Coup, 1734); Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Principes du Droit Naturel (Geneva: Barillot, 1747); Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Principes du Droit Politique (Geneva: Barillot, 1751 ); and Emerich von Vattel, Le Droit des Gens, Volumes 1-2 (Leyden: Dépens de la Compagnie, 1758).
124. See Samuel von Pufendorf, Le droit de la Nature et des Gens, trans. J. Barbeyrac, Fifth Edition, Volumes 1-2 (Amsterdam: De Coup, 1734); Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Principes du Droit Naturel (Geneva: Barillot, 1747); Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Principes du Droit Politique (Geneva: Barillot, 1751 ); and Emerich von Vattel, Le Droit des Gens, Volumes 1-2 (Leyden: Dépens de la Compagnie, 1758).
125. See Samuel von Pufendorf, Le droit de la Nature et des Gens, trans. J. Barbeyrac, Fifth Edition, Volumes 1-2 (Amsterdam: De Coup, 1734); Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Principes du Droit Naturel (Geneva: Barillot, 1747); Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Principes du Droit Politique (Geneva: Barillot, 1751 ); and Emerich von Vattel, Le Droit des Gens, Volumes 1-2 (Leyden: Dépens de la Compagnie, 1758).
126. Ibid., p. 345. Mill follows John Austin rather than Jeremy Bentham here.
127. CW, Volume 20, p. 345.
128. 'Vindication', CW, Volume 20, p. 346. See also CW, Volume 21, p. 121.
129. 'Vindication', CW, Volume 20, p. 346. See also CW, Volume 21, p. 121.
130. CW, Volume 20, p. 346.
131. The cases to which Mill referred were the interference by the great powers between Greece and Turkey at Navarino, between Holland and Belgium at Antwerp, and between Turkey and Egypt at St. Jean d'Acre. Ibid.
132. Ibid.
133. See Vincent, op. cit., in note 1, p. 56. See also Walzer, op. cit., in note 1. On p. 90, Walzer discerns three different cases in which non-intervention can be abandoned. The third case is, what he later calls, 'humanitarian intervention'. See ibid., pp. 101-108. In view of the description he gives of cases under this heading, Walzer is wrong in asserting that Mill did not discuss 'humanitarian intervention', p. 90.
134. See Vincent, op. cit., in note 1, p. 56. See also Walzer, op. cit., in note 1. On p. 90, Walzer discerns three different cases in which non-intervention can be abandoned. The third case is, what he later calls, 'humanitarian intervention'. See ibid., pp. 101-108. In view of the description he gives of cases under this heading, Walzer is wrong in asserting that Mill did not discuss 'humanitarian intervention', p. 90.
135. See Vincent, op. cit., in note 1, p. 56. See also Walzer, op. cit., in note 1. On p. 90, Walzer discerns three different cases in which non-intervention can be abandoned. The third case is, what he later calls, 'humanitarian intervention'. See ibid., pp. 101-108. In view of the description he gives of cases under this heading, Walzer is wrong in asserting that Mill did not discuss 'humanitarian intervention', p. 90.
136. CW, Volume 20, p. 346.
137. This is what late-twentieth-century commentators (such as Walzer) call 'humanitarian intervention'. Walzer, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 101-108.
138. Holbraad, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 164-65, emphasis added. Quote from Mill is from CW, Volume 20, p. 346.
139. Holbraad, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 164-65, emphasis added. Quote from Mill is from CW, Volume 20, p. 346.
140. See supra, and CW, Volume 22, pp. 284, and 299-301.
141. CW, Volume 31, pp. 359-88.
142. Mill asserted that the era of the Reformation was such a time-when 'sympathy of religion [was] held to be a perfectly sufficient warrant for assisting anybody'. The same applied 'in the present age', with regard to political sympathies. 'What religious sympathies were then, political ones are now; and every liberal government or people has a right to assist struggling liberalism...; as every despotic government...never scruples to aid despotic governments'. CW, Volume 20, p. 346.
143. In his autobiography Mill wrote, with reference to his Principles of Political Economy, that he promulgated his views on socialism 'less clearly in the first edition, rather more so in the second, and quite unequivocally in the third'. John Stuart Mill, Autobiography, CW, Volume 1, p. 241. His explanation of the differences may be relevant to the promulgation of his views on intervention in 1849. 'The difference arose partly from the change of times, the first edition having been written and sent to the press before the French Revolution of 1848, after which the public mind became more open to the reception of novelties in opinion, and doctrines appeared moderate which would have been thought very startling a short time before'. Ibid.
144. In his autobiography Mill wrote, with reference to his Principles of Political Economy, that he promulgated his views on socialism 'less clearly in the first edition, rather more so in the second, and quite unequivocally in the third'. John Stuart Mill, Autobiography, CW, Volume 1, p. 241. His explanation of the differences may be relevant to the promulgation of his views on intervention in 1849. 'The difference arose partly from the change of times, the first edition having been written and sent to the press before the French Revolution of 1848, after which the public mind became more open to the reception of novelties in opinion, and doctrines appeared moderate which would have been thought very startling a short time before'. Ibid.
145. A partial exception is Holbraad's footnote, which implies that a new principle was added in 1859 that was not there in 1849. Holbraad, op. cit., in note 1, pp. 164-65n.
146. Quotations from Brougham's essay cited by Mill. CW, Volume 20, p. 347.
147. CW, Volume 21, p. 124.
148. Ibid.
149. CW, Volume 20, p. 346.
150. See Lamartine's reference to the Italians in Mill's translation of the Manifeste, CW, Volume 20, p. 341.
151. Richard Little, 'Recent Literature on Intervention and Non-Intervention', in Forbes and Hoffman (eds.), op. cit., in note 5, pp. 13-31.
152. Little, op. cit., in note 94, p. 26.
153. Ibid.
154. Ibid., p. 27.