Perpetuating the divide: Political abuse of history in South Asia

Contemporary South Asia

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 191-205

  Behera, Navnita Chadha ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR POLICY RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 10844261836     PISSN: 09584935     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09584939608719789     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. S. Gopal, 'The fear of history', Seminar, No 221, January 1978, p 70.
2. Romila Thapar, Interview in The Hindu, 3 May 1993.
3. As quoted by Pervaiz A. Hoodbhoy and Abdul Hameed Nayyar, 'Re-writing the history of Pakistan', in M. Asghar Khan (Ed) Islam, Politics and the State: The Pakistan Experience (New Delhi: Selectbook, 1986), p 167.
4. See, General Zia's interview with Atul Dev in, President of Pakistan, General Zia-ul-Haq's Interviews to Foreign Media, Vol VII, January-December 1984, (Islamabad: Government of Pakistan, 1984), p 64.
5. Hoodbhoy, op cit, Ref 3, p 176.
6. Col. (retd) Ghulam Sarvar, 'Restructuring our educational system along Islamic lines', National Development and Security, Vol 2, No 2, November 1993, pp 73-81. Sarvar argues that a state, especially an ideological state can not survive unless it provides education to its youth according to its ideology and therefore, calls for promoting an Islamic orientation to Pakistan's school systems and re-casting the entire curricula into an Islamic mould.
7. As quoted by M. D. Zafar, Pakistan Studies for BA. B.Com. M.B.B.S. and B.Sc Engineering (Lahore: Aziz, 1988), p iii.
8. Hoodbhoy, op cit, Ref 3, p 166.
9. Safdar Mahmood et al, Pakistan Studies For Intermediate Classes (Islamabad: Government of Pakistan, Federal Ministry of Education). Approved for the Departments of Education of the Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, Baluchistan, Federal Areas, and liberated Kashmir as the sole textbook for intermediate classes.
10. Prof K.K. Aziz has done a pioneering work to list and correct the distortions in Pakistan's history textbooks. See, K. K. Aziz, Murder of history in Pakistan (Lahore: Vanguard 1993); and K. K. Aziz, Pakistani Historian: Pride and Prejudice in Writing of History (Lahore: Vanguard, 1993).
11. Prof K.K. Aziz has done a pioneering work to list and correct the distortions in Pakistan's history textbooks. See, K. K. Aziz, Murder of history in Pakistan (Lahore: Vanguard 1993); and K. K. Aziz, Pakistani Historian: Pride and Prejudice in Writing of History (Lahore: Vanguard, 1993).
12. Social Studies: Geography, History and Civics (Compulsory) for English Medium Schools (Hyderabad: Sindh Textbook Board, 1972), p 73.
13. Mu'ashrati Ulum, for 6th Class students published by Sindh Textbook Board: and Mutala'a-i-Pakistan: Sawalan Jawahan as cited by K. K. Aziz, op cit, Ref 10, p 22.
14. Mu'ashrati Ulum, for 6th Class students published by Sindh Textbook Board: and Mutala'a-i-Pakistan: Sawalan Jawahan as cited by K. K. Aziz, op cit, Ref 10, p 22.
15. Mu'ashrati Ulum (Tarikh wa Shahriat), published by West Pakistan Textbook Board as quoted by K. K. Aziz, Ibid, p 27.
16. Hoodbhoy, op cit, Ref 3, p 171.
17. Mutala'a-i-Pakistan, published by NWFP Textbook Board as cited in Aziz, op cit, Ref 10, p 42.
18. Hoodbhoy, op cit, Ref 3, p 175.
19. Justice Shameem Hussain Kadri, The Creation of Pakistan (Lahore: Army Book Club, 1983).
20. M. Ikram Rabbani and Mohawwar Ali Sayyid, An Introduction to Pakistan Studies (Lahore: Caravan Books, 1991), p 48.
21. Abdullah Malik, Tarikh-i-Pakislan: 1708-1977 (Lahore: Quershi Brothers, 1988-1989 edition), pp 351-353.
22. Sheikh Muhammad Rafique et al, Tarikh-i-Pakistan (Lahore, Standard Bookhouse, 1989), p 483.
23. Dawn, 9 February 1989.
24. K. K. Aziz, 'Pakistani Historian', op cit, Ref 10, p 64.
25. K. K. Aziz, 'Murder of History', op cit, Ref 10, p xv.
26. Romila Thapar's interview, op cit, Ref 2.
27. Bipin Chandra, Amales Tripathi and Barun De, Freedom Struggle (New Delhi: National Book Trust, 1992), p 210.
28. Bipin Chandra, Modern India (New Delhi: NCERT, 1990), p 258.
29. L. I. Rudolph and S. H. Rudolph, 'Rethinking secularism: genesis and implications of the textbook controversy, 1977-1979', in: L. I. Rudolph (Ed) Cultural Policy in India (New Delhi: Chankya, 1984), p 14.
30. Ibid, p 22.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid, p 25.
33. Susobhan Sarkar, 'Delhi crusade against modern historians'. Mainstream, December 1977, p 32.
34. Ibid.
35. Bipin Chandra, 'Historians of modern India and communalism', in: Romila Thapar, Harbans Mukhia and Bipin Chandra (Eds), Communalism and the Writing of Indian History (New Delhi: People Publishing House, 1969), p 39.
36. Ibid.
37. S. Gopal, op cit, Ref 1, p 74.
38. S. Sarkar, op cit, Ref 31, p 31.
39. Ruby Roy, 'Debate on history', Mainstream, 4 February 1977, p 25.
40. S. K. Pande, 'Saffron History', Frontline, 9 April 1993, p 60.
41. See Romila Thapar's interview, op cit, Ref 2.
42. See the Report submitted by the National Steering Committee on Textbook Evaluation, NCERT Campus, New Delhi, 30-31 January 1993, p 2.
43. High School Itihas, Bhag I (Hindi) (History Textbook for Secondary Schools, Government of Uttar Pradesh, 1992), p 290.
44. Ibid, p 184.
45. Itihas Gaa Raha Hai as cited in the NCERT Report, p 7.
46. N. R. Sharma, A Text Book of High School History, Part I & II (Agra: H. M. Publications, 1991), p 43.
47. See the NCERT Report, op cit, Ref 40, p 4.
48. 'RSS: altruistic expansion', India Today, 31 July 1992, p 47; and M. P.: injecting propaganda', India Today, 15 August 1992, p 133.
49. 'RSS: altruistic expansion', India Today, 31 July 1992, p 47; and M. P.: injecting propaganda', India Today, 15 August 1992, p 133.
50. NCERT Report, op cit, Ref 40, p 3.
51. Ibid, pp 6-7.
52. Times of India, 18 December 1993.
53. The role of mass media in generating and sustaining enemy images of India and Pakistan has been discussed in my paper on 'Enemy images: the media and Indo-Pakistani tensions', in: Michael Krepon and Amit Sevak (Eds), Crisis Prevention, Confidence Building, and Reconciliation in South Asia (New York: St. Martin Press, 1995).