Dilemmas of pluralist development and democratization in China

Democratization

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 287-305

  He, Baogang ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL PLURALISM; DEMOCRATISATION; POLITICAL PLURALISM;

CHINA;

EID: 10844229494     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510349608403480     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Vol.1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p.13; Sartori, The Background of "Pluralism" ', The IPSA Berlin World Conference, 1994, Aug., pp.21-5.
2. Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Vol.1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p.13; Sartori, The Background of "Pluralism" ', The IPSA Berlin World Conference, 1994, Aug., pp.21-5.
3. Harry Harding, China's Second Revolution: Reform after Mao (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Gordon White, Riding the Tiger: the Politics of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China (Hampshire: Macmillan, 1993).
4. Harry Harding, China's Second Revolution: Reform after Mao (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Gordon White, Riding the Tiger: the Politics of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China (Hampshire: Macmillan, 1993).
5. Jonathan Unger and Anita Chan, 'China, Corporatism and the East Asian Model', The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No.33 (1995), pp.29-53.
6. White, Riding, p.20.
7. Sartori, 'The Background'.
8. Sartori, Parties, p. 18.
9. Ibid., pp.14-15.
10. David Collier and James E. Mahon, 'Conceptual "Stretching" Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis', American Political Science Review, Vol.87, No.4 (1993), pp.845-55.
11. As of 1991, there were 118, 691 social associations applying for registration; 89, 968 among then were permitted. See Zhongguo falu nianjian (Law Year Book of China) (Beijing: Zhongguo falu nianjian, 1992), p.879.
12. The second job does not directly imply cross membership, but it promotes the development of cross membership in terms of providing opportunities to be a member of different associations of work unit. According to the Ministry of Labour, as of mid-1992, some 2 million professional technicians are taking a second job. See Beijing Review, Sept 28, 1992.
13. Harding, China, p.200. As well, Harding describes Deng's China as a 'post-totalitarian order' in which the mobilizational and tutelary mechanisms have been deactivated but not dismantled, and in which political discourse and political participation remain highly constrained rather than truly autonomous. See Harry, 'The Evolution of Chinese Politics', in Ramon H. Myers. (ed.), Two Societies in Opposition (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1991), p.340.
14. Harding, China, p.200. As well, Harding describes Deng's China as a 'post-totalitarian order' in which the mobilizational and tutelary mechanisms have been deactivated but not dismantled, and in which political discourse and political participation remain highly constrained rather than truly autonomous. See Harry, 'The Evolution of Chinese Politics', in Ramon H. Myers. (ed.), Two Societies in Opposition (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1991), p.340.
15. Harding, China, p.200.
16. Linz defines totalitarian states as having little or no pluralism, authoritarian states as having limited pluralism, and democracy as pluralism. See Juan J. Linz, 'Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes', in Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby, (eds.), Handbook of Political Science: Macropolitical Theory. Vol.3 (Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1975).
17. The essential meanings of stability and instability are contested, but for the Chinese elite, instability means something like civil war, the Cultural Revolution, or the demise of the Soviet Union.
18. Robert A. Dahl, 'Pluralism Revisited', Comparative Politics, Vol.10, No.2 (1978), pp.191-204; Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs. Control (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982).
19. Robert A. Dahl, 'Pluralism Revisited', Comparative Politics, Vol.10, No.2 (1978), pp.191-204; Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs. Control (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982).
20. Sartori, Parties and 'The Background'.
21. See Zhang Qian. 'Shehui zhuyi zhengzhi tizhi yu duoyuanhua' (Socialist Political System and Pluralisation), Lilun xinxibao, 26 Sept 1988, p.4.
22. Shi Xuehua, 'Xifang "Zhengzhi duoyuanhua" lilun pingxi' (Comments on the Western Theory of Political Pluralisation), Shanghai shehui kexueyuan xueshu jikan, No.1 (1992), pp.124-32.
23. Chi Liao, 'Lun zhongguo de zhengzhi duoyuanhua yu shehui duoyuanhua' (Political and Social Pluralisms in China: An interview with Professor Tian Hongmao), Zhongguo zhichun, No.11 (1986), pp.29-35; Hu Wushi, 'Ziyousheng. huayi. zhongguoren' (The Goodness of Liberty, Sojourner and Chinese), Zhongguo zhichun, No.9 (1986), pp.86-9; Wang Ce, 'Wei shixian zhongguo wenhua you yiyuan xiang duoyuan de zhuanhua er nuli' (An Endeavour to Complete the Transition from Monist to Pluralist Culture), Zhobngguo ahichun, No.5, (1986), pp.55-69; Yang Manke, 'Cong zhexue jiaodu kan duoyuan' (Pluralism from a Philosophic Aspect), Zhongguo zhichun, No.11 (1986), pp.37-47.
24. Chi Liao, 'Lun zhongguo de zhengzhi duoyuanhua yu shehui duoyuanhua' (Political and Social Pluralisms in China: An interview with Professor Tian Hongmao), Zhongguo zhichun, No.11 (1986), pp.29-35; Hu Wushi, 'Ziyousheng. huayi. zhongguoren' (The Goodness of Liberty, Sojourner and Chinese), Zhongguo zhichun, No.9 (1986), pp.86-9; Wang Ce, 'Wei shixian zhongguo wenhua you yiyuan xiang duoyuan de zhuanhua er nuli' (An Endeavour to Complete the Transition from Monist to Pluralist Culture), Zhobngguo ahichun, No.5, (1986), pp.55-69; Yang Manke, 'Cong zhexue jiaodu kan duoyuan' (Pluralism from a Philosophic Aspect), Zhongguo zhichun, No.11 (1986), pp.37-47.
25. Chi Liao, 'Lun zhongguo de zhengzhi duoyuanhua yu shehui duoyuanhua' (Political and Social Pluralisms in China: An interview with Professor Tian Hongmao), Zhongguo zhichun, No.11 (1986), pp.29-35; Hu Wushi, 'Ziyousheng. huayi. zhongguoren' (The Goodness of Liberty, Sojourner and Chinese), Zhongguo zhichun, No.9 (1986), pp.86-9; Wang Ce, 'Wei shixian zhongguo wenhua you yiyuan xiang duoyuan de zhuanhua er nuli' (An Endeavour to Complete the Transition from Monist to Pluralist Culture), Zhobngguo ahichun, No.5, (1986), pp.55-69; Yang Manke, 'Cong zhexue jiaodu kan duoyuan' (Pluralism from a Philosophic Aspect), Zhongguo zhichun, No.11 (1986), pp.37-47.
26. Chi Liao, 'Lun zhongguo de zhengzhi duoyuanhua yu shehui duoyuanhua' (Political and Social Pluralisms in China: An interview with Professor Tian Hongmao), Zhongguo zhichun, No.11 (1986), pp.29-35; Hu Wushi, 'Ziyousheng. huayi. zhongguoren' (The Goodness of Liberty, Sojourner and Chinese), Zhongguo zhichun, No.9 (1986), pp.86-9; Wang Ce, 'Wei shixian zhongguo wenhua you yiyuan xiang duoyuan de zhuanhua er nuli' (An Endeavour to Complete the Transition from Monist to Pluralist Culture), Zhobngguo ahichun, No.5, (1986), pp.55-69; Yang Manke, 'Cong zhexue jiaodu kan duoyuan' (Pluralism from a Philosophic Aspect), Zhongguo zhichun, No.11 (1986), pp.37-47.
27. Zhang Qian, 'Shehui'.
28. 'To tolerate' generally means to endure, suffer, or put up with a person, activity, idea or organisation of which or of whom one does not really approve.
29. Li Yizhe, 'Guanyu shehuizhuyi de minzhu yu fazhi' (On Socialist Democracy and the Legal System), in Ding Wang (ed.), Liyizhe dazibao (Hong Kong: Minbao yuekan chubanshe, 1976), pp.1-38.
30. See Dusu, No.10 (1985), pp.133-43; No.6 (1986), pp.11-21.
31. See Dusu, No.10 (1985), pp.133-43; No.6 (1986), pp.11-21.
32. On the pluralisalion of permissible topics and the increased freedom, see Minxin Pei, From Reform to Revolution: The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), Ch.5.
33. Deng Xiaoping, Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping 1975-1982 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,1983), p.181.
34. White, Riding, pp. 51-2; Thomas P, Bernstein, 'Domestic Politics', in Steven M. Goldstein (ed.), China Briefing (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985), p.6.
35. White, Riding, pp. 51-2; Thomas P, Bernstein, 'Domestic Politics', in Steven M. Goldstein (ed.), China Briefing (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985), p.6.
36. White, Riding, p.152; Harding, China, p.225.
37. White, Riding, p.152; Harding, China, p.225.
38. For more discussion, see Baogang He, 'Separation of Government and Ideology: Reconsideration on the Debate over the Criteria of Truth in 1978', Cheng Ming, No.124 (1988) (Hong Kong), pp.41-2; reprinted in The Quest, No.1 (1989) (New York), pp.49-52.
39. For more discussion, see Baogang He, 'Separation of Government and Ideology: Reconsideration on the Debate over the Criteria of Truth in 1978', Cheng Ming, No.124 (1988) (Hong Kong), pp.41-2; reprinted in The Quest, No.1 (1989) (New York), pp.49-52.
40. For example, Zhang Rulun, 'Pluralist Model of Thinking and Pluralist Cultural', Dusu., No.7 (1986), pp.90-98; Yuan Zhiming, Ren Ping and Baogang He, Silent Revolution (Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Press, 1988); Baogang He, 'Reform and Pluralistic Thinking', Guangming Daily, 17 May 1985, p.3; Li Huanchung (ed.), The Ways of Thinking in Modern World and Leadership (Beijing: Qioushi Press, 1988).
41. For example, Zhang Rulun, 'Pluralist Model of Thinking and Pluralist Cultural', Dusu., No.7 (1986), pp.90-98; Yuan Zhiming, Ren Ping and Baogang He, Silent Revolution (Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Press, 1988); Baogang He, 'Reform and Pluralistic Thinking', Guangming Daily, 17 May 1985, p.3; Li Huanchung (ed.), The Ways of Thinking in Modern World and Leadership (Beijing: Qioushi Press, 1988).
42. For example, Zhang Rulun, 'Pluralist Model of Thinking and Pluralist Cultural', Dusu., No.7 (1986), pp.90-98; Yuan Zhiming, Ren Ping and Baogang He, Silent Revolution (Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Press, 1988); Baogang He, 'Reform and Pluralistic Thinking', Guangming Daily, 17 May 1985, p.3; Li Huanchung (ed.), The Ways of Thinking in Modern World and Leadership (Beijing: Qioushi Press, 1988).
43. For example, Zhang Rulun, 'Pluralist Model of Thinking and Pluralist Cultural', Dusu., No.7 (1986), pp.90-98; Yuan Zhiming, Ren Ping and Baogang He, Silent Revolution (Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Press, 1988); Baogang He, 'Reform and Pluralistic Thinking', Guangming Daily, 17 May 1985, p.3; Li Huanchung (ed.), The Ways of Thinking in Modern World and Leadership (Beijing: Qioushi Press, 1988).
44. For discussion of the CCP's arts of rule, see Zhang Xiangni et al., Gongchandang zhizheng fangshi tantao (An Investigation of the Arts of Rules of the Chinese Communist Party) (Kaifeng: Henan University Press, 1989).
45. See the editorial comment of Liaowang, 24 April 1986; Chan Shi. 'Jingji gaige yu zhengzhi ziyou' (Economic Reforms and Political Liberties), Gongren ribao, 15 Aug., 1986; p.3.
46. See the editorial comment of Liaowang, 24 April 1986; Chan Shi. 'Jingji gaige yu zhengzhi ziyou' (Economic Reforms and Political Liberties), Gongren ribao, 15 Aug., 1986; p.3.
47. Ibid.
48. Bernstein, China, p.3.
49. On the secularization of ideology and the limitation of its role, see White, Riding.
50. Zhexue nianjian, Zhongguo zhexuenianjian (Philosophy Year Book of China) (Beijing: Zhongguo dabaikequanshu Press,1986), p.22.
51. He Ming, 'Lun zhonghua minzu jingshen de duoyuan jiegou xitongxing' (On the Plural Structure of Chinese National Ethos), Yunnan shifan daxue zhexue shehui kexue xuebao, No.2 (1993), pp.9-16.
52. Li Fan, 'The Question of Interests in Chinese Policy Making Process', China Quaterly, No.109 (1987), pp.64-71.
53. Jiang Lishan, 'Fa shi dui duoyuan liyi de bupingdeng queren' (Law's Recognition of the inequality of Plural Interests'), Zhongguo faxue, No. 4 (1988), pp.60-64.
54. Deng Xiaoping, Selected Works, p.183.
55. Harding, China; Bernstein, 'Domestic Polities'.
56. Harding, China; Bernstein, 'Domestic Polities'.
57. Harding, China, p.86.
58. Harding, China, Ch.4; Tang Tsou, 'Political Change and Reform: The Middle Course', in Tang Tsou (ed), The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Perspective (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Lowell Dittmer, 'Patterns of Elite Strife and Succession in Chinese Politics', China Quarterly, No.123 (1990), pp.405-30; and Richard Baum, Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
59. Harding, China, Ch.4; Tang Tsou, 'Political Change and Reform: The Middle Course', in Tang Tsou (ed), The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Perspective (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Lowell Dittmer, 'Patterns of Elite Strife and Succession in Chinese Politics', China Quarterly, No.123 (1990), pp.405-30; and Richard Baum, Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
60. Harding, China, Ch.4; Tang Tsou, 'Political Change and Reform: The Middle Course', in Tang Tsou (ed), The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Perspective (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Lowell Dittmer, 'Patterns of Elite Strife and Succession in Chinese Politics', China Quarterly, No.123 (1990), pp.405-30; and Richard Baum, Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
61. Harding, China, Ch.4; Tang Tsou, 'Political Change and Reform: The Middle Course', in Tang Tsou (ed), The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Perspective (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Lowell Dittmer, 'Patterns of Elite Strife and Succession in Chinese Politics', China Quarterly, No.123 (1990), pp.405-30; and Richard Baum, Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
62. Baum, Burying.
63. Zhou Duo, 'Path of Pluralism', Far Eastern Economic Review, 7 Jan. 1994, p.13.
64. Thomas M.H. Chan, 'China's Price Reform in the 1980s', in Joseph Y.S. Cheng (ed.), China: Modernisation in the 1980s (HK: the Chinese University Press, 1989), pp.297-325.
65. Dorothy J. Solinger, 'China's Transients and the State: A Form of Civil Society?', Politics and Society, Vol.21, No.1 (1993), p.97.
66. Ibid.
67. Mark Findlay and C.W. Chiu, 'Constitutional Rights and the Constraint of Populist Dissent: Recent Resort to Legalism in China', International Journal of the Sociology of Law, No.19 (1991), pp.67-82.
68. On this point in general, see Linz, Totalitarian'.
69. Harding, China, pp.231-32.
70. Wu An-chia, 'Mainland China's Political Situation in the Post-Deng Era: A Forecast', Issues and Studies, Vol.29, No.6 (1993), p.14.
71. Sun Liping, 'Guojia yu shehui de jiegoufenhua' (The Structural Differentiation of the State from Society), Zhongguo shehui kexue jikan (HK), No.1 (1992), pp.69-76.
72. Harding, China, p.201.
73. Andrew Nathan, China's Crisis: Dilemmas of Reform and Prospects for Democracy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), pp.207-8.
74. Zhang Desheng, Rujia lunli yu zhixu qingjie: zhongguo sixiang de shehuixue quanshi (Confucian Ethics and the Order Complex) (Taibei: Juliu tushu gongshi, 1991).
75. Claus Offe, 'Capitalism by Democratic Design? Democratic Theory Facing the Triple Transition in East Central Europe', Social Research, Vol.58, No.4 (1991), pp.865-92.
76. Dahl, 'Pluralism' and Sartori, 'The Background'.
77. Dahl, 'Pluralism' and Sartori, 'The Background'.
78. Andrew Nathan and Shi Tianjian, 'Cultural Requisites for Democracy in China: Findings from a Survey', Daedalus, Vol.122, No.2 (1993), pp.95-123.
79. Ibid., p.112.