Biomonitoring of chemical exposure among New York City firefighters responding to the World Trade Center Fire and collapse

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 111, Issue 16, 2003, Pages 1906-1911

  Edelman, Philip ^a,e   Osterloh, John ^a   Pirkle, James ^a   Caudill, Sam P ^a   Grainger, James ^a   Jones, Robert ^a   Blount, Ben ^a   Calafat, Antonia ^a   Turner, Wayman ^a   Feldman, Debra ^b   Baron, Sherry ^b   Bernard, Bruce ^b   Lushniak, Boris D ^b   Kelly, Kerry ^c   Prezant, David ^c,d  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH   (United States)

^c Government of New york   (United States)

^d ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antimony; Biomonitoring; Dioxins; Disaster; Firefighters; Metals; PAHs; PCBs; VOCs

Indexed keywords

1 HYDROXYPYRENE; 1,1,1 TRICHLOROETHANE; 1,1,2 TRICHLOROETHANE; 1,2 DICHLOROETHANE; 1,4 DICHLOROBENZENE; ANTIMONY; BENZ[A]ANTHRACENE DERIVATIVE; BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; BROMOFORM; CADMIUM; CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; CHEMICAL AGENT; CHRYSENE DERIVATIVE; DIBROMOCHLOROMETHANE; DIBROMOMETHANE; ETHYLBENZENE; FLUORENE DERIVATIVE; LEAD; META XYLENE; PARA XYLENE; PHENANTHRENE DERIVATIVE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; TERT BUTYL METHYL ETHER; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; URANIUM;

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD SAMPLING; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; DISASTER; DUST; FIRE FIGHTER; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFERENCE VALUE; RESCUE PERSONNEL; SMOKE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; UNITED STATES; URINALYSIS;

EID: 10744224796     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6315     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Cardinali FL, McCraw JM, Wooten JV. 1994. Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure. Clin Chem 40(7 pt 2):1401-1404.
2. Austin CC, Wang D, Ecobichon DJ, Dussault G. 2001. Characterization of volatile organic compounds in smoke at experimental fires. J Toxicol Environ Health A 63(3):191-206.
3. Baud FJ, Barriot P, Toffis V, Riou B, Vicaut E, Lecarpentier Y, et al. 1991. Elevated blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med 325(25):1761-1766.
4. Bernert JT Jr, Turner WE, Pirkle JL, Sosnoff CS, Akins JR, Waldrep MK, et al. 1997. Development and validation of sensitive method for determination of serum cotinine in smokers and nonsmokers by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 43(12):2281-2291.
5. Bouchard M, Pinsonneault L, Tremblay C, Weber JP. 2001. Biological monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subjects living in the vicinity of a creosote impregnation plant. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 74(7):505-513.
6. Calafat AM, Stanfill SB. 2002. Rapid quantitation of cyanide in whole blood by automated headspace gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 8 Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 772(1):131-137.
7. Cardinali FL, Ashley DL, Wooten JV, McCraw JM, Lemire SW. 2000. The use of solid-phase microextraction in conjunction with a benchtop quadrupole mass spectrometer for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in human blood at the low parts-per-trillion level. J Chromatogr Sci 38(2):49-54.
8. Caux C, O'Brien C, Viau C. 2002. Determination of firefighter exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene during fire fighting using measurement of biological indicators. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 17(5):379-386.
9. CDC 2003. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. NCEH Pub. No. 02-0716. Atlanta, GA:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
10. Chen HP, Paschal DC, Miller DT, Morrow JC. 1998. Determination of total and inorganic mercury in whole blood by on-line digestion with flow injection. Atom Spectrosc 19(5):53-59.
11. Einhorn IN. 1975. Physiological and toxicological aspects of smoke produced during the combustion of polymeric materials. Environ Health Perspect 11:163-189.
12. Feunekes FD, Jongeneelen FJ, vd Laan H, Schoonhof FH. 1997. Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among trainers in a fire-fighting training facility. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 58(1):23-28.
13. Gilbert NL, Viau C. 1997. Biological monitoring of environmental exposure to PAHs in the vicinity of a Soderberg aluminium reduction plant. Occup Environ Med 54(8):619-621.
14. Gundel J, Mannschreck C, Buttner K, Ewers U, Angerer J. 1996. Urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene in females living in an industrial area of Germany. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 31(4):585-590.
15. Hartzell GE. 1996. Overview of combustion toxicology. Toxicology 115(1-3):7-23.
16. Heikkila P, Luotamo M, Pyy L, Riihimaki V. 1995. Urinary 1-naphthol and 1-pyrenol as indicators of exposure to coal tar products. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 67(3):211-217.
17. Heikkila PR, Luotamo M, Riihimaki V. 1997. Urinary 1-naphthol excretion in the assessment of exposure to creosote in an impregnation facility. Scand J Work Environ Health 23(3):199-205.
18. Jongeneelen FJ. 2001. Benchmark guideline for urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarker of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Ann Occup Hyg 45(1):3-13.
19. Kelly K, Connelly E, Reinhold G, Byrne M, Prezant D. 2002. Assessing health effects in New York City firefighters after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs): the Staten Island Transformer Fire Health Surveillance Project. Arch Environ Health 57(4):282-293.
20. Kentner M, Lainemann M, Schaller KH, Weltle D, Lehnert G. 1995. External and internal antimony exposure in starter battery production. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 67(2):119-123.
21. Kumagai S, Koda S, Miyakita T, Ueno M. 2002. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran concentrations in serum samples of workers at intermittently burning municipal waste incinerators in Japan. Occup Environ Med 59(6):362-368.
22. Kumagai S, Koda S, Miyakita T, Yamaguchi H, Katagi K, Yasuda N. 2000. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran concentrations in the serum samples of workers at continuously burning municipal waste incinerators in Japan. Occup Environ Med 57(3):204-210.
23. Landrock AH. 1983. Handbook of Plastics Flammability and Combustion Toxicology. Park Ridge, NJ:Noyes Publications.
24. Lauwerys R, Hoet P. 2001. Industrial Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Biological Monitoring. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL:Lewis Publishers.
25. Levin JO. Rhen M, Sikstrom E. 1995. Occupational PAH exposure: urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels of coke oven workers, aluminum smelter pot-room workers, road pavers, and occupationally non-exposed persons in Sweden. Sci Total Environ 163(1-3):169-177.
26. Liepins R, Pearce EM. 1976. Chemistry and toxicity of flame retardants for plastics. Environ Health Perspect 17:55-63.
27. Ludersdorf R, Fuchs A, Mayer P, Skulsuksai G, Schacke G. 1987. Biological assessment of exposure to antimony and lead in the glass-producing industry. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 59(5):469-474.
28. Marklund S, Kjeller L, Hansson M. 1986. Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in incineration samples and pyrolytic products. In: Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Perspective (Rappe C, Choudhary G, Keith L, ads). Chelsea, MI:Lewis Publishers, 70-92.
29. Mielynska D, Braszcynska Z, Siwinska E, Smolik E, Bubak A, Sokal JA. 1997. Exposure of coke-oven workers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on biological monitoring results. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 58(9):661-666.
30. Miller DT, Paschal DC, Gunter EW, Stroud PE, D'Angelo J. 1987. Determination of lead in blood using electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry with a L'vov platform and matrix modifier. Analyst 112(12):1701-1704.
31. NY ET, Heederik D, Kromhout H, Jongeneelen F. 1993. The relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air and in urine of workers in a Soderberg potroom. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 54(6):277-284.
32. Ovrebo S, Haugen A, Farmer PB, Anderson D. 1995a. Evaluation of biomarkers in plasma, blood, and urine samples from coke oven workers: significance of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Occup Environ Med 52(11):750-756.
33. Ovrebo S, Haugen A, Hemminki K, Szyfter K, Drablos PA, Skogland M. 1995b. Studies of biomarkers in aluminum workers occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Detect Prev 19(3):258-267.
34. Pan G, Hanaoka T, Yamano Y, Hara K, Ichiba M, Wang Y, et al. 1998. A study of multiple biomarkers in coke oven workers - a cross-sectional study in China. Carcinogenesis 19(11):1963-1968.
35. Paschal DC, Ting BG, Morrow JC, Pirkle JL, Jackson RJ, Sampson EJ, et al. 1998. Trace metals in urine of United States residents: reference range concentrations. Environ Res 76(1):53-59.
36. Sampson EJ, Needham LL, Pirkle JL, Hannon WH, Miller DT, Patterson DG, et al. 1994. Technical and scientific developments in exposure marker methodology. Clin Chem 40(7 pt 2):1376-1384.
37. Sanderson L. 1997. Fires. In: The Public Health Consequences of Disasters (Noji EK, ed). New York:Oxford University Press, 390-393.
38. Scherer G, Frank S, Riedel K, Meger-Kossien I, Renner T. 2000. Biomonitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of nonoccupationally exposed persons. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9(4):373-380.
39. Smith CJ, Huang W, Walcott CJ, Turner W, Grainger J, Patterson DG Jr. 2002. Guantification of monohydroxy-PAH metabolites in urine by solid-phase extraction with isotope dilution-GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 372(1):216-220.
40. Turner W, DiPietro E, Lapeza C, Green V, Gill J, Patterson DG Jr. 1997. A fast universal automated cleanup system for the isotope-dilution high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of PCDDs, PCDFs, coplanar PCBs, PCB congeners, and persistent pesticides from the same serum sample. Organohalogen Compounds 31:26-31.
41. U. S. Department of Labor. 2001. Medical Surveillance and Monitoring Requirements for Workers Exposed to Inorganic Lead. 29CFR1910.1025 App C.
42. van Delft A Steenwinkel MS, van Asten JG, de Vogel N, Bruijntjes-Rozier TC, Schouten T, et al. 2001. Biological monitoring the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of coke oven workers in relation to smoking and genetic polymorphisms for GSTM1 and GSTT1. Ann Occup Hyg 45(5):395-408.
43. Van Schooten FJ, Jongeneelen FJ, Hillebrand MJ, van Leeuwen FE, de Looff AJ, Dijkmans AP, et al. 1995. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in white blood cell DNA and 1-hydroxypyrene in the urine from aluminum workers: relation with job category and synergistic effect of smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4(1):69-77.
44. VanRooij JG, Bodelier-Bade MM, de Looff AJ, Dijkmans AP, Jongeneelen FJ. 1992. Dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among primary aluminium workers. Med Lav 83(5):519-529.
45. VanRooij JG, Bodelier-Bade MM, Jongeneelen FJ. 1993. Estimation of individual dermal and respiratory uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 12 coke oven workers. Br J Ind Med 50(7):623-632.
46. Venier P, Clonfero E, Cottica D, Gava C, Zordan M, Pozzoli L, at al. 1985. Mutagenic activity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in urine of workers exposed to coal tar pitch volatiles in an anode plant. Carcinogenesis 6(5):749-752.
47. Viau C, Hakizimana G, Bouchard M. 2000. Indoor exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in traditional houses in Burundi. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 73(5):331-338.
48. Worth RF. 2002. Health concern at ground zero. New York Times (Late Edition) Final, 4 January: B7.
49. Wu MT, Wypij D, Ho CK, Mao IF, Chen ML, Lu PL, et al. 1998. Temporal changes in urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in coke-oven workers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7(2):169-173.