Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with lopinavir/ritonavir: A multicentre retrospective matched cohort study

Hong Kong Medical Journal

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 399-406

  Chan, K S ^a   Lai, S T ^b   Chu, C M ^a   Tsui, E ^c   Tam, C Y ^d   Wong, M M L ^e   Tse, M W ^e   Que, T L ^d   Peiris, J S M ^f   Sung, J ^g   Wong, V C W ^c   Yuen, K Y ^f  

^a UNITED CHRISTIAN HOSPITAL   (Hong Kong)

^b PRINCESS MARGARET HOSPITAL   (Hong Kong)

^c HOSPITAL AUTHORITY   (Hong Kong)

^d TUEN MUN HOSPITAL   (Hong Kong)

^e Caritas Medical Centre Hong Kong   (Hong Kong)

^f UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^g CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Coronavirus; Protease inhibitors; SARS virus; Treatment outcome

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CORTICOSTEROID; HYDROCORTISONE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; LEVOFLOXACIN; LOPINAVIR; MACROLIDE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; RIBAVIRIN; RITONAVIR;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONAVIRUS; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HONG KONG; HUMAN; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY; NONHUMAN; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SARS CORONAVIRUS; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS INHIBITION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FEMALE; HONG KONG; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POISSON DISTRIBUTION; PYRIMIDINONES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RITONAVIR; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 10744223243     PISSN: 10242708     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. World Health Organization. Summary table of SARS cases by country, 1 November 2002 - 7 August 2003. WHO website: http://www.who. int/csr/sars/country/en/country2003_08_15.pdf. Accessed 22 September 2003.
2. Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, et al. A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1986-94.
3. Booth CM, Matukas LM, Tomlinson GA, et al. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area. JAMA 2003;289:2801-9.
4. Peiris JS, Lai ST, Poon LL, et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003;361:1319-25.
5. Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1953-66.
6. Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1967-76.
7. Fouchier RA, Kuiken T, Schutten M, et al. Aetiology: Koch's postulates fulfilled for SARS virus. Nature 2003;423:240.
8. Kuiken T, Fouchier RA, Schutten M, et al. Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003;362:263-70.
9. Nicholls JM, Poon LL, Lee KC, et al. Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003;361:1773-8.
10. So LK, Lau AC, Yam LY, et al. Development of a standard treatment protocol for severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003;361:1615-7.
11. Hsu LY, Lee CC, Green JA, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: clinical features of index patient and initial contacts. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:713-7.
12. Zhong NS, Zeng GQ. Our strategies for fighting severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:7-9.
13. Koren G, King S, Knowles S, Phillips E. Ribavirin in the treatment of SARS: A new trick for an old drug? CMAJ 2003;168:1289-92.
14. Ho W. Hong Kong Hospital Authority Working Group on SARS. Central Committee of Infection Control. Guideline on management of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Lancet 2003;361:1313-5.
15. Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, et al. The role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. In press.
16. Donnelly CA, Ghani AC, Leung GM, et al. Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Lancet 2003;361:1761-6.
17. Peiris JS, Chu CM, Cheng VC, et al. Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study. Lancet 2003;361:1767-72.
18. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Hong Kong Hospital Authority website: http://www.ha.org.hk. Accessed 22 September 2003.
19. Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1730-54.
20. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:818-24.
21. Dobson AJ, Kuulasmaa K, Eberle E, Scherer J. Confidence intervals for weighted sums of Poisson parameters. Stat Med 1991;10:457-62.
22. Marra MA, Jones SJ, Astell CR, et al. The Genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus. Science 2003;300:1399-404.
23. Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, et al. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science 2003;300:1394-9.
24. Anand K, Ziebuhr J, Wadhwani P, Mesters JR, Hilgenfeld R. Coronavirus main proteinase (3CLpro) structure: basis for design of anti-SARS drugs. Science 2003;300:1763-7.
25. Von Grotthuss M, Wyrwicz LS, Rychlewski L. mRNA cap-1 methyltransferase in the SARS genome. Cell 2003;113:701-2.
26. Kim JC, Spence RA, Currier PF, Lu X, Denison MR. Coronavirus protein processing and RNA synthesis is inhibited by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E64d. Virology 1995;208:1-8.
27. Collins AR, Grubb A. Cystatin D, a natural salivary cysteine protease inhibitor, inhibits coronavirus replication at its physiologic concentration. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998;13:59-61.
28. Appleyard G, Tisdale M. Inhibition of the growth of human coronavirus 229E by leupeptin. J Gen Virol 1985;66:363-6.
29. Ning Q, Brown D, Parodo J, et al. Ribavirin inhibits viral-induced macrophage production of TNF, IL-1, the procoagulant fgl2 prothrombinase and preserves Th1 cytokine production but inhibits Th2 cytokine response. J Immunol 1998;160:3487-93.
30. Turner RB, Felton A, Kosak K, Kelsey DK, Meschievitz CK. Prevention of experimental coronavirus colds with intranasal alpha-2b interferon. J Infect Dis 1986;154:443-7.
31. Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr HW. Treatment of SARS with human interferons. Lancet 2003;362:293-4.
32. Kumar KS, Russo MW, Borczuk AC, et al. Significant pulmonary toxicity associated with interferon and ribavirin therapy for hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2432-40.
33. Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr HW. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Lancet 2003;361:2045-6.
34. Mager PP. The active site of HIV-1 protease. Med Res Rev 2001;21:348-53.
35. Hurst M, Faulds D. Lopinavir. Drugs 2000;60:1371-81.
36. Wang H, Ding Y, Li X, Yang L, Zhang W, Kang W. Fatal aspergillosis in a patient with SARS who was treated with corticosteroids. N Engl J Med 2003;349:507-8.