Mastitis of dairy small ruminants

Veterinary Research

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 689-716

  Bergonier, Dominique ^a   de Crémoux, Renée ^b   Rupp, Rachel ^c   Lagriffoul, Gilles ^d   Berthelot, Xavier ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b Chambre d'Agriculture du Tarn   (France)

^c CEMAGREF   (France)

^d Institut de l'Élevage ^*  (France)

Author keywords

Epizootiology; Ewe; Goat; Mastitis; Somatic cell Count

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; APRAMYCIN; BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE; BETA LACTAMASE; CLAVULANIC ACID; CLOXACILLIN; COAGULASE; DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN; ENROFLOXACIN; FLORFENICOL; INACTIVATED VACCINE; MACROLIDE; NAFCILLIN; NORFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN G; PREDNISOLONE; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS TOXOID; TIAMULIN; TILMICOSIN; TOBRAMYCIN;

BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; BOVIDS; BREEDING; CATTLE DISEASE; CELL COUNT; DAIRY CATTLE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DOSE RESPONSE; FEMALE; GENETIC PARAMETERS; HERITABILITY; INCIDENCE; MILK PRODUCTION; NONHUMAN; PREDICTION; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SANITATION; SOMATIC CELL; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; TECHNIQUE; UDDER; VACCINATION;

ANIMALS; CELL COUNT; FEMALE; GOAT DISEASES; GOATS; LACTATION; MASTITIS; MILK; PARITY; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PREVALENCE; SHEEP; SHEEP DISEASES;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BOS TAURUS; BOVIDAE; CAPRA HIRCUS; OVIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 10744219765     PISSN: 09284249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2003030     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Ahmad G., Timms L.L., Morrical D.G., Brackelsberg P.O., Ovine subclinical mastitis efficacy of dry treatment, Sheep Res. J. 8 (1992) 30-33.
2. Albenzio M., Taibi L., Muscio A., Sevi A., Prevalence and etiology of subclinical mastitis in intensively managed flocks and related changes in the yield and quality of ewe milk, Small Rumin. Res. 43 (2002) 219-226.
3. Albenzio M., Taibi L., Caroprese M., De Rosa G., Muscio A., Sevi A., Immune response, udder health and productive traits of machine milked and suckling ewes, Small Rumin. Res. 48 (2003) 189-200.
4. Aleandri M., De Michelis R., Colafrancesco R., Olivetti A., Valori citologici e agenti infettivi di mastite nel latte de pecora, Atti Soc. Ital Sci. Vet. 38 (1994) 431-433.
5. Ameh J.A., Tari I.S., Observations on the prevalence of caprine mastitis in relation to predisposing factors in Maiduguri, Small Rumin. Res. 35 (1999) 1-5.
6. Amorena B., Baselga R., Albizu I., Use of liposome immunopotentiated exopolysaccharide as a component of an ovine mastitis staphylococcal vaccine, Vaccine 12 (1994) 243-249.
7. Anniss F.M., McDougall S., Efficacy of antibiotic treatment at drying off in curing existing infections and preventing new infections in dairy goats, in Proceedings of the 62nd Conference of the New-Zealand Society of Animal Production, Massey University, New Zealand, 24-26 June 2002, 62, pp. 19-21.
8. Ariznabarreta A., Gonzalo C., San Primitivo F., Microbiological quality and somatic cell count of ewe milk with special reference to staphylococci, J. Dairy Sci. 85 (2002) 1370-1375.
9. Barillet F., Rupp R., Mignon-Grasteau S., Astruc J.M., Jacquin M., Genetic analysis for mastitis resistance and milk somatic cell score in French Lacaune dairy sheep, Genet. Set. Evol. 33 (2001) 397-415.
10. Baro J.A., Carriedo J.A., San Primitivo F., Genetic parameters of test day measures for somatic cell count, milk yield and protein percentage of milking ewes, J. Dairy Sci. 77 (1994) 2658-2662.
11. Baudry C., Mercier P., Mallereau M.-P., Lenfant D., Utilisation des numérations cellulaires individuelles pour la detection des infections mammaires subcliniques de la chèvre: définition de seuils, in Proceeding of the 6th International Symposium on the Milking of Small Ruminants, Athens, September 26-October 1, 1998 (1999) 119-123.
12. Baudry C., Mercier P., Mallereau M.P., Lenfant D., Evaluation de l'efficacité du post-trempage chez la chèvre, Rev. Med. Vet. 151 (2000) 1035-1040.
13. Bergonier D., Berthelot X., Mammites aspergillaires en élevage ovin laitier, Revue d'épidémiosurveillance VEGA 1 (1993) 10-11.
14. Bergonier D., Berthelot X., New advances in Epizootiology and control of ewe mastitis, Livest. Prod Sci. 79 (2003) 1-16.
15. Bergonier D., Thiaucourt F., L'Agalactie Contagieuse des petits ruminants, in: Lefèvre P.C., Blancou J., Chermette R. (Coord.), Principales maladies infectieuses et parasitaires du bétail. Europe et Régions chaudes, Ed. Tec et Doc, Lavoisier, 2003, 1824 p.
16. Bergonier D., Van de Wiele A., Arranz J.M., Barillet F., Lagriffoul G., Concordet D., Berthelot X., Détection des infections mammaires subcliniques chez la brebis laitière à l'aide des comptages de cellules somatiques: propositions de seuils physiologiques, in: Rubino R. (Ed.), Proceedings of Somatic cells and milk of Small Ruminants, International Symposium, Bella, Italy, Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 41-47.
17. Bergonier D., Longo F., Lagriffoul G., Consalvi P.J., Van de Wiele A., Berthelot X., Fréquence et persistance des staphylocoques coagulase négative au tarissement et relations avec les numérations cellulaires chez la brebis laitière, in: Rubino R. (Ed.), Proceedings of Somatic cells and milk of Small Ruminants, International Symposium, Bella, Italy, Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 53-59.
18. Bergonier D., Lagriffoul G., Berthelot X., Barillet F., Facteurs de variation non infectieux des comptages de cellules somatiques chez les ovins et les caprins laitiers, in: Rubino R. (Ed.), Proceedings of Somatic cells and milk of Small Ruminants, International Symposium, Bella, Italy, Wageningen Pers, Netherlands, 1996, pp. 113-135.
19. Bergonier D., Berthelot X., Poumarat F., Contagious Agalactia of small ruminants: current knowledge about epidemiology, diagnosis and control, Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE, 16 (1997) 848-873.
20. Bergonier D., Blanc M.C., Fleury B., Lagriffoul G., Barillet F., Berthelot X., Les mammites des ovins et des caprins laitiers : étiologie, épidémiologie, contrôle, in: Chabert Y. (Ed.), Proceedings of Rencontres Recherches Ruminants 4 (1997 ) 251-260.
21. Bergonier D., Berthelot X., Romeo M., Contreras A., Coni V., De Santis E., Rolesu S., Barillet F., Lagriffoul G., Marco J., Fréquence des différents germes responsables de mammites cliniques et subcliniques chez les petits ruminants laitiers, in: Barillet F., Zervas N.P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Milking of Small Ruminants. Milking and milk production of dairy sheep and goats, Athens, Greece, Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1999, pp. 130-136.
22. er juin 2001, pp. 295-299.
23. Berriatua E., Ziluaga I., Miguel Virto C., Uribarren P., Juste R., Laevens S., Vandamme P., Govan J.R.W., Outbreak of subclinical mastitis in a flock of dairy sheep associated with Burkholderia cepacia complex infection, J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (2001) 990-994.
24. Billon P., Ronningen O., Sangiorgi F., Schuiling E., Quantitative requirements of milking installations for small ruminants. A survey in different countries. Sixth International Symposium on the Milking of Small Ruminants, Athens, Greece, in: Barillet F., Zervas N.P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Milking of Small Ruminants. Milking and milk production of dairy sheep and goats, Athens, Greece, Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1999, pp. 209-215.
25. Billon P., Fernandez Martinez N., Ronningen O., Sangiorgi F., Schuiling E., Quantitative Recommendations for Milking Machines Installations for Small Ruminants, Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation 370 (2002) 4-19.
26. Boscos C., Stefanakis A., Alexopoulos C., Samartzi F., Prevalence of subclinical mastitis and influence of breed, parity, stage of lactation and mammary bacteriological status on Coulter Counter Counts and California Mastitis Test in the milk of Saanen and autochthonous Greek goats, Small Rumin. Res. 21 (1996) 139-147.
27. Burriel A.R., Dynamics of intramammary infection in the sheep caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci and its influence on udder tissue and milk composition, Vet. Rec. 140 (1997) 419-423.
28. Burriel A.R., Isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci from the milk and environment of sheep, J. Dairy Res. 65 (1998) 139-142.
29. Burriel A.R., Dagnall G.J., Leukotoxic factors produced by staphylococci of ovine origin, Microbiol. Res. 152 (1997) 247-250.
30. Buswel J.F., Barber D.M.L., Antibiotic persistence and tolerance in the lactating sheep following a course of intramammary therapy, Br. Vet. J. 145 (1989) 552-557.
31. Buswell J.F., Knigth C.H., Barber D.M.L., Antibiotic persistence and tolerance in the lactating goat following intramammary therapy, Vet. Rec. 125 (1989) 301-303.
32. Calavas D., Bugnard F., Ducrot C., Sulpice P., Classification of the clinical types of udder disease affecting nursing ewes, Small Rumin. Res. 29 (1998) 21-31.
33. Carnier P., Bettella R., Cassandro M., Gallo L., Mantovani R., Bittante G., Genetic parameters for test-day somatic cell count in Italian Holstein Frisian cows, in: Proc. 48th Ann. Meet. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod, August 25-28th, Vienna, Austria, 1997, p. 141.
34. Carta A., Barillet F., Allain D., Amigues Y., Bibé B., Bodin L., Casu S., Cribiu E.P., Elsen J.M., Fraghi A., Gruner L., Jacquiet P., Ligios S., Marie-Etancelin C., Mura L., Piredda G., Rupp R., Sanna S.R., Scala A., Schibler L., Casu S., QTL detection with genetic markers in a dairy sheep backcross sarda-Lacaune resource population, No 01-40 in 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, 2002.
35. Chaffer M., Leitner G., Zamir S., Winkler M., Glickman A., Ziv N., Saran A., Efficacy of dry-off treatment in sheep, Small Rumin. Res. 47 (2003) 11-16.
36. Charffeddine N., Alenda R., Carabano M.J., Genetic parameters for somatic cell score within first lactation, and across lactations in Spannish Holstein-Frisian cattle, p32 in: Proc. 48th Ann. Meet. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod., Vienna, Austria, 1997.
37. Contreras A., Sierra D., Corrales J.C., Sanchez A., Marco J., Physiological threshold of somatic cell count and California Mastitis Test for diagnosis of caprine subclinical mastitis, Small Rumin. Res. 21 (1996) 259-264.
38. Contreras A., Paape M.J., Miller R.H., Prevalence of subclinical intramammary infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis in a commercial dairy goat herd, Small Rumin. Res. 31 (1999) 203-208.
39. Daley MJ., Oldham E.R., Williams T.J., Coyle P.A., Quantitative and qualitative properties of host polymorphonuclear cells during experimentally induced Staphylococus aureus mastitis in cows, Am. J. Vet. Res. 52 (1991) 474-479.
40. De Crémoux R., Poutrel B., Les numérations cellulaires chez la chèvre: un outil de diagnostic présomptif des infections mammaires, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on goats, Tours, 15-21 mai 2000, pp. 757-760.
41. De Crémoux R., Poutrel B., Berny F., Use of milk somatic cell counts (SCC) for presumptive diagnosis of intramammary infections in goats, in: Third Int. Mastitis Sem., Proceedings II S6, 1995, pp. 90-91.
42. De Crémoux R., Heuchel V., Berny F., Interprétation des numérations cellulaires de lait de troupeau en élevage caprin : résultats préliminaires, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on goats, Tours, 15-21 mai 2000, p. 764.
43. De Crémoux R., Heuchel V., Berny F., Description et interprétation des comptages de cellules somatiques des laits de troupeaux en élevage captin, Proceedings of Rencontres Recherches Ruminants 8 (2001) 163.
44. De Crémoux R., Heuchel V., Chatelin Y.M., éEvaluation des stratégies de contrôle des comptages de cellules somatiques en élevage caprin, Proceedings of Rencontres Recherches Ruminants 8 (2001) 157-160.
45. Droke E.A., Paape M.J., Di Carlo A.L., Prevalence of high somatic cell counts in bulk tank goat milk, J. Dairy Sci. 76 (1993) 1035-1039.
46. Dulin A.M., Paape M.J., Wergin W.P., Differenciation and enumeration of somatic cells in goat milk, J. Food. Prot. 45 (1982) 435-439.
47. East N.E., Birnie E.F., Disease of the udder, in: Symposium on sheep and goat medicine, Vet. Clin. North Am. (Large Anim. Pract.) 5 (1983) 591-600.
48. East N.E., Birnie E.F., Farver T.B., Risk factors associated with mastitis in dairy goats, Am. J. Vet. Res. 48 (1987) 776-779.
49. El Saied U.M., Carriero J.A., San Primitivo F., Heritability of test day somatic cell counts and its relationship with milk yield and protein percentage in dairy ewes, J. Dairy Sci. 81 (1998) 2956-2961.
50. El Saied U.M., Carriero J.A., De La Fuente L.F., Genetic parameters of lactation cell counts and milk and protein yield in dairy ewes, J. Dairy Sci. 81 (1999) 2956-2961.
51. Esnal A., Romeo M., Extramiana B., Gonzalez L., Marco J.C., Mamitis en la oveja Latxa: eficacia del tratamiento y dinámica de infección durante el período seco, in: XIX Jornadas Científicas Sociedad Española Ovinotechnica Caprinotechnica, Burgos, España, 1994, pp. 45-49.
52. Fahr R.D., Schulz J., Finn G., Von Lengerken G., Walther R., Cell count and differential cell count in goat milk - Variability and influencing factors, Tierarztl. Prax. Ausg. G Grosstiere Nutztiere 27 (1999) 99-106.
53. Fernandez N., Requena R., Beltran M.C., Peris C., Rodriguez M., Molina P., Torres A., Comparison of different machine milking clusters on dairy ewes with large size teats, Ann. Zoot. 46 (1997) 207-218.
54. Fox L.K., Hancock D.D., Horner S.D., Selective intramammary antibiotic therapy during the nonlactating period in goats, Small Rumin. Res. 9 (1992) 313-318.
55. Fruganti G., Ranucci S., Tesei B., Valente C., Valutazione dello stato sanitario della mamelle di pecore durante un intero ciclo di lattazione, Clinica Vet. 108 (1985) 286-296.
56. Fthenakis G.C., Prevalence and aetiology of subclinical mastitis in ewes of southern Greece, Small Rumin. Res. 13 (1994) 293-300.
57. Fthenakis G.C., Use of somatic cell counts or of indirect tests in milk for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in ewes, in: Rubino R. (Ed.), Proceedings of Somatic cells and milk of Small Ruminants, International Symposium, Bella, Italy, Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 27-29.
58. Gonzalez Rodriguez M.C., Gonzalo C., San Primitivo F., Carmenes P., Rodriguez M.C.G., Relations between somatic cell count and intramammary infection of the half udder in dairy ewes, J. Dairy Sci. 78 (1995) 2753-2759.
59. Gonzalo C., Gaudioso Lacasa V.R., Evolution des types cellulaires du laits de brebis (race Churra) en fonction des dénombrements cellulaires totaux pendant a traite mécanique et manuelle, Ann. Zoot. 34 (1985) 257-264.
60. Haenlein G.F.W., Relationship of somatic cell counts in goat milk to mastitis and productivity, Small Rumin. Res. 45 (2002) 163-178.
61. Hill B.M., Jagusch K.T., Rajan L., Kidd G.T., Antibiotic residues in goats milk following intramammary treatment, New Zeal. Vet. J. 32 (1984) 130-131.
62. Hinckley L.S., Revision of the somatic cell count standart for goat milk, Dairy Food Environ. Sanitat. 10 (1990) 548-549.
63. Horstick A., Hamann H., Distl O., Estimation of genetic parameters for daily milk prerformance of east Friesian milk sheep by random regression models, in: 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, No 01-53, 2002.
64. Hueston W.D., Boner G.J., Baertsche S.T., Intramammary antibiotic treatment at the end of lactation for prophylaxis and treatment of intramammary infections in ewes, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 194 (1989) 1041-1044.
65. Issartial J., La numération cellulaire individuelle du lait de chèvre: rôle du virus de l'arthrite encéphalite caprine (C.A.E.V.), Vet. Doct. thesis, Cl. Bernard-Lyon I University, 1990.
66. Jensen H.E., Espinosa de los Monteros A., Carrasco L., Caprine mastitis due to aspergillosis and zygomycosis: a pathological and immunohistochemical study, J. Comp. Pathol. 114 (1996) 183-191.
67. Kalogridou-Vassiliadou D., Manolkidis K., Tsigoida A., Somatic cell counts in relation to infection status of the goat udder, J. Dairy Res. 59 (1992) 21-28.
68. Kanellos T.S., Burriel A.R., Production and novel quantification of haemolysins produced by coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from subclinical mastitis in sheep, New Microbiol. 25 (2002) 367-373.
69. Kirk J.H., Glenn J.S., Mastitis in ewes, Comp. Cont. Educ. Pract. 18 (1996) 582-591.
70. Kirk J.H., Glenn J.S., Maas J.P., Mastitis in a flock of milking sheep, Small Rumin. Res. 22 (1996) 187-191.
71. Lafi S.Q., Al Majali A.M., Rousan M.D., Alawneh J.M., Epidemiological studies of clinical and subclinical ovine mastitis in Awassi sheep in northern Jordan, Prev. Vet. Med. 33 (1998) 171-181.
72. Lagriffoul G., Bergonier D., Berthelot X., Jacquin M., Guillouet P., Barillet F., Facteurs de variation génétiques et non génétiques des comptages de cellules somatiques du lait de brebis en relation avec les caractères laitiers et les mesures portant sur le lait de tank, in: Rubino R. (Ed.), Proceedings of Somatic cells and milk of Small Ruminants, International Symposium, Bella, Italy, Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 149-155.
73. Lagriffoul G., Barillet F., Bergonier D., Berthelot X., Jacquin M., Relation entre les comptages de cellules somatiques du lait de troupeau et la prévalence des mammites subcliniques des brebis estimée avec les comptages de cellules somatiques individuels, in: Barillet F., Zervas N.P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Milking of Small Ruminants. Milking and milk production of dairy sheep and goats, Athens, Greece, Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1999, pp. 151-156.
74. Lagriffoul G., Bergonier D., Bernard J., Millet F., Arranz J.M., Berthelot X., Barillet F., Situación de los recuentos de células somáticas en leche de oveja en Francia, Ovis 66 (2000) 29-34.
75. Las Heras A., Dominguez L., Fernandez-Garayzabal J.F., Prevalence and etiology of subclinical mastitis in dairy ewes of the Madrid region, Small Rumin. Res. 32 (1999) 21-29.
76. Las Heras A., Dominguez L., Lopez I., Paya M.J., Pena L., Mazzucchelli F., Garcia L.A., Fernandez Garayzabal J.F., Intramammary Aspergillus fumigatus infection in dairy ewes associated with antibiotic dry therapy, Vet. Rec. 147 (2000) 578-580.
77. Lee C.S., Outteridge P.M., The identification and ultrastructure of macrophages from the mammary gland of the ewe, Ajebak 54 (1976) 43-55.
78. Lee C.S., Outteridge P.M., Leucocytes of sheep colostrum, milk and involution secretion, with particular reference to ultrastructure and lymphocyte subpopulations, J. Dairy Res. 48 (1981) 225-237.
79. Legrottaglie R., Martini M., Barsotti G., Agrimi P., The effects of ovine lentivirus infection on some productive aspects in a Sardinian sheep flock from Italy, Vet. Res. Com. 23 (1999) 123-131.
80. Leitner G., Chaffer M., Zamir S., Mor T., Glickman A., Winkler M., Weisblit L., Saran A., Udder disease etiology, milk somatic cell counts and NAGase activity in Israeli Assaf sheep throughout lactation, Small Rumin. Res. 39 (2001) 107-112.
81. Lerondelle C., Poutrel B., Characteristics of non-clinical mammary infections of goats, Ann. Rech. Vet. 15 (1984) 105-112.
82. Lerondelle C., Richard Y., Issartial J., Factors affecting somatic cell counts in goat milk, Small Rumin. Res. 8 (1992) 129-139.
83. Ligda C., Mavrogenis A., Georgoudis A., Estimate of genetic parameters for somatic cell counts in Chios dairy sheep, in: 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, No 09-21, 2002.
84. Lohuis J.A.C.M., Berthelot X., Cester C., Parez V., Aguer D., Pharmacokinetics and milk residues of penicillin, nafcillin and dihydrostreptomycin in dairy sheep treated with nafpenzal DC at drying-off, in: Proceedings of the Symposium on residues of antimicrobial drugs and other inhibitors in milk, Kiel, Germany, 1995, pp. 64-68.
85. Lohuis J.A.C.M., Poutrel B., de Cremoux R., Parez V., Aguer D., Milk residues of penicillin, nafcillin and dihydrostreptomycin in dairy goats postpartum treated with nafpenzal N8R at drying-off, in: Proceedings of the Third IDF International Mastitis Seminar, Tel-Aviv, Israel, 28 May-1 June 1995, 2, s-5, pp. 102-103.
86. Longo F., Pravieux J.J., Traitement des brebis au tarissement : Cefovet HL, première AMM pour ovins, in: Proceedings of the Journées Nationales GTV, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 2001, pp. 301-302.
87. Longo F., Béguin J.C., Monsallier G., Delas P., Consalvi P.J., Efficacy of spiramycin and neomycin combination in the control of cell counts and udder pathogens in the dry ewe, in: Rubino R. (Ed.), Proceedings of Somatic cells and milk of Small Ruminants, International Symposium, Bella, Italy, Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 49-52.
88. Lu C.D., Potchoiba M.J., Loetz E.R., Influence of vacuum level, pulsation ratio and rate on milking performance and udder health in dairy goats, Small Rumin. Res. 5 (1991) 1-8.
89. Luengo C., Sanchez A., Corrales J.C., Contreras A., Valoración de un tratamiento antibiotico de secado frente a mammitis subclínicas caprinas, in: Mamitis y calidad de leche, 16 Jornadas Nacionales y las Internacionales del Grupo de Técnicos Especialistas en Mamitis y Calidad de Leche, Murcia 18 y 19 de octubre 1999, Diego Marin editor, 1999, pp. 243-249.
90. MacDougall S., Voermans M., Influence of estrus on somatic cell count in dairy goats, J. Dairy Sci. 85 (2002) 378-383.
91. MacDougall S., Murdough P., Pankey W., Delaney C., Barlow J., Scruton D., Relationships among somatic cell count, California mastitis test, impedance and bacteriological status of milk in goats and sheep in early lactation, Small Rumin. Res. 40 (2001) 245-254.
92. Malher X., Seegers H., Beaudeau F., Culling and mortality in large dairy goat herds managed under intensive conditions in western France, Livest. Prod. Sci. 71 (2001) 75-86.
93. Manlongat N., Yang T.J., Hinckley L.S., Bendel R.B., Krider H.M., Physiologic-chemoattractant-induced migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in milk, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 5 (1998) 375-381.
94. Martinez Navalon B., El recuento de células somaticas en la leche de cabra : factores de variación y efecto sobre la producción y composición de la leche, Ph.D. thesis, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Oct. 2000, p. 308.
95. Mavrogenis A.P., Koumas A., Kakoyiannis C.K., Taliotis Ch., Use of somatic cell counts for the detection of subclinical mastitis in sheep, Small Rumin. Res. 17 (1995) 79-84.
96. Mavrogenis A.P., Koumas A., Gavrielidis. G., The inheritance of somatic cell counts (index of mastitis) in Chios sheep, in: Proc. 6th Int. Symp. of the Milking of Small Ruminants, Athens, Greece, Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999, pp. 389-392.
97. Menzies P.I., Ramanoon S.Z., Mastitis of sheep and goats, Vet. Clin. North Am. Food. Anim. Pract. 17 (2001) 333-358.
98. Mercier P., Baudry C., Lenfant D., Mallereau M.-P., Étude de l'efficacité d'un traitement antibiotique an tarissement chez a chèvre, Recl. Med. Vet. 174 (1998) 7-14.
99. Morgante M., Ranucci S., Pauselli M., Casoli C., Duranti E., Total and differential cell count in milk of ewes during lactation, in: Rubino R. (Ed.), Proceedings of Somatic cells and milk of Small Ruminants, International Symposium, Bella, Italy, Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 41-45.
100. Morgante M., Ranucci S., Pauselli M., Beghelli D., Mencaroni G., Total and differential cell count by direct microscopic method on ewe milk, J. Vet. Med. A 43 (1996) 451-458.
101. Morgante M., Ranucci S., Pauselli M., Casoli C., Duranti E., Total and differential cell count in milk of primiparous Comisana ewes without sign of mastitis, Small Rumin. Res. 21 (1996) 265-271.
102. Morgante M., Beghelli D., Pauselli M., Dall'Ara P., Capucella M., Ranucci S., Effect of administration of vitamin E and selenium during the dry period on mammary health and milk cell counts in dairy ewes, J. Dairy Sci. 82 (1999) 623-631.
103. Moroni P., Cuccuru C., Relationship between mammary gland infections and some milk immune parameters in Sardinian breed ewes, Small Rumin. Res. 41 (2001) 1-7.
104. Naccari F., Martino D., Giofre F., Passantino A., De Montis P., Therapeutic efficacy of tilmicosin in ovine mammary infections, Small Rumin. Res. 47 (2003) 1-9.
105. Nord K., Adnoy T., Effects of infection by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus on milk production of goats, J. Dairy Sci. 80 (1997) 2391-2397.
106. Ostensson K., Variations during lactation in total and differential leukocyte counts, N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, antitrypsin and serum albumin in foremilk and residual milk from non-infected quarters in the bovine, Acta Vet. Scand. 34 (1993) 83-93.
107. Paape M.J., Capuco A.V., Cellular defense mechanisms in the udder and lactation of goats, J. Anim. Sci. 75 (1997) 556-565.
108. Paape M.J., Capuco A.V., Contreras A., Marco J.C., Milk somatic cells and lactation in small ruminants, J. Dairy Sci. 84 (2001) E237-E244.
109. Pengov A., The role of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. and associated somatic cell counts in the ovine mammary gland, J. Dairy Sci. 84 (2001) 572-574.
110. Perez V., Corpa J.M., Garcia Marin J.F., Aduriz J.J., Jensen H.E., Mammary and systemic aspergillosis in dairy sheep, Vet. Pathol. 35 (1998) 235-240.
111. Perez V., Corpa J.M., Garcia Marin J.F., Aduriz J.J., Jensen H.E, Generalized aspergillosis in dairy sheep, Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B 46 (1999) 613-621.
112. Poutrel B., de Cremoux R., Efficacy of antibiotic treatment at drying-off for udder infections in goats, in Proceedings of the Third IDF International Mastitis Seminar, Tel-Aviv, Israel, 28 May-1 June, 1995, 2, s-5, pp. 91-92.
113. Poutrel B., Lerondelle C., Cell content of goat milk: California mastitis test, Coulter counter and fossomatic for predicting half infection, J. Dairy Sci. 66 (1983) 2575-2579.
114. Poutrel B., de Cremoux R., Ducelliez M., Verneau D., Control of intramammary infections in goats: impact on somatic cell counts, J. Anim. Sci. 75 (1997) 566-570.
115. Rainard P., Corrales J.C., Barrio M.B., Cochard T., Poutrel B., Leucotoxic Activities of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cows, Ewes, and Goats with Mastitis: Importance of LukM/LukF'-PV Leukotoxin, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10 (2003) 272-277.
116. Rainard P., The complement in milk and defense of the bovine mammary gland against infection, Vet. Res. 34 (2003) 647-670.
117. Rapoport E., Visinsky Y., Hanoch U., Faingolg D., Shani A., Hatib N., Kussak A., Outbreak of acute ovine mastitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sixth International Symposium on the Milking of Small Ruminants, Athens, Greece, in: Barillet F., Zervas N.P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Milking of Small Ruminants. Milking and milk production of dairy sheep and goats, Athens, Greece. Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1999, pp. 192-195.
118. Reents R., Dekkers J.C.M., Genetic evaluation for somatic cell score with a test-day model for multiple lactations, J. Dairy Sci. 78 (1995) 2858-2870.
119. Romeo M., Esnal A., Contreras A., Aduriz J.J., Gonzalez L., Marco J.C., Evolution of milk somatic cell counts along the lactation period in sheep of the Latxa breed, in: Rubino R. (Ed.), Proceedings of Somatic cells and milk of Small Ruminants, International Symposium, Bella, Italy. Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 21-25.
120. Romeo M., Ziluga I., Marco J., Diagnóstico in situ de la infección mamaria mediante palpación, california mastitis test y su seguimiento mediante recuento de celulas somáticas, Ovis 59 (1998) 61-77.
121. Ronchi B., Lacetera N.G., Bernabucci U., Nardone A., Preleminary report on the relationship between selenium status and milk somatic cell count in selenium deficient sardinian ewes, in: Rubino R. (Ed.), Proceedings of Somatic cells and milk of Small Ruminants, International Symposium, Bella, Italy, Wageningen Pers, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 137-171.
122. Rota A.M., Gonzalo C., Rodriguez P.L., Rojas A.I., Martin L., Tovar J.J., Effects of stage of lactation and parity on somatic cell counts in milk of Verata goats and algebraic models of their lactation curves, Small Rumin. Res. 12 (1993) 211-219.
123. Rupp R., Lagriffoul G., Astruc J.M., Barillet F., Genetic parameters for milk somatic cell count across first three parities and relationships with production traits in French Lacaune dairy sheep, in: Proc. 52th Annu. Mtg. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod., Budapest, Hungary, Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2001, p. 280.
124. Rupp R., Boichard D., Barbat A., Astruc J.M., Lagriffoul G., Barillet F., Selection for mastitis resistance in French dairy Sheep, in: 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, No 09-28, 2002.
125. Rupp R., Boichard D., Genetics of resistance to mastitis in dairy cattle, Vet. Res. 34 (2003) 671-688.
126. Ryan D.P., Greenwood P.L., Prevalence of udder bacteria in milk samples from four dairy goat herds, Aust. Vet. J. 67 (1990) 362-363.
127. Ryan D.P., Greenwood P.L., Nicholls P.J., Effect of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on milk cell count and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity in dairy goats, J. Dairy Res. 60 (1993) 299-306.
128. Sánchez A., Contreras A., Corrales J.C., Parity as a risk factor for caprine subclinical intramammary infection, Small Rumin. Res. 31 (1999) 197-201.
129. Sanchez A., Contreras A., Corrales J.C., Marco J.C., Relationships between infection with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, intramammary bacterial infection and somatic cell counts in dairy goats, Vet. Rec. 148 (2001) 711-714.
130. Sanchez A., Fernandez C., Contreras A., Luengo C., Rubert J., Effect of intramammary infection by Staphylococcus caprae on somatic cell counts and milk composition in goats, J. Dairy Res. 69 (2002) 325-328.
131. Saratsis P., Leontides L., Tzora A., Alexopoulos C., Fthenakis G.C., Incidence risk and aetiology of mammary abnormalities in dry ewes in 10 flocks in Southern Greece, Prev. Vet. Med. 37 (1998) 173-183.
132. Saratsis P., Alexopoulos C., Tzora A., Fthenakis G.C., The effect of experimentally induced subclinical mastitis on the milk yield of dairy ewes, Small Rumin. Res. 32 (1999) 205-209.
133. Schibler L., Roig A., Neau A., Amigues Y., Boscher M.Y., Cribiu E.P., Boichard D., Rupp R., Barillet F., Detection of Quantitative trait loci affecting milk production or somatic cell score in three French dairy sheep breeds by partial genotyping of seven chromosomes, in: 7th Worl Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, No 01-41, 2002.
134. Scott M.J., Jones J.E., The carriage of Pasteurella haemolytica in sheep and its transfer between ewes and in relation to mastitis, J. Comp. Pathol. 118 (1998) 359-363.
135. Scott P.R., Murphy S., Outbreak of staphylococcal dermatitis in housed lactating Suffolk ewes, Vet. Rec. 140 (1997) 631-632.
136. Sears P.M., Smith B.S., Cornetta A.M., Sequential milk sampling to enhance the accuracy of bacteriological culture, J. Dairy Sci. 71 (1988) 261.
137. Sevi A., Massa S., Annicchiarico G., Dell'Aquila S., Muscio A., Effect of stocking density on ewes' milk yield, udder health and microenvironment, J. Dairy Res. 66 (1999) 489-499.
138. Sevi A., Taibi L., Albenzio M., Muscio A., Annicchiarico G., Effect of parity on milk yield, composition, somatic cell count, renneting parameters and bacteria counts of Comisana ewes, Small Rumin. Res. 37 (2000) 99-107.
139. Sevi A., Taibi L., Albenzio M., Annicchiarico G., Muscio A., Airspace effects on the yield and quality of ewe milk, J. Dairy Res. 84 (2001) 2632-2640.
140. Sinapis E., Vlachos I., Influence of the vacuum level of the milking machine and zootechnical factors on the somatic cell counts of local Greek goats, in: Proceeding of the 6th International Symposium on the Milking of Small Ruminants, Athens, September 26-October 1, 1998 (1999) 209-215.
141. Sinapis E., Hatziminaoglou I., Marnet P.G., Abasa Z., Bolou A., Influence of vacuum level, pulsation rate and pulsator ratio on machine milking efficiency in local Greek goats, Livest. Prod. Sci. 64 (2000) 175-181.
142. Smith K.L., Cutlip R., Effects of infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus on milk production in goats, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 193 (1988) 63-67.
143. Stefanakis A., Boscos C., Alexopoulos C., Samartzi F., Frequency of subclinical mastitis and observation on somatic cell counts in ewe's milk in northern Greece, Anim. Sci. 61 (1995) 69-76.
144. Suarez V.H., Busetti M.R., Miranda A.O., Calvinho L.F., Effect of infectious status and parity on somatic cell count and California mastitis test in pampinta dairy ewes, J. Vet. Med. B 49 (2002) 230-234.
145. Tzora A., Fthenakis G.C., Mastitis in dairy ewes associated with Serratia marcescens, Small Rumin. Res. 29 (1998) 125-126.
146. White E.C., Hinckley L.S., Prevalence of mastitis pathogens in goat milk, Small Rumin. Res. 33 (1999) 117-121.
147. Wilson D.J., Stewart K.N., Sears P.M., Effects of stage of lactation, production, parity and season on somatic cell counts in infected and uninfected dairy goats, Small Rumin. Res. 16 (1995) 165-169.
148. Winter P., Colditz I.G., Immunological response of the lactating ovine udder following experimental challenge with Staphylococcus epidermidis, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 89 (2002) 57-65.
149. Wooding F.B.P., Peaker M., Linzell J.L., Theories of the milk secretion: evidence from the electron microscopic examination of milk, Nature 226 (1970) 762-764.
150. Wooding F.B., Morgan G., Craig H., "Sunbursts" and "christiesomes": cellular fragments in normal cow and goat milk, Cell Tissue Res. 185 (1977) 535-545.
151. Ying C., Wang H.T., Hsu J.T., Relationship of somatic cell count, physical, chemical and enzymatic properties to the bacterial standard plate count in dairy goat milk, Livest. Prod. Sci. 74 (2002) 63-77.
152. Zeng S.S., Escobar E.N., Hart S.P., Hinclley L., Baulthaus M., Robinson G.T., Jahane G., Comparative study of the effects of testing laboratory, counting method, storage, and shipment on somatic cell counts in goat milk, Small Rumin. Res. 31 (1999) 253-260.
153. Ziluaga I., Romeo M., Marco J., Prevalencia, patogenicidad y epidemiologia de los microorganismos implicados en procesos mamiticos del ganado ovino, Ovis 59 (1998) 27-49.
154. Ziv G., Profil pharmacocinétique de la spiramycine chez les brebis et les vaches laitières, Cah. Méd. Vét. 43 (1974) 371-390.
155. Ziv G., Soback S., Pharmacotherapeutics of newer antibacterial agents in lactating ewes and goats: a review, in: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Machine Milking of Small Ruminants, Tel Aviv, Israel, 1989, pp. 408-423.