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Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 83-110

Equality of nothing? Social justice on the British Left, c.1911-31

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LEGAL RIGHTS; POLITICAL HISTORY; POLITICAL IDEOLOGY; SOCIAL HISTORY; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

EID: 10644243895     PISSN: 13569317     EISSN: 14699613     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13569310306085     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (7)

References (249)
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    • (1993) Market Socialism: The Current Debate , pp. 300-304
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    • For instance, P. Clarke, 'The social democratic theory of the class struggle', in J. M. Winter (Ed.), The Working Class in Modern British History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 5 and 8;
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    • For a more detailed exposition of this methodology, see M. Freeden, Ideologies and Political Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).
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    • Ref. 1
    • On the alleged vagueness of such theories, see Ellison, Ideologies and Political Theory, 1996 op, cit., Ref. 1, pp.2 and 21-27;
    • (1996) Ideologies and Political Theory , pp. 2
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    • R. H. Tawney: Moral mind
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    • S. Collini, 'R. H. Tawney: moral mind', in Collini, English Pasts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 186;
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    • Oxford: Oxford University Press, Ref. 1
    • and Foote, English Pasts, 1999 op. cit., Ref. 1, pp. 79-80.
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    • Oxford: Oxford University Press, Ref. l
    • On the problematic lack of criteria to justify inequalities, see Gutmann, English Pasts, 1999 op. cit., Ref. l, pp. 78, 80, 85 and 90,
    • (1999) English Pasts , pp. 78
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    • Equality of what?
    • S. McMurrin (Ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • This debate was initiated by A. Sen, 'Equality of what?', in S. McMurrin (Ed.), The Tanner Lectures on Human Values (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 195-234,
    • (1980) The Tanner Lectures on Human Values , pp. 195-234
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    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • with the most influential answers coming in R. Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001),
    • (2001) Sovereign Virtue
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  • 20
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    • On the currency of egalitarian justice
    • and G. A. Cohen, 'On the currency of egalitarian justice', Ethics, 99 (1989), pp. 906-944.
    • (1989) Ethics , vol.99 , pp. 906-944
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    • Democratic socialism and equality
    • London: Cape
    • See, for instance, Raymond Plant's articles, 'Democratic socialism and equality', in D. Lipsey and D. Leonard (Eds), The Socialist Agenda (London: Cape, 1981), pp. 135-155;
    • (1981) The Socialist Agenda , pp. 135-155
    • Lipsey, D.1    Leonard, D.2
  • 23
    • 28344439503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crosland, equality and New Labour
    • London: Macmillan
    • and 'Crosland, equality and New Labour', in D. Leonard (Ed.), Crosland and New Labour (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 19-34.
    • (1999) Crosland and New Labour , pp. 19-34
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    • London: Cape, [1956]
    • In particular, this applies to the relatively weak revisionist claims about the reduction of material inequalities. See, for instance, C. A. R. Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London: Cape, 1964 [1956]), pp. 102-149. These arguments should be seen as a specific response to the apparent success of the 1945 Labour government in redistributing wealth, rather than as more general philosophical claims about social justice.
    • (1964) The Future of Socialism , pp. 102-149
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  • 27
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    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, passim
    • ; and P. Clarke, Liberals and Social Democrats (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), passim.
    • (1978) Liberals and Social Democrats
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  • 28
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    • Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
    • See, for instance, B. Goodwin, Using Political Ideas (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), pp. 42-3, 100 and 380-385;
    • (1997) Using Political Ideas , pp. 42-43
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    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • For a more detailed discussion, see D. Miller, Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 1-20,
    • (1999) Principles of Social Justice , pp. 1-20
    • Miller, D.1
  • 32
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    • Oxford: Oxford University Press, [1971]
    • and for the classic account of the nature of justice that launched a thousand books of political philosophy, see J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 [1971]), pp. 3-15.
    • (1999) A Theory of Justice , pp. 3-15
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  • 34
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    • Rights and responsibilities: A social democratic perspective
    • A. Wright and A. Gamble (Eds), Oxford: Blackwell, especially
    • A useful correction is provided by S. White, 'Rights and responsibilities: a social democratic perspective', in A. Wright and A. Gamble (Eds), The New Social Democracy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), especially pp. 166-170.
    • (1999) The New Social Democracy , pp. 166-170
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    • Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • and, on the organic analogy, M. Freeden, The New Liberalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 94-116.
    • (1978) The New Liberalism , pp. 94-116
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    • The duties of citizenship
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    • and "The duties of citizenship', in B. Bosanquet (Ed.), Aspects of the Social Problem (London: Macmillan, 1895), pp. 8-13
    • (1895) Aspects of the Social Problem , pp. 8-13
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    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [1911]
    • See L. T. Hobhouse, Liberalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 [1911]), pp.79 and 84-87;
    • (1994) Liberalism , pp. 79
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  • 44
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    • New York: Macmillan
    • J. A. Hobson, Work and Wealth (New York: Macmillan, 1914), pp. 226-227;
    • (1914) Work and Wealth , pp. 226-227
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    • London: Methuen & Co
    • G. D. H. Cole, Social Theory (London: Methuen & Co, 1920), pp. 48-50
    • (1920) Social Theory , pp. 48-50
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  • 47
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    • Manchester: Manchester University Press
    • A. W. Wright, R. H. Tawney (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), pp. 58-60.
    • (1987) R. H. Tawney , pp. 58-60
    • Wright, A.W.1
  • 48
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    • Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • Wright also distinguishes Cole's conception of function from the Webbs': G. D. H. Cole and Socialist Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), pp. 54-55.
    • (1979) G. D. H. Cole and Socialist Democracy , pp. 54-55
  • 50
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    • Guild Socialism and ideological diversity on the British Left, 1914-26
    • Ramiro de Maeztu is clearly a thinker of the Right who held an extremely conservative interpretation of 'function' and therefore plays no further part in this paper: for more on his views, see M. Stears, 'Guild Socialism and ideological diversity on the British Left, 1914-26', Journal of Political Ideologies, 3 (1998), pp. 295-298.
    • (1998) Journal of Political Ideologies , vol.3 , pp. 295-298
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    • Guild Socialism and ideological diversity on the British Left, 1914-26
    • Ref. 19
    • See, for instance, Wright, Cole, Guild Socialism and ideological diversity on the British Left, 1914-26, Journal of Political Ideologies, 3, 1998 op. cit., Ref. 19, pp. 13-101;
    • (1998) Journal of Political Ideologies , vol.3 , pp. 13-101
    • Wright1    Cole2
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    • H. Laski, A Grammar of Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1970 [1925]), p. 94;
    • (1970) A Grammar of Politics , pp. 94
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    • Socialism
    • Ref. 22
    • For instance, there was disagreement over precisely how this allocation of individuals to productive tasks would be accomplished, with the pluralists stressing the desirability of maximum individual choice, and organicists advocating a prominent role for the state, so that the distribution of ability would maximize economic efficiency: see Stears, 'Socialism', H. Laski, A Grammar of Politics, 1970, op. cit., Ref. 22, pp. 138-147.
    • (1970) A Grammar of Politics , pp. 138-147
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    • London: T. Fisher Unwin, third revised edition
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    • A plea for equality
    • H. Laski, London and New York: Harper & Brothers
    • See also H. Laski, 'A plea for equality', in H. Laski, The Dangers of Disobedience and Other Essays (London and New York: Harper & Brothers, 1930), pp. 214-216.
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    • A plea for equality
    • London and New York: Harper & Brothers, Ref. 20
    • Tawney is sometimes incorrectly pictured as the originator of this functional view of property rights: see, for instance, Ten-ill, 'A plea for equality', The Dangers of Disobedience and Other Essays, 1930, op. cit., Ref. 20, p. 163.
    • (1930) The Dangers of Disobedience and Other Essays , pp. 163
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    • Political science in Great Britain
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    • Laski, 'Political science in Great Britain', American Political Science Review, 19, 1925, op. cit., Ref. 23, pp. 193-194.
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    • London: Macmillan
    • Other examples of Tawney's influence include J. A. Hobson, Wealth and Life (London: Macmillan, 1929), pp. 228-230;
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    • Acquisitive society
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    • 'Acquisitive society', New Statesman, 28 May 1921, p. 222;
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    • London: Longmans
    • B. and S. Webb, English Poor Law Policy (London: Longmans, 1910), pp. 270-271 and 316-319;
    • (1910) English Poor Law Policy , pp. 270-271
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    • Preface
    • National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution, London: National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution
    • B. Webb, 'Preface', in National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution, The Case for the National Minimum (London: National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution, 1913), pp. iii-iv;
    • (1913) The Case for the National Minimum
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    • London: National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution
    • and B. and S. Webb, The Prevention of Destitution (London: National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution, 1911), pp. 320-321.
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    • Webb, S.1
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    • Seven members of the Labour Party
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    • 'Seven members of the Labour Party', The Labour Party's Aims (London: Allen & Unwin, 1923), p. 58;
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    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • and Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 144.
    • Wealth , pp. 144
    • Hobson1
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    • Ref. 18
    • Tawney, Wealth op. cit., Ref. 18, p. 31.
    • Wealth , pp. 31
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    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • It is worth noting that Hobson criticized this aspect of Tawney's argument in Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 229-230.
    • Wealth , pp. 229-230
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    • Ref. 1
    • For useful discussions of the difficulties with Tawney's conception of function, see Gutmann, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 1, pp. 82-83;
    • Wealth , pp. 82-83
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    • The regulation of wages
    • R. Cecil et al., London: W. Collins & Co.
    • See also Hobhouse, 'The regulation of wages', in R. Cecil et al., Essays in Liberalism (London: W. Collins & Co., 1922), pp. 167-168.
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    • Hobhouse1
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    • Correspondence: Equality of income
    • 24 May
    • Hobhouse, 'Correspondence: equality of income', The Nation, 24 May 1913, p. 312.
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    • Hobhouse1
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    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 239;
    • Wealth , pp. 239
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    • London: Williams & Norgate
    • H. Laski, Communism (London: Williams & Norgate, 1927), p. 178;
    • (1927) Communism , pp. 178
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    • Ref. 23
    • Laski, Communism, 1927, op. cit., Ref. 23, pp. 194-195;
    • (1927) Communism , pp. 194-195
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    • Correspondence: Equality of income
    • 31 May
    • G. B. Shaw, 'Correspondence: equality of income', The Nation, 31 May 1913, p. 350;
    • (1913) The Nation , pp. 350
    • Shaw, G.B.1
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    • Correspondence: Equality of income
    • Ref. 33
    • and Shaw, 'Correspondence: equality of income', The Nation, 1913, op. cit., Ref. 33, pp. 22-23.
    • (1913) The Nation , pp. 22-23
    • Shaw1
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    • op. cit., Ref. 5
    • For further discussion of the problems with Hobhouse's position, see Collini, Liberalism, op. cit., Ref. 5, pp. 134-137.
    • Liberalism , pp. 134-137
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    • Ref. 14
    • See Freeden, The Living Wage, 1926, op. cit., Ref. 14, pp. 42-44;
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    • Private property, liberal subjects and the state
    • A. Simhony and D. Weinstein (Eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • J. Morrow, 'Private property, liberal subjects and the state', in A. Simhony and D. Weinstein (Eds), The New Liberalism: Reconciling Liberty and. Community (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 109-110;
    • (2001) The New Liberalism: Reconciling Liberty And. Community , pp. 109-110
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    • 'Introduction' to G. B. Shaw
    • Boston, MA: Beacon Press
    • and L. Crompton, 'Introduction' to G. B. Shaw, The Road to Equality (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1971), pp. xxx-xxxi.
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    • 'Introduction' to G. B. Shaw
    • Boston, MA: Beacon Press, Ref. 10, for examples of this argument
    • See Clarke, 'Introduction' to G. B. Shaw, The Road to Equality, 1971, op. cit., Ref. 10, p. 66, for examples of this argument.
    • (1971) The Road to Equality , pp. 66
    • Clarke1
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    • Who is getting richer'?
    • 2 November
    • See, for instance, 'Who is getting richer'?', New Statesman, 2 November 1918, pp. 84-85;
    • (1918) New Statesman , pp. 84-85
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    • London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 229
    • and F. W. Pethick-Lawrence's later analysis, National Finance (London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 229, 1929), p. 3.
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    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. xv.
    • Wealth
    • Hobson1
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    • Ref. 40
    • Laski, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 40, p. 121.
    • Wealth , pp. 121
    • Laski1
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    • London: Allen & Unwin
    • For a selection of similar views, see C. D. Burns, Industry and Civilization (London: Allen & Unwin, 1925), pp. 140-141;
    • (1925) Industry and Civilization , pp. 140-141
    • Burns, C.D.1
  • 109
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    • op. cit., Ref. 38
    • Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, p. 162;
    • Elements , pp. 162
    • Hobhouse1
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    • Ref. 25
    • Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 25, pp. 69-71;
    • Elements , pp. 69-71
    • Hobhouse1
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    • The problem
    • J. A. Hobson and M. Ginsberg (Eds), London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, [1931]
    • L. T. Hobhouse, The problem', in J. A. Hobson and M. Ginsberg (Eds), L. T. Hobhouse: His Life and Work (London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1993 [1931]), pp. 281-282;
    • (1993) L. T. Hobhouse: His Life and Work , pp. 281-282
    • Hobhouse, L.T.1
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    • London: Allen & Unwin, [1931]
    • R. H. Tawney, Equality (London: Allen & Unwin, 1964 [1931]), pp. 115-117;
    • (1964) Equality , pp. 115-117
    • Tawney, R.H.1
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    • Ref. 33
    • Shaw, Equality, 1964, op. cit., Ref. 33, p. 21;
    • (1964) Equality , pp. 21
    • Shaw1
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    • What is socialism? Part V: An inference from the law of rent
    • 10 May
    • and B. and S. Webb, 'What is socialism? Part V: an inference from the law of rent', New Statesman, 10 May 1913, pp. 138-140.
    • (1913) New Statesman , pp. 138-140
    • Webb, S.1
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    • What is socialism? Part V: An inference from the law of rent
    • Ref. 15
    • For instance, this is the interpretation favoured by Plant and Vincent, 'What is socialism? Part V: an inference from the law of rent', New Statesman, 1913, op. cit., Ref. 15, pp. 62 and 84-85.
    • (1913) New Statesman , pp. 62
    • Plant1    Vincent2
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    • What is socialism? Part V: An inference from the law of rent
    • Ref. 18
    • Hobson, 'What is socialism? Part V: an inference from the law of rent', New Statesman, 1913 op. cit., Ref. 18, pp. 193 and 167-168.
    • (1913) New Statesman , pp. 193
    • Hobson1
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    • London: National Liberal Club
    • See also Hobson's response to Shaw, printed in G. B. Shaw, The Case for Equality (London: National Liberal Club, 1913), pp. 18-19;
    • (1913) The Case for Equality , pp. 18-19
    • Shaw, G.B.1
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    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • and Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 239.
    • Wealth , pp. 239
    • Hobson1
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    • London: Allen & Unwin, second edition, [1918]
    • G. D. H. Cole, The Payment of Wages (London: Allen & Unwin, second edition, 1928 [1918]), p. 112.
    • (1928) The Payment of Wages , pp. 112
    • Cole, G.D.H.1
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    • op. cit., Ref. 38
    • See also Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, pp. 140-141.
    • Elements , pp. 140-141
    • Hobhouse1
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    • Payment by results
    • 20 September
    • See, for instance, 'Payment by results', New Statesman, 20 September 1919, p. 609.
    • (1919) New Statesman , pp. 609
  • 122
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    • On payment by results
    • 3 June
    • See also G. D. H. Cole, 'On payment by results', New Statesman, 3 June 1922, p. 232,
    • (1922) New Statesman , pp. 232
    • Cole, G.D.H.1
  • 123
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    • On payment by results
    • and Cole, 'On payment by results', New Statesman, 1922, ibid., pp. 108-112
    • (1922) New Statesman , pp. 108-112
    • Cole1
  • 124
  • 125
    • 28344450898 scopus 로고
    • On payment by results
    • Ref. 18
    • Hobhouse, 'On payment by results', New Statesman, 1922, op. cit., Ref. 18, p. 93.
    • (1922) Passim , pp. 93
    • Hobhouse1
  • 126
    • 28344450898 scopus 로고
    • On payment by results
    • Ref. 25
    • See also Hobhouse, 'On payment by results', New Statesman, 1922, op. cit., Ref. 25, pp. 33-34.
    • (1922) Passim , pp. 33-34
    • Hobhouse1
  • 127
    • 28344445638 scopus 로고
    • The problem
    • op. cit., Ref. 46
    • Hobhouse, 'The problem', New Statesman, 1922, op. cit., Ref. 46, p. 286.
    • (1922) New Statesman , pp. 286
    • Hobhouse1
  • 130
    • 28344450553 scopus 로고
    • Seven members
    • Ref. 36
    • 'Seven members...', Taxation in the New State, 1919, op. cit., Ref. 36, p. 50.
    • (1919) Taxation in the New State , pp. 50
  • 131
    • 28344446777 scopus 로고
    • Inequality of income
    • 5 February
    • 'Inequality of income', New Statesman, 5 February 1921, p. 540.
    • (1921) New Statesman , pp. 540
  • 132
    • 28344445335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 33
    • Shaw, op. cit., Ref. 33, passim.
    • Passim
    • Shaw1
  • 133
    • 28344444615 scopus 로고
    • Shavian socialism
    • For a selection of such criticisms, see B. Wootton, 'Shavian socialism', Economic Journal, 39 (1929), p. 76;
    • (1929) Economic Journal , vol.39 , pp. 76
    • Wootton, B.1
  • 134
    • 84989991466 scopus 로고
    • The economic basis of socialism
    • H. D. Dickinson, 'The economic basis of socialism', Political Quarterly, 1 (1930), pp. 566-569;
    • (1930) Political Quarterly , vol.1 , pp. 566-569
    • Dickinson, H.D.1
  • 135
    • 28344457746 scopus 로고
    • Equality of income
    • 10 May
    • 'Equality of income', The Nation, 10 May 1913, pp. 223-224;
    • (1913) The Nation , pp. 223-224
  • 136
    • 28344446776 scopus 로고
    • Mr. Shaw's dogma
    • 9 June
    • S. K. Ratcliffe, 'Mr. Shaw's dogma', New Statesman, 9 June 1928, p. 292;
    • (1928) New Statesman , pp. 292
    • Ratcliffe, S.K.1
  • 137
    • 28344435429 scopus 로고
    • Mr. Shaw's dogma
    • Ref. 18
    • Hobson, 'Mr. Shaw's dogma', New Statesman, 1928, op. cit., Ref. 18, pp. 164-165;
    • (1928) New Statesman , pp. 164-165
    • Hobson1
  • 138
    • 28344448171 scopus 로고
    • Mr. Shaw's dogma
    • Ref. 23
    • and Laski, 'Mr. Shaw's dogma', New Statesman, 1928, op. cit., Ref. 23, pp. 189-190.
    • (1928) New Statesman , pp. 189-190
    • Laski1
  • 139
    • 28344438859 scopus 로고
    • 17 May, 24 May, 31 May and 7 June
    • See also the exchange between Hobhouse and Shaw in the correspondence column of The Nation: 17 May, 24 May, 31 May and 7 June 1913, pp. 268-270, 312, 350-351 and 383-384.
    • (1913) The Nation , pp. 268-270
  • 140
    • 2142679975 scopus 로고
    • London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 192
    • While it is evident that Shaw was isolated on this issue, G. D. H. Cole was somewhat sympathetic to his fundamentalist interpretation of equality: see Cole, Guild Socialism (London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 192, 1920), p. 15;
    • (1920) Guild Socialism , pp. 15
    • Cole1
  • 141
    • 0004214296 scopus 로고
    • London: Leonard Parsons
    • Cole, Guild Socialism Restated (London: Leonard Parsons, 1920), pp. 72-73;
    • (1920) Guild Socialism Restated , pp. 72-73
    • Cole1
  • 146
    • 28344449771 scopus 로고
    • Social democratic
    • Ref. 2
    • See, for instance, Clarke, 'Social democratic', Guild Socialism Restated, 1920, op. cit., Ref. 2, pp. 8-9;
    • (1920) Guild Socialism Restated , pp. 8-9
    • Clarke1
  • 151
    • 9744256658 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Pipkin is here quoting from (and concurring with) J. M. Muirhead's The Elements of Ethics (London, 1921), pp. 135-136.
    • (1921) The Elements of Ethics , pp. 135-136
    • Muirhead, J.M.1
  • 153
    • 28344457745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 46
    • See also Burns, Industry, op. cit., Ref. 46, p. 113;
    • Industry , pp. 113
    • Burns1
  • 154
    • 33747760706 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, entry dated 29 July 1913
    • J. M. Winter and D. M. Joslin (Eds), R. H. Tawney's Commonplace Book (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), entry dated 29 July 1913, pp. 62-67;
    • (1972) R. H. Tawney's Commonplace Book , pp. 6267
    • Winter, J.M.1    Joslin, D.M.2
  • 156
    • 0003754617 scopus 로고
    • London: Routledge
    • Certain writers from our earlier period who worked within the discipline of economics did adopt a more utilitarian perspective. See, e.g. H. Dalton, Some Aspects of the Inequality of Incomes in Modem Communities (London: Routledge, 1920), pp. 9-11.
    • (1920) Some Aspects of the Inequality of Incomes in Modem Communities , pp. 9-11
    • Dalton, H.1
  • 157
    • 28344441436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 230
    • Wealth , pp. 230
    • Hobson1
  • 158
    • 28344441436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 18
    • See also Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 18, pp. 164-166.
    • Wealth , pp. 164-166
    • Hobson1
  • 159
    • 28344441436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shaw, Ref. 48
    • Hobson, in Shaw, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 48, pp. 19-20.
    • Wealth , pp. 19-20
    • Hobson1
  • 160
    • 28344441436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 230.
    • Wealth , pp. 230
    • Hobson1
  • 161
    • 28344431653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 32
    • See also Simon, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 32, p. 6.
    • Wealth , pp. 6
    • Simon1
  • 162
    • 28344450988 scopus 로고
    • Equality of income
    • 10 May
    • 'Equality of income', The Nation, 10 May 1913, p. 224.
    • (1913) The Nation , pp. 224
  • 163
    • 28344444349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 38
    • Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, p. 109.
    • Elements , pp. 109
    • Hobhouse1
  • 164
    • 28344453583 scopus 로고
    • Rights, needs and community: The emergence of British welfare thought
    • A. Ware and R. E. Goodin (Eds), London: Sage
    • For further commentary on the New Liberal view of needs, see M. Freeden, 'Rights, needs and community: the emergence of British welfare thought', in A. Ware and R. E. Goodin (Eds), Needs and Welfare (London: Sage, 1990), pp. 65-68.
    • (1990) Needs and Welfare , pp. 65-68
    • Freeden, M.1
  • 165
    • 1642529299 scopus 로고
    • London: Sage, Ref. 23
    • Laski, Needs and Welfare, 1990, op. cit., Ref. 23, p. 194;
    • (1990) Needs and Welfare , pp. 194
    • Laski1
  • 166
    • 1642529299 scopus 로고
    • London: Sage, Ref. 40
    • Laski, Needs and Welfare, 1990, op. cit., Ref. 40, p. 178.
    • (1990) Needs and Welfare , pp. 178
    • Laski1
  • 167
    • 28344441436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 231-232.
    • Wealth , pp. 231-232
    • Hobson1
  • 168
    • 28344441436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hobson, Wealth, ibid., p. 232.
    • Wealth , pp. 232
    • Hobson1
  • 169
    • 28344444349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 38
    • See also Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, p. 109.
    • Elements , pp. 109
    • Hobhouse1
  • 170
    • 28344439921 scopus 로고
    • Towards social equality
    • Hobhouse Memorial Lecture 1931, London: Oxford University Press
    • J. A. Hobson, 'Towards social equality', Hobhouse Memorial Lecture 1931, in Hobhouse Memorial Lectures, 1930-40 (London: Oxford University Press, 1948), p. 25.
    • (1948) Hobhouse Memorial Lectures, 1930-40 , pp. 25
    • Hobson, J.A.1
  • 171
    • 28344432183 scopus 로고
    • Towards social equality
    • London: Oxford University Press, Ref. 23
    • Laski, 'Towards social equality', Hobhouse Memorial Lectures, 1930-40, 1948 op. cit., Ref. 23, p. 160.
    • (1948) Hobhouse Memorial Lectures, 1930-40 , pp. 160
    • Laski1
  • 173
    • 28344449298 scopus 로고
    • Labour in conference
    • 2 March
    • See, for instance, 'Labour in conference', New Statesman, 2 March 1918, p. 512;
    • (1918) New Statesman , pp. 512
  • 174
    • 28344450061 scopus 로고
    • London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 216
    • H. Laski, Socialism and Freedom (London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 216, 1925), p. 9;
    • (1925) Socialism and Freedom , pp. 9
    • Laski, H.1
  • 175
    • 28344456000 scopus 로고
    • Seven members
    • Ref. 36
    • 'Seven members...', Socialism and Freedom, 1925 op. cit., Ref. 36, p. 52;
    • (1925) Socialism and Freedom , pp. 52
  • 176
    • 28344451815 scopus 로고
    • The simple truth about socialism
    • Shaw, Ref. 42
    • G. B. Shaw, 'The simple truth about socialism', in Shaw, Socialism and Freedom, 1925, op. cit., Ref. 42, pp. 166-167.
    • (1925) Socialism and Freedom , pp. 166-167
    • Shaw, G.B.1
  • 177
    • 28344453269 scopus 로고
    • Ref. 15
    • Plant and Vincent suggest uncertainty amongst New Liberals on this question, but amongst left liberals in this period, there was virtual unanimity that a subsistence level minimum was insufficient: Socialism and Freedom, 1925 op. cit., Ref. 15, pp. 58-63.
    • (1925) Socialism and Freedom , pp. 58-63
  • 178
    • 28344456460 scopus 로고
    • Industrial unrest
    • R. W. Hogue (Ed.), New York: Boni & Liveright
    • B. S. Rowntree, 'Industrial unrest', in R. W. Hogue (Ed.), British Labour Speaks (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1924), p. 97.
    • (1924) British Labour Speaks , pp. 97
    • Rowntree, B.S.1
  • 180
    • 28344450680 scopus 로고
    • Regulation
    • Ref. 38
    • See, for instance, Hobhouse, 'Regulation', The Human Needs of Labour, 1918, op. cit., Ref. 38, pp. 168-172
    • (1918) The Human Needs of Labour , pp. 168-172
    • Hobhouse1
  • 183
    • 28344444349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 38
    • Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, pp. 133-134.
    • Elements , pp. 133-134
    • Hobhouse1
  • 184
    • 84911372775 scopus 로고
    • The right to a living wage
    • W. Temple (Ed.), London: Collegium
    • L. T. Hobhouse, 'The right to a living wage', in W. Temple (Ed.), The Industrial Unrest and the Living Wage (London: Collegium, 1913), p. 69.
    • (1913) The Industrial Unrest and the Living Wage , pp. 69
    • Hobhouse, L.T.1
  • 185
    • 28344432690 scopus 로고
    • The right to a living wage
    • London: Collegium, Ref. 23
    • See also Laski, 'The right to a living wage', The Industrial Unrest and the Living Wage, 1913, op. cit., Ref. 23, p. 195.
    • (1913) The Industrial Unrest and the Living Wage , pp. 195
    • Laski1
  • 186
    • 0000187017 scopus 로고
    • Political thought and the welfare state, 1870-1940: An intellectual framework for British social policy
    • J. Harris, 'Political thought and the welfare state, 1870-1940: an intellectual framework for British social policy', Past and Present, 135 (1992), p. 133.
    • (1992) Past and Present , vol.135 , pp. 133
    • Harris, J.1
  • 188
    • 28344443188 scopus 로고
    • The character and policy of the British Labour Party
    • See also A. Henderson, 'The character and policy of the British Labour Party', International Journal of Ethics, 32 (1921-22), pp. 121-122.
    • (1921) International Journal of Ethics , vol.32 , pp. 121-122
    • Henderson, A.1
  • 189
    • 28344451964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and other early statements of Labour ideology
    • For discussion of the role of the Webbs in drafting Labour and the New Social Order and other early statements of Labour ideology,
    • Labour and the New Social Order
  • 191
    • 60549099975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Webbs, Constitution, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 320-323.
    • Constitution , pp. 320-323
    • Webbs1
  • 192
    • 28344457512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. dt., Ref. 31
    • See also Webbs, Decay, op. dt., Ref. 31, p. 15.
    • Decay , pp. 15
    • Webbs1
  • 193
    • 0004005649 scopus 로고
    • London: Longmans, second edition, [1902]
    • Compare with the presentation of the National Minimum in B. and S. Webb, Industrial Democracy (London: Longmans, second edition, 1911 [1902]), pp. 766-784.
    • (1911) Industrial Democracy , pp. 766-784
    • Webb, S.1
  • 195
    • 60549099975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 35
    • See also National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution, Constitution, op. cit., Ref. 35, p. 18.
    • Constitution , pp. 18
  • 196
    • 28344444349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 38
    • Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, pp. 141-142;
    • Elements , pp. 141-142
    • Hobhouse1
  • 197
    • 28344458044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Hobson, Incentives, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 91-93.
    • Incentives , pp. 91-93
    • Hobson1
  • 198
    • 28344457905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 23
    • Laski, Incentives, op. cit., Ref. 23, pp. 197-198.
    • Incentives , pp. 197-198
    • Laski1
  • 199
    • 28344454563 scopus 로고
    • London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 200
    • See also H. Laski, The State in the. New Social Order (London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 200, 1922), p. 14,
    • (1922) The State in The. New Social Order , pp. 14
    • Laski, H.1
  • 201
    • 28344456312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 22
    • For a more detailed discussion of this dialogue, see Stears, Progressives, op. cit., Ref. 22, pp. 168-198.
    • Progressives , pp. 168-198
    • Stears1
  • 202
    • 28344451343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quality of justice
    • Hogue, Ref. 79
    • C. Gore, 'The quality of justice', in Hogue, Progressives, op. dt., Ref. 79, pp. 146-147.
    • Progressives , pp. 146-147
    • Gore, C.1
  • 203
    • 28344456312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 77
    • See also Laski, Progressives, op. cit., Ref. 77, p. 10.
    • Progressives , pp. 10
    • Laski1
  • 204
    • 28344441436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 253-254.
    • Wealth , pp. 253-254
    • Hobson1
  • 205
    • 28344445061 scopus 로고
    • Acquisitive society
    • 11 June
    • See also G. Wallas, 'Acquisitive society', The Nation, 11 June 1921, p. 401.
    • (1921) The Nation , pp. 401
    • Wallas, G.1
  • 206
    • 28344458044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Hobson, Incentives, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 144.
    • Incentives , pp. 144
    • Hobson1
  • 207
    • 28344444349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 38
    • See also Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, p. 142
    • Elements , pp. 142
    • Hobhouse1
  • 208
    • 84855571894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 25
    • and Elements, op. cit., Ref. 25, p. 34.
    • Elements , pp. 34
  • 209
    • 28344446069 scopus 로고
    • What is socialism? Part XII: The approach to equality
    • 28 June
    • B. and S. Webb, 'What is socialism? Part XII: the approach to equality', New Statesman, 28 June 1913, p. 365.
    • (1913) New Statesman , pp. 365
    • Webb, S.1
  • 210
    • 28344455554 scopus 로고
    • The guild socialists
    • For other criticisms of pluralism on this score, see H. Reynard, 'The Guild Socialists', Economic Journal, 30 (1920), pp. 328-330,
    • (1920) Economic Journal , vol.30 , pp. 328-330
    • Reynard, H.1
  • 211
    • 28344453026 scopus 로고
    • Mr Cole's social theories
    • and D. H. Robertson, 'Mr Cole's social theories', Economic Journal, 30 (1920), pp. 540-541.
    • (1920) Economic Journal , vol.30 , pp. 540-541
    • Robertson, D.H.1
  • 213
    • 28344451604 scopus 로고
    • The great mass of mankind can be induced to regard the doing of a fair day's work as a duty which they owe to society' without any sort of compulsion: 'Incentives under socialism
    • Girard, KA: Haldeman-Julius Publications
    • See Ref. 89 above. Cole remained convinced that 'the great mass of mankind can be induced to regard the doing of a fair day's work as a duty which they owe to society' without any sort of compulsion: 'Incentives under socialism', Little Blue Book No. 1696 (Girard, KA: Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1931), pp. 8-9.
    • (1931) Little Blue Book No. 1696 , vol.1696 , pp. 8-9
  • 214
    • 28344444349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 38
    • See Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, pp. 141-142;
    • Elements , pp. 141-142
    • Hobhouse1
  • 215
    • 28344444349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 25
    • Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 25, p. 116;
    • Elements , pp. 116
    • Hobhouse1
  • 216
    • 28344441436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 224-225;
    • Wealth , pp. 224-225
    • Hobson1
  • 217
    • 28344453728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 94
    • Webbs, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 94, p. 365;
    • Wealth , pp. 365
    • Webbs1
  • 218
    • 28344457745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 46
    • and Burns, Industry, op. cit., Ref. 46, pp. 52-55 and 84-85.
    • Industry , pp. 52-55
    • Burns1
  • 219
    • 28344458044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Hobson, Incentives, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 38.
    • Incentives , pp. 38
    • Hobson1
  • 220
    • 28344442405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Ref. 5 above.
    • See Ref. 5 above.
  • 221
    • 28344457905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 32
    • Laski, Incentives, op. cit., Ref. 32, p. 157.
    • Incentives , pp. 157
    • Laski1
  • 223
    • 28344445790 scopus 로고
    • Ref. 1
    • For other statements of the affinities between the difference principle and Laski's view, see Freeden, Liberty in The. Modem State, 1930, op. cit., Ref. 1, pp. 306-307,
    • (1930) Liberty in The. Modem State , pp. 306-307
    • Freeden1
  • 226
    • 84855571894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 38
    • See also Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, p. 108.
    • Elements , pp. 108
  • 228
    • 28344454136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 61
    • For discussion of the way in which Hobhouse and other New Liberals configured the 'common good' as a distribution-sensitive criterion, see Weinstein, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 61, pp. 176-180.
    • Elements , pp. 176-180
    • Weinstein1
  • 229
    • 28344434284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 12
    • Rawls, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 12, pp. 65-73.
    • Elements , pp. 65-73
    • Rawls1
  • 230
    • 28344441436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • See, for instance, Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 442-43;
    • Wealth , pp. 442-443
    • Hobson1
  • 233
    • 28344457745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 46, passim
    • and Burns, Industry, op. cit., Ref. 46, passim.
    • Industry
    • Burns1
  • 234
    • 20544478054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Liberalism reconsidered
    • H. Tarn (Ed.), Cambridge: Polity
    • My understanding of this point is greatly indebted to the analysis presented by M. Stears and S. White, 'New Liberalism reconsidered', in H. Tarn (Ed.), Progressive Politics in a Global Age (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), pp. 43-46.
    • (2001) Progressive Politics in A Global Age , pp. 43-46
    • Stears, M.1    White, S.2
  • 236
    • 28344453855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Liberalism reconsidered
    • Ref. 25
    • Hobhouse mirrored these sentiments: Hobson, 'New Liberalism reconsidered', Progressive Politics in a Global Age, 2001, op. cit., Ref. 25, p. 19.
    • (2001) Progressive Politics in a Global Age , pp. 19
    • Hobson1
  • 237
    • 28344434283 scopus 로고
    • Hobson's conceptions of human nature
    • M. Freeden (Ed.), London: Unwin Hyman
    • See M. Freeden, 'Hobson's conceptions of human nature', in M. Freeden (Ed.), Reappraising J. A. Hobson (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990), pp. 71-72.
    • (1990) Reappraising J. A. Hobson , pp. 71-72
    • Freeden, M.1
  • 238
    • 28344441436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 234;
    • Wealth , pp. 234
    • Hobson1
  • 239
    • 28344441436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 95
    • Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 95, pp. 89-90.
    • Wealth , pp. 89-90
    • Hobson1
  • 240
    • 28344457512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • For similar examples from the post-war period, see the Webbs, Decay, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 173-174;
    • Decay , pp. 173-174
    • Webbs1
  • 241
    • 60549099975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 31
    • Webbs, Constitution, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 351;
    • Constitution , pp. 351
    • Webbs1
  • 242
    • 28344456313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ref. 26
    • and Burns, Constitution, op. cit., Ref. 26, pp. 84-85.
    • Constitution , pp. 84-85
    • Burns1
  • 244
    • 0003465228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Hobhouse et al.
    • Indeed, it is arguable that social democratic writers of this period offer a clearer position than Rawls in this respect: see G. A. Cohen, If You're an Egalitarian, How Come You're so Rich? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), pp. 117-147. Hobhouse et al. appear to meet Cohen's objection to Rawls that justice requires attention to an egalitarian social ethos as well as coercive social institutions.
    • (2001) If You're an Egalitarian, How Come You're so Rich? , pp. 117-147
    • Cohen, G.A.1
  • 247
    • 28344452392 scopus 로고
    • Correspondence: Equality of income
    • 7 June
    • Hobhouse, 'Correspondence: equality of income', The Nation, 7 June 1913, p. 384.
    • (1913) The Nation , pp. 384
    • Hobhouse1
  • 248
    • 28344441800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit., Ref. 18
    • See also his remarks in Liberalism, op. cit., Ref. 18, pp. 62-63.
    • Liberalism , pp. 62-63
  • 249
    • 3042516454 scopus 로고
    • London: Allen & Unwin
    • Hobson offered a similar diagnosis of the practical applicability of Shaw's political theory in Confessions of an Economic Heretic (London: Allen & Unwin, 1938), p. 73.
    • (1938) Confessions of an Economic Heretic , pp. 73


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