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1
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Compare A. Gutmann, Liberal Equality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 69-95;
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Gutmann, C.A.1
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Labour's political and social thought
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D. Tanner, P. Thane and N. Tiratsoo. Eds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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J. Harris, 'Labour's political and social thought', in D. Tanner, P. Thane and N. Tiratsoo. Eds), Labour's First Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 31-36;
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6
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P. Bardhan and J. Roemer (Eds), New York: Oxford University Press
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D. Miller, 'Equality and market socialism', in P. Bardhan and J. Roemer (Eds), Market Socialism: The Current Debate (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 300-304;
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Miller, D.1
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7
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Oxford: Clarendon Press
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and M. Freeden, Liberalism Divided (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 247-257, 306-307 and 316-318.
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Freeden, M.1
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8
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28344432052
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The social democratic theory of the class struggle
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J. M. Winter (Ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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For instance, P. Clarke, 'The social democratic theory of the class struggle', in J. M. Winter (Ed.), The Working Class in Modern British History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 5 and 8;
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The Working Class in Modern British History
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Clarke, P.1
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Oxford: Clarendon Press
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For a more detailed exposition of this methodology, see M. Freeden, Ideologies and Political Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).
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Ideologies and Political Theory
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Freeden, M.1
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12
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28344432691
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Ref. 1
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On the alleged vagueness of such theories, see Ellison, Ideologies and Political Theory, 1996 op, cit., Ref. 1, pp.2 and 21-27;
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Ideologies and Political Theory
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Ellison1
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14
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28344435430
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R. H. Tawney: Moral mind
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Collini, Oxford: Oxford University Press
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S. Collini, 'R. H. Tawney: moral mind', in Collini, English Pasts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 186;
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English Pasts
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Collini, S.1
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15
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28344447768
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Oxford: Oxford University Press, Ref. 1
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and Foote, English Pasts, 1999 op. cit., Ref. 1, pp. 79-80.
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(1999)
English Pasts
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Foote1
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16
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28344438262
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Oxford: Oxford University Press, Ref. l
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On the problematic lack of criteria to justify inequalities, see Gutmann, English Pasts, 1999 op. cit., Ref. l, pp. 78, 80, 85 and 90,
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(1999)
English Pasts
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Gutmann1
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18
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0000530375
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Equality of what?
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S. McMurrin (Ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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This debate was initiated by A. Sen, 'Equality of what?', in S. McMurrin (Ed.), The Tanner Lectures on Human Values (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 195-234,
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(1980)
The Tanner Lectures on Human Values
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Sen, A.1
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19
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0004223708
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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
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with the most influential answers coming in R. Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001),
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(2001)
Sovereign Virtue
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Dworkin, R.1
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20
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On the currency of egalitarian justice
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and G. A. Cohen, 'On the currency of egalitarian justice', Ethics, 99 (1989), pp. 906-944.
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Ethics
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Cohen, G.A.1
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21
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28344442142
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Democratic socialism and equality
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London: Cape
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See, for instance, Raymond Plant's articles, 'Democratic socialism and equality', in D. Lipsey and D. Leonard (Eds), The Socialist Agenda (London: Cape, 1981), pp. 135-155;
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(1981)
The Socialist Agenda
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Lipsey, D.1
Leonard, D.2
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23
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28344439503
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Crosland, equality and New Labour
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London: Macmillan
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and 'Crosland, equality and New Labour', in D. Leonard (Ed.), Crosland and New Labour (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 19-34.
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(1999)
Crosland and New Labour
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Leonard, D.1
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24
-
-
0004244762
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London: Cape, [1956]
-
In particular, this applies to the relatively weak revisionist claims about the reduction of material inequalities. See, for instance, C. A. R. Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London: Cape, 1964 [1956]), pp. 102-149. These arguments should be seen as a specific response to the apparent success of the 1945 Labour government in redistributing wealth, rather than as more general philosophical claims about social justice.
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(1964)
The Future of Socialism
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Crosland, C.A.R.1
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27
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0004043034
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-
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, passim
-
; and P. Clarke, Liberals and Social Democrats (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), passim.
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(1978)
Liberals and Social Democrats
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-
Clarke, P.1
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28
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-
0004117151
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Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
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See, for instance, B. Goodwin, Using Political Ideas (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), pp. 42-3, 100 and 380-385;
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(1997)
Using Political Ideas
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Goodwin, B.1
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31
-
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0004107877
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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
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For a more detailed discussion, see D. Miller, Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 1-20,
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(1999)
Principles of Social Justice
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Miller, D.1
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32
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0004048289
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Oxford: Oxford University Press, [1971]
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and for the classic account of the nature of justice that launched a thousand books of political philosophy, see J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 [1971]), pp. 3-15.
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(1999)
A Theory of Justice
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Rawls, J.1
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34
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11944272169
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Rights and responsibilities: A social democratic perspective
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A. Wright and A. Gamble (Eds), Oxford: Blackwell, especially
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A useful correction is provided by S. White, 'Rights and responsibilities: a social democratic perspective', in A. Wright and A. Gamble (Eds), The New Social Democracy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), especially pp. 166-170.
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The New Social Democracy
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White, S.1
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36
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0003460262
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Oxford: Clarendon Press
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and, on the organic analogy, M. Freeden, The New Liberalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 94-116.
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(1978)
The New Liberalism
, pp. 94-116
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Freeden, M.1
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37
-
-
0004133213
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Oxford: Blackwell
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See R. Plant and A. Vincent, Philosophy, Politics and Citizenship: The. Life, and Thought of the British Idealists (Oxford: Blackwell, 1984), pp. 22-26,
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(1984)
Philosophy, Politics and Citizenship: The. Life, and Thought of the British Idealists
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Plant, R.1
Vincent, A.2
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40
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-
14644439454
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The duties of citizenship
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London: Macmillan
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and "The duties of citizenship', in B. Bosanquet (Ed.), Aspects of the Social Problem (London: Macmillan, 1895), pp. 8-13
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(1895)
Aspects of the Social Problem
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Bosanquet, B.1
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43
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2942604586
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [1911]
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See L. T. Hobhouse, Liberalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 [1911]), pp.79 and 84-87;
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(1994)
Liberalism
, pp. 79
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Hobhouse, L.T.1
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44
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-
5444273948
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New York: Macmillan
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J. A. Hobson, Work and Wealth (New York: Macmillan, 1914), pp. 226-227;
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(1914)
Work and Wealth
, pp. 226-227
-
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Hobson, J.A.1
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45
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0004328007
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-
London: Methuen & Co
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G. D. H. Cole, Social Theory (London: Methuen & Co, 1920), pp. 48-50
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(1920)
Social Theory
, pp. 48-50
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Cole, G.D.H.1
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47
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28344451966
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Manchester: Manchester University Press
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A. W. Wright, R. H. Tawney (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), pp. 58-60.
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(1987)
R. H. Tawney
, pp. 58-60
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Wright, A.W.1
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48
-
-
0040498384
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Oxford: Clarendon Press
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Wright also distinguishes Cole's conception of function from the Webbs': G. D. H. Cole and Socialist Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), pp. 54-55.
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(1979)
G. D. H. Cole and Socialist Democracy
, pp. 54-55
-
-
-
50
-
-
84937263976
-
Guild Socialism and ideological diversity on the British Left, 1914-26
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Ramiro de Maeztu is clearly a thinker of the Right who held an extremely conservative interpretation of 'function' and therefore plays no further part in this paper: for more on his views, see M. Stears, 'Guild Socialism and ideological diversity on the British Left, 1914-26', Journal of Political Ideologies, 3 (1998), pp. 295-298.
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(1998)
Journal of Political Ideologies
, vol.3
, pp. 295-298
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Stears, M.1
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51
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28344445478
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Guild Socialism and ideological diversity on the British Left, 1914-26
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Ref. 19
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See, for instance, Wright, Cole, Guild Socialism and ideological diversity on the British Left, 1914-26, Journal of Political Ideologies, 3, 1998 op. cit., Ref. 19, pp. 13-101;
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(1998)
Journal of Political Ideologies
, vol.3
, pp. 13-101
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Wright1
Cole2
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55
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0004205482
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London: Allen & Unwin, [1925]
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H. Laski, A Grammar of Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1970 [1925]), p. 94;
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(1970)
A Grammar of Politics
, pp. 94
-
-
Laski, H.1
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57
-
-
28344451816
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Socialism
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Ref. 22
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For instance, there was disagreement over precisely how this allocation of individuals to productive tasks would be accomplished, with the pluralists stressing the desirability of maximum individual choice, and organicists advocating a prominent role for the state, so that the distribution of ability would maximize economic efficiency: see Stears, 'Socialism', H. Laski, A Grammar of Politics, 1970, op. cit., Ref. 22, pp. 138-147.
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(1970)
A Grammar of Politics
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-
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58
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-
28344440060
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London: T. Fisher Unwin, third revised edition
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L. T. Hobhouse, The Labour Movement (London: T. Fisher Unwin, third revised edition, 1912), p. 16.
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(1912)
The Labour Movement
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Hobhouse, L.T.1
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60
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28344449928
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A plea for equality
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H. Laski, London and New York: Harper & Brothers
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See also H. Laski, 'A plea for equality', in H. Laski, The Dangers of Disobedience and Other Essays (London and New York: Harper & Brothers, 1930), pp. 214-216.
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(1930)
The Dangers of Disobedience and Other Essays
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Laski, H.1
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61
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28344449772
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A plea for equality
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London and New York: Harper & Brothers, Ref. 18
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Tawney, 'A plea for equality', The Dangers of Disobedience and Other Essays, 1930 op. cit., Ref. 18, p. 57.
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(1930)
The Dangers of Disobedience and Other Essays
, pp. 57
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Tawney1
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63
-
-
28344437980
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A plea for equality
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London and New York: Harper & Brothers, Ref. 20
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Tawney is sometimes incorrectly pictured as the originator of this functional view of property rights: see, for instance, Ten-ill, 'A plea for equality', The Dangers of Disobedience and Other Essays, 1930, op. cit., Ref. 20, p. 163.
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(1930)
The Dangers of Disobedience and Other Essays
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Ten-ill1
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65
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Political science in Great Britain
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H. Laski, 'Political science in Great Britain', American Political Science Review, 19 (1925), p. 99.
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(1925)
American Political Science Review
, vol.19
, pp. 99
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Laski, H.1
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Political science in Great Britain
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Ref. 23
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Laski, 'Political science in Great Britain', American Political Science Review, 19, 1925, op. cit., Ref. 23, pp. 193-194.
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(1925)
American Political Science Review
, vol.19
, pp. 193-194
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Laski1
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67
-
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5444231070
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London: Macmillan
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Other examples of Tawney's influence include J. A. Hobson, Wealth and Life (London: Macmillan, 1929), pp. 228-230;
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(1929)
Wealth and Life
, pp. 228-230
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Hobson, J.A.1
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69
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28344453856
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Acquisitive society
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28 May
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'Acquisitive society', New Statesman, 28 May 1921, p. 222;
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(1921)
New Statesman
, pp. 222
-
-
-
75
-
-
0007470336
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London: Longmans
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B. and S. Webb, English Poor Law Policy (London: Longmans, 1910), pp. 270-271 and 316-319;
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(1910)
English Poor Law Policy
, pp. 270-271
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-
Webb, S.1
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76
-
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84909129032
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Preface
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National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution, London: National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution
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B. Webb, 'Preface', in National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution, The Case for the National Minimum (London: National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution, 1913), pp. iii-iv;
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(1913)
The Case for the National Minimum
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-
Webb, B.1
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77
-
-
0040236371
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London: National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution
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and B. and S. Webb, The Prevention of Destitution (London: National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution, 1911), pp. 320-321.
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The Prevention of Destitution
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Webb, S.1
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81
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-
28344452744
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Seven members of the Labour Party
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London: Allen & Unwin
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'Seven members of the Labour Party', The Labour Party's Aims (London: Allen & Unwin, 1923), p. 58;
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(1923)
The Labour Party's Aims
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-
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82
-
-
28344441436
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op. cit., Ref. 31
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and Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 144.
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Wealth
, pp. 144
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Hobson1
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83
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28344443439
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Ref. 18
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Tawney, Wealth op. cit., Ref. 18, p. 31.
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Wealth
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-
Tawney1
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84
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28344447237
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op. cit., Ref. 31
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It is worth noting that Hobson criticized this aspect of Tawney's argument in Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 229-230.
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Wealth
, pp. 229-230
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-
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85
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-
28344453399
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Ref. 1
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For useful discussions of the difficulties with Tawney's conception of function, see Gutmann, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 1, pp. 82-83;
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Wealth
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-
Gutmann1
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89
-
-
28344437636
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The regulation of wages
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R. Cecil et al., London: W. Collins & Co.
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See also Hobhouse, 'The regulation of wages', in R. Cecil et al., Essays in Liberalism (London: W. Collins & Co., 1922), pp. 167-168.
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(1922)
Essays in Liberalism
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Hobhouse1
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90
-
-
28344452392
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Correspondence: Equality of income
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24 May
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Hobhouse, 'Correspondence: equality of income', The Nation, 24 May 1913, p. 312.
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(1913)
The Nation
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Hobhouse1
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91
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28344441436
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op. cit., Ref. 31
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Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 239;
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Hobson1
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92
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23044434282
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London: Williams & Norgate
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H. Laski, Communism (London: Williams & Norgate, 1927), p. 178;
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(1927)
Communism
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Laski, H.1
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93
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23044434282
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Ref. 23
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Laski, Communism, 1927, op. cit., Ref. 23, pp. 194-195;
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(1927)
Communism
, pp. 194-195
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-
Laski1
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94
-
-
28344434148
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Correspondence: Equality of income
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31 May
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G. B. Shaw, 'Correspondence: equality of income', The Nation, 31 May 1913, p. 350;
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(1913)
The Nation
, pp. 350
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Shaw, G.B.1
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95
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28344434148
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Correspondence: Equality of income
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Ref. 33
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and Shaw, 'Correspondence: equality of income', The Nation, 1913, op. cit., Ref. 33, pp. 22-23.
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(1913)
The Nation
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Shaw1
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96
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28344432408
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op. cit., Ref. 5
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For further discussion of the problems with Hobhouse's position, see Collini, Liberalism, op. cit., Ref. 5, pp. 134-137.
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Liberalism
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-
Collini1
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97
-
-
12844256557
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-
London: Independent Labour Party
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H. Brailsford, J. A. Hobson, A. Creech Jones and E. F. Wise, The Living Wage (London: Independent Labour Party, 1926), p. 27.
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(1926)
The Living Wage
, pp. 27
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-
Brailsford, H.1
Hobson, J.A.2
Creech Jones, A.3
Wise, E.F.4
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98
-
-
28344456686
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Ref. 14
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See Freeden, The Living Wage, 1926, op. cit., Ref. 14, pp. 42-44;
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(1926)
The Living Wage
, pp. 42-44
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Freeden1
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99
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28344454910
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Private property, liberal subjects and the state
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A. Simhony and D. Weinstein (Eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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J. Morrow, 'Private property, liberal subjects and the state', in A. Simhony and D. Weinstein (Eds), The New Liberalism: Reconciling Liberty and. Community (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 109-110;
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The New Liberalism: Reconciling Liberty And. Community
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-
Morrow, J.1
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101
-
-
28344437337
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'Introduction' to G. B. Shaw
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Boston, MA: Beacon Press
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and L. Crompton, 'Introduction' to G. B. Shaw, The Road to Equality (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1971), pp. xxx-xxxi.
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(1971)
The Road to Equality
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Crompton, L.1
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102
-
-
28344455066
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'Introduction' to G. B. Shaw
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Boston, MA: Beacon Press, Ref. 10, for examples of this argument
-
See Clarke, 'Introduction' to G. B. Shaw, The Road to Equality, 1971, op. cit., Ref. 10, p. 66, for examples of this argument.
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(1971)
The Road to Equality
, pp. 66
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-
Clarke1
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103
-
-
28344435884
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Who is getting richer'?
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2 November
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See, for instance, 'Who is getting richer'?', New Statesman, 2 November 1918, pp. 84-85;
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(1918)
New Statesman
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-
-
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104
-
-
28344453854
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London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 229
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and F. W. Pethick-Lawrence's later analysis, National Finance (London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 229, 1929), p. 3.
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National Finance
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Pethick-Lawrence, F.W.1
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105
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28344441436
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op. cit., Ref. 31
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Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. xv.
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Wealth
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Hobson1
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106
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28344434422
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Ref. 40
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Laski, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 40, p. 121.
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Wealth
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Laski1
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107
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28344446068
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London: Allen & Unwin
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For a selection of similar views, see C. D. Burns, Industry and Civilization (London: Allen & Unwin, 1925), pp. 140-141;
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(1925)
Industry and Civilization
, pp. 140-141
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Burns, C.D.1
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109
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28344444349
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op. cit., Ref. 38
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Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, p. 162;
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Elements
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Hobhouse1
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110
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28344444349
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Ref. 25
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Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 25, pp. 69-71;
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Elements
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Hobhouse1
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111
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28344433625
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J. A. Hobson and M. Ginsberg (Eds), London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, [1931]
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L. T. Hobhouse, The problem', in J. A. Hobson and M. Ginsberg (Eds), L. T. Hobhouse: His Life and Work (London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1993 [1931]), pp. 281-282;
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L. T. Hobhouse: His Life and Work
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Hobhouse, L.T.1
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112
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0003890394
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London: Allen & Unwin, [1931]
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R. H. Tawney, Equality (London: Allen & Unwin, 1964 [1931]), pp. 115-117;
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Equality
, pp. 115-117
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Tawney, R.H.1
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113
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28344450060
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Ref. 33
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Shaw, Equality, 1964, op. cit., Ref. 33, p. 21;
-
(1964)
Equality
, pp. 21
-
-
Shaw1
-
114
-
-
28344447647
-
What is socialism? Part V: An inference from the law of rent
-
10 May
-
and B. and S. Webb, 'What is socialism? Part V: an inference from the law of rent', New Statesman, 10 May 1913, pp. 138-140.
-
(1913)
New Statesman
, pp. 138-140
-
-
Webb, S.1
-
115
-
-
28344437479
-
What is socialism? Part V: An inference from the law of rent
-
Ref. 15
-
For instance, this is the interpretation favoured by Plant and Vincent, 'What is socialism? Part V: an inference from the law of rent', New Statesman, 1913, op. cit., Ref. 15, pp. 62 and 84-85.
-
(1913)
New Statesman
, pp. 62
-
-
Plant1
Vincent2
-
116
-
-
28344446639
-
What is socialism? Part V: An inference from the law of rent
-
Ref. 18
-
Hobson, 'What is socialism? Part V: an inference from the law of rent', New Statesman, 1913 op. cit., Ref. 18, pp. 193 and 167-168.
-
(1913)
New Statesman
, pp. 193
-
-
Hobson1
-
117
-
-
28344446558
-
-
London: National Liberal Club
-
See also Hobson's response to Shaw, printed in G. B. Shaw, The Case for Equality (London: National Liberal Club, 1913), pp. 18-19;
-
(1913)
The Case for Equality
, pp. 18-19
-
-
Shaw, G.B.1
-
118
-
-
28344441436
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 31
-
and Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 239.
-
Wealth
, pp. 239
-
-
Hobson1
-
119
-
-
27344443896
-
-
London: Allen & Unwin, second edition, [1918]
-
G. D. H. Cole, The Payment of Wages (London: Allen & Unwin, second edition, 1928 [1918]), p. 112.
-
(1928)
The Payment of Wages
, pp. 112
-
-
Cole, G.D.H.1
-
120
-
-
28344444349
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 38
-
See also Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, pp. 140-141.
-
Elements
, pp. 140-141
-
-
Hobhouse1
-
121
-
-
28344448170
-
Payment by results
-
20 September
-
See, for instance, 'Payment by results', New Statesman, 20 September 1919, p. 609.
-
(1919)
New Statesman
, pp. 609
-
-
-
122
-
-
28344445914
-
On payment by results
-
3 June
-
See also G. D. H. Cole, 'On payment by results', New Statesman, 3 June 1922, p. 232,
-
(1922)
New Statesman
, pp. 232
-
-
Cole, G.D.H.1
-
123
-
-
28344445914
-
On payment by results
-
and Cole, 'On payment by results', New Statesman, 1922, ibid., pp. 108-112
-
(1922)
New Statesman
, pp. 108-112
-
-
Cole1
-
124
-
-
28344436161
-
-
and passim.
-
Passim
-
-
-
125
-
-
28344450898
-
On payment by results
-
Ref. 18
-
Hobhouse, 'On payment by results', New Statesman, 1922, op. cit., Ref. 18, p. 93.
-
(1922)
Passim
, pp. 93
-
-
Hobhouse1
-
126
-
-
28344450898
-
On payment by results
-
Ref. 25
-
See also Hobhouse, 'On payment by results', New Statesman, 1922, op. cit., Ref. 25, pp. 33-34.
-
(1922)
Passim
, pp. 33-34
-
-
Hobhouse1
-
127
-
-
28344445638
-
The problem
-
op. cit., Ref. 46
-
Hobhouse, 'The problem', New Statesman, 1922, op. cit., Ref. 46, p. 286.
-
(1922)
New Statesman
, pp. 286
-
-
Hobhouse1
-
130
-
-
28344450553
-
Seven members
-
Ref. 36
-
'Seven members...', Taxation in the New State, 1919, op. cit., Ref. 36, p. 50.
-
(1919)
Taxation in the New State
, pp. 50
-
-
-
131
-
-
28344446777
-
Inequality of income
-
5 February
-
'Inequality of income', New Statesman, 5 February 1921, p. 540.
-
(1921)
New Statesman
, pp. 540
-
-
-
132
-
-
28344445335
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 33
-
Shaw, op. cit., Ref. 33, passim.
-
Passim
-
-
Shaw1
-
133
-
-
28344444615
-
Shavian socialism
-
For a selection of such criticisms, see B. Wootton, 'Shavian socialism', Economic Journal, 39 (1929), p. 76;
-
(1929)
Economic Journal
, vol.39
, pp. 76
-
-
Wootton, B.1
-
134
-
-
84989991466
-
The economic basis of socialism
-
H. D. Dickinson, 'The economic basis of socialism', Political Quarterly, 1 (1930), pp. 566-569;
-
(1930)
Political Quarterly
, vol.1
, pp. 566-569
-
-
Dickinson, H.D.1
-
135
-
-
28344457746
-
Equality of income
-
10 May
-
'Equality of income', The Nation, 10 May 1913, pp. 223-224;
-
(1913)
The Nation
, pp. 223-224
-
-
-
136
-
-
28344446776
-
Mr. Shaw's dogma
-
9 June
-
S. K. Ratcliffe, 'Mr. Shaw's dogma', New Statesman, 9 June 1928, p. 292;
-
(1928)
New Statesman
, pp. 292
-
-
Ratcliffe, S.K.1
-
137
-
-
28344435429
-
Mr. Shaw's dogma
-
Ref. 18
-
Hobson, 'Mr. Shaw's dogma', New Statesman, 1928, op. cit., Ref. 18, pp. 164-165;
-
(1928)
New Statesman
, pp. 164-165
-
-
Hobson1
-
138
-
-
28344448171
-
Mr. Shaw's dogma
-
Ref. 23
-
and Laski, 'Mr. Shaw's dogma', New Statesman, 1928, op. cit., Ref. 23, pp. 189-190.
-
(1928)
New Statesman
, pp. 189-190
-
-
Laski1
-
139
-
-
28344438859
-
-
17 May, 24 May, 31 May and 7 June
-
See also the exchange between Hobhouse and Shaw in the correspondence column of The Nation: 17 May, 24 May, 31 May and 7 June 1913, pp. 268-270, 312, 350-351 and 383-384.
-
(1913)
The Nation
, pp. 268-270
-
-
-
140
-
-
2142679975
-
-
London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 192
-
While it is evident that Shaw was isolated on this issue, G. D. H. Cole was somewhat sympathetic to his fundamentalist interpretation of equality: see Cole, Guild Socialism (London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 192, 1920), p. 15;
-
(1920)
Guild Socialism
, pp. 15
-
-
Cole1
-
141
-
-
0004214296
-
-
London: Leonard Parsons
-
Cole, Guild Socialism Restated (London: Leonard Parsons, 1920), pp. 72-73;
-
(1920)
Guild Socialism Restated
, pp. 72-73
-
-
Cole1
-
146
-
-
28344449771
-
Social democratic
-
Ref. 2
-
See, for instance, Clarke, 'Social democratic', Guild Socialism Restated, 1920, op. cit., Ref. 2, pp. 8-9;
-
(1920)
Guild Socialism Restated
, pp. 8-9
-
-
Clarke1
-
149
-
-
10644241210
-
The New Liberalism and the rejection of utilitarianism
-
Simhony and Weinstein, Ref. 42
-
For a more nuanced discussion of the relationship between the New Liberalism and utilitarianism, see D. Weinstein, 'The New Liberalism and the rejection of utilitarianism', in Simhony and Weinstein, The Self, the Individual and the Community: Liberalism in the Political Thought of F. A. Hayek and Sidney and Beatrice Webb, 1987, op. cit., Ref. 42, pp. 159-183.
-
(1987)
The Self, the Individual and the Community: Liberalism in the Political Thought of F. A. Hayek and Sidney and Beatrice Webb
, pp. 159-183
-
-
Weinstein, D.1
-
151
-
-
9744256658
-
-
London
-
Pipkin is here quoting from (and concurring with) J. M. Muirhead's The Elements of Ethics (London, 1921), pp. 135-136.
-
(1921)
The Elements of Ethics
, pp. 135-136
-
-
Muirhead, J.M.1
-
153
-
-
28344457745
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 46
-
See also Burns, Industry, op. cit., Ref. 46, p. 113;
-
Industry
, pp. 113
-
-
Burns1
-
154
-
-
33747760706
-
-
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, entry dated 29 July 1913
-
J. M. Winter and D. M. Joslin (Eds), R. H. Tawney's Commonplace Book (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), entry dated 29 July 1913, pp. 62-67;
-
(1972)
R. H. Tawney's Commonplace Book
, pp. 6267
-
-
Winter, J.M.1
Joslin, D.M.2
-
156
-
-
0003754617
-
-
London: Routledge
-
Certain writers from our earlier period who worked within the discipline of economics did adopt a more utilitarian perspective. See, e.g. H. Dalton, Some Aspects of the Inequality of Incomes in Modem Communities (London: Routledge, 1920), pp. 9-11.
-
(1920)
Some Aspects of the Inequality of Incomes in Modem Communities
, pp. 9-11
-
-
Dalton, H.1
-
157
-
-
28344441436
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 31
-
Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 230
-
Wealth
, pp. 230
-
-
Hobson1
-
158
-
-
28344441436
-
-
Ref. 18
-
See also Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 18, pp. 164-166.
-
Wealth
, pp. 164-166
-
-
Hobson1
-
159
-
-
28344441436
-
-
Shaw, Ref. 48
-
Hobson, in Shaw, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 48, pp. 19-20.
-
Wealth
, pp. 19-20
-
-
Hobson1
-
160
-
-
28344441436
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 31
-
Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 230.
-
Wealth
, pp. 230
-
-
Hobson1
-
161
-
-
28344431653
-
-
Ref. 32
-
See also Simon, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 32, p. 6.
-
Wealth
, pp. 6
-
-
Simon1
-
162
-
-
28344450988
-
Equality of income
-
10 May
-
'Equality of income', The Nation, 10 May 1913, p. 224.
-
(1913)
The Nation
, pp. 224
-
-
-
163
-
-
28344444349
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 38
-
Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, p. 109.
-
Elements
, pp. 109
-
-
Hobhouse1
-
164
-
-
28344453583
-
Rights, needs and community: The emergence of British welfare thought
-
A. Ware and R. E. Goodin (Eds), London: Sage
-
For further commentary on the New Liberal view of needs, see M. Freeden, 'Rights, needs and community: the emergence of British welfare thought', in A. Ware and R. E. Goodin (Eds), Needs and Welfare (London: Sage, 1990), pp. 65-68.
-
(1990)
Needs and Welfare
, pp. 65-68
-
-
Freeden, M.1
-
165
-
-
1642529299
-
-
London: Sage, Ref. 23
-
Laski, Needs and Welfare, 1990, op. cit., Ref. 23, p. 194;
-
(1990)
Needs and Welfare
, pp. 194
-
-
Laski1
-
166
-
-
1642529299
-
-
London: Sage, Ref. 40
-
Laski, Needs and Welfare, 1990, op. cit., Ref. 40, p. 178.
-
(1990)
Needs and Welfare
, pp. 178
-
-
Laski1
-
167
-
-
28344441436
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 31
-
Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 231-232.
-
Wealth
, pp. 231-232
-
-
Hobson1
-
168
-
-
28344441436
-
-
Hobson, Wealth, ibid., p. 232.
-
Wealth
, pp. 232
-
-
Hobson1
-
169
-
-
28344444349
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 38
-
See also Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, p. 109.
-
Elements
, pp. 109
-
-
Hobhouse1
-
170
-
-
28344439921
-
Towards social equality
-
Hobhouse Memorial Lecture 1931, London: Oxford University Press
-
J. A. Hobson, 'Towards social equality', Hobhouse Memorial Lecture 1931, in Hobhouse Memorial Lectures, 1930-40 (London: Oxford University Press, 1948), p. 25.
-
(1948)
Hobhouse Memorial Lectures, 1930-40
, pp. 25
-
-
Hobson, J.A.1
-
171
-
-
28344432183
-
Towards social equality
-
London: Oxford University Press, Ref. 23
-
Laski, 'Towards social equality', Hobhouse Memorial Lectures, 1930-40, 1948 op. cit., Ref. 23, p. 160.
-
(1948)
Hobhouse Memorial Lectures, 1930-40
, pp. 160
-
-
Laski1
-
173
-
-
28344449298
-
Labour in conference
-
2 March
-
See, for instance, 'Labour in conference', New Statesman, 2 March 1918, p. 512;
-
(1918)
New Statesman
, pp. 512
-
-
-
174
-
-
28344450061
-
-
London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 216
-
H. Laski, Socialism and Freedom (London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 216, 1925), p. 9;
-
(1925)
Socialism and Freedom
, pp. 9
-
-
Laski, H.1
-
175
-
-
28344456000
-
Seven members
-
Ref. 36
-
'Seven members...', Socialism and Freedom, 1925 op. cit., Ref. 36, p. 52;
-
(1925)
Socialism and Freedom
, pp. 52
-
-
-
176
-
-
28344451815
-
The simple truth about socialism
-
Shaw, Ref. 42
-
G. B. Shaw, 'The simple truth about socialism', in Shaw, Socialism and Freedom, 1925, op. cit., Ref. 42, pp. 166-167.
-
(1925)
Socialism and Freedom
, pp. 166-167
-
-
Shaw, G.B.1
-
177
-
-
28344453269
-
-
Ref. 15
-
Plant and Vincent suggest uncertainty amongst New Liberals on this question, but amongst left liberals in this period, there was virtual unanimity that a subsistence level minimum was insufficient: Socialism and Freedom, 1925 op. cit., Ref. 15, pp. 58-63.
-
(1925)
Socialism and Freedom
, pp. 58-63
-
-
-
178
-
-
28344456460
-
Industrial unrest
-
R. W. Hogue (Ed.), New York: Boni & Liveright
-
B. S. Rowntree, 'Industrial unrest', in R. W. Hogue (Ed.), British Labour Speaks (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1924), p. 97.
-
(1924)
British Labour Speaks
, pp. 97
-
-
Rowntree, B.S.1
-
180
-
-
28344450680
-
Regulation
-
Ref. 38
-
See, for instance, Hobhouse, 'Regulation', The Human Needs of Labour, 1918, op. cit., Ref. 38, pp. 168-172
-
(1918)
The Human Needs of Labour
, pp. 168-172
-
-
Hobhouse1
-
181
-
-
28344456314
-
-
30 October Cole Papers, Nuffield College, Oxford, F5/1/1
-
and G. D. H. Cole, 'Evidence to the war cabinet committee on women in industry', 30 October 1918, Cole Papers, Nuffield College, Oxford, F5/1/1, p. 40.
-
(1918)
Evidence to the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry
, pp. 40
-
-
Cole, G.D.H.1
-
183
-
-
28344444349
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 38
-
Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, pp. 133-134.
-
Elements
, pp. 133-134
-
-
Hobhouse1
-
184
-
-
84911372775
-
The right to a living wage
-
W. Temple (Ed.), London: Collegium
-
L. T. Hobhouse, 'The right to a living wage', in W. Temple (Ed.), The Industrial Unrest and the Living Wage (London: Collegium, 1913), p. 69.
-
(1913)
The Industrial Unrest and the Living Wage
, pp. 69
-
-
Hobhouse, L.T.1
-
185
-
-
28344432690
-
The right to a living wage
-
London: Collegium, Ref. 23
-
See also Laski, 'The right to a living wage', The Industrial Unrest and the Living Wage, 1913, op. cit., Ref. 23, p. 195.
-
(1913)
The Industrial Unrest and the Living Wage
, pp. 195
-
-
Laski1
-
186
-
-
0000187017
-
Political thought and the welfare state, 1870-1940: An intellectual framework for British social policy
-
J. Harris, 'Political thought and the welfare state, 1870-1940: an intellectual framework for British social policy', Past and Present, 135 (1992), p. 133.
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(1992)
Past and Present
, vol.135
, pp. 133
-
-
Harris, J.1
-
188
-
-
28344443188
-
The character and policy of the British Labour Party
-
See also A. Henderson, 'The character and policy of the British Labour Party', International Journal of Ethics, 32 (1921-22), pp. 121-122.
-
(1921)
International Journal of Ethics
, vol.32
, pp. 121-122
-
-
Henderson, A.1
-
189
-
-
28344451964
-
-
and other early statements of Labour ideology
-
For discussion of the role of the Webbs in drafting Labour and the New Social Order and other early statements of Labour ideology,
-
Labour and the New Social Order
-
-
-
191
-
-
60549099975
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 31
-
Webbs, Constitution, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 320-323.
-
Constitution
, pp. 320-323
-
-
Webbs1
-
192
-
-
28344457512
-
-
op. dt., Ref. 31
-
See also Webbs, Decay, op. dt., Ref. 31, p. 15.
-
Decay
, pp. 15
-
-
Webbs1
-
193
-
-
0004005649
-
-
London: Longmans, second edition, [1902]
-
Compare with the presentation of the National Minimum in B. and S. Webb, Industrial Democracy (London: Longmans, second edition, 1911 [1902]), pp. 766-784.
-
(1911)
Industrial Democracy
, pp. 766-784
-
-
Webb, S.1
-
195
-
-
60549099975
-
-
Ref. 35
-
See also National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution, Constitution, op. cit., Ref. 35, p. 18.
-
Constitution
, pp. 18
-
-
-
196
-
-
28344444349
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 38
-
Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, pp. 141-142;
-
Elements
, pp. 141-142
-
-
Hobhouse1
-
197
-
-
28344458044
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 31
-
Hobson, Incentives, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 91-93.
-
Incentives
, pp. 91-93
-
-
Hobson1
-
198
-
-
28344457905
-
-
Ref. 23
-
Laski, Incentives, op. cit., Ref. 23, pp. 197-198.
-
Incentives
, pp. 197-198
-
-
Laski1
-
199
-
-
28344454563
-
-
London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 200
-
See also H. Laski, The State in the. New Social Order (London: Fabian Society, Fabian Tract No. 200, 1922), p. 14,
-
(1922)
The State in The. New Social Order
, pp. 14
-
-
Laski, H.1
-
201
-
-
28344456312
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 22
-
For a more detailed discussion of this dialogue, see Stears, Progressives, op. cit., Ref. 22, pp. 168-198.
-
Progressives
, pp. 168-198
-
-
Stears1
-
202
-
-
28344451343
-
The quality of justice
-
Hogue, Ref. 79
-
C. Gore, 'The quality of justice', in Hogue, Progressives, op. dt., Ref. 79, pp. 146-147.
-
Progressives
, pp. 146-147
-
-
Gore, C.1
-
203
-
-
28344456312
-
-
Ref. 77
-
See also Laski, Progressives, op. cit., Ref. 77, p. 10.
-
Progressives
, pp. 10
-
-
Laski1
-
204
-
-
28344441436
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 31
-
Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 253-254.
-
Wealth
, pp. 253-254
-
-
Hobson1
-
205
-
-
28344445061
-
Acquisitive society
-
11 June
-
See also G. Wallas, 'Acquisitive society', The Nation, 11 June 1921, p. 401.
-
(1921)
The Nation
, pp. 401
-
-
Wallas, G.1
-
206
-
-
28344458044
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 31
-
Hobson, Incentives, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 144.
-
Incentives
, pp. 144
-
-
Hobson1
-
207
-
-
28344444349
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 38
-
See also Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, p. 142
-
Elements
, pp. 142
-
-
Hobhouse1
-
208
-
-
84855571894
-
-
Ref. 25
-
and Elements, op. cit., Ref. 25, p. 34.
-
Elements
, pp. 34
-
-
-
209
-
-
28344446069
-
What is socialism? Part XII: The approach to equality
-
28 June
-
B. and S. Webb, 'What is socialism? Part XII: the approach to equality', New Statesman, 28 June 1913, p. 365.
-
(1913)
New Statesman
, pp. 365
-
-
Webb, S.1
-
210
-
-
28344455554
-
The guild socialists
-
For other criticisms of pluralism on this score, see H. Reynard, 'The Guild Socialists', Economic Journal, 30 (1920), pp. 328-330,
-
(1920)
Economic Journal
, vol.30
, pp. 328-330
-
-
Reynard, H.1
-
211
-
-
28344453026
-
Mr Cole's social theories
-
and D. H. Robertson, 'Mr Cole's social theories', Economic Journal, 30 (1920), pp. 540-541.
-
(1920)
Economic Journal
, vol.30
, pp. 540-541
-
-
Robertson, D.H.1
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213
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28344451604
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The great mass of mankind can be induced to regard the doing of a fair day's work as a duty which they owe to society' without any sort of compulsion: 'Incentives under socialism
-
Girard, KA: Haldeman-Julius Publications
-
See Ref. 89 above. Cole remained convinced that 'the great mass of mankind can be induced to regard the doing of a fair day's work as a duty which they owe to society' without any sort of compulsion: 'Incentives under socialism', Little Blue Book No. 1696 (Girard, KA: Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1931), pp. 8-9.
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(1931)
Little Blue Book No. 1696
, vol.1696
, pp. 8-9
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-
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214
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28344444349
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op. cit., Ref. 38
-
See Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, pp. 141-142;
-
Elements
, pp. 141-142
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-
Hobhouse1
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215
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28344444349
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Ref. 25
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Hobhouse, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 25, p. 116;
-
Elements
, pp. 116
-
-
Hobhouse1
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216
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28344441436
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op. cit., Ref. 31
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Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 224-225;
-
Wealth
, pp. 224-225
-
-
Hobson1
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217
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-
28344453728
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Ref. 94
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Webbs, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 94, p. 365;
-
Wealth
, pp. 365
-
-
Webbs1
-
218
-
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28344457745
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op. cit., Ref. 46
-
and Burns, Industry, op. cit., Ref. 46, pp. 52-55 and 84-85.
-
Industry
, pp. 52-55
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-
Burns1
-
219
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28344458044
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op. cit., Ref. 31
-
Hobson, Incentives, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 38.
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Incentives
, pp. 38
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-
Hobson1
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220
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-
28344442405
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-
See Ref. 5 above.
-
See Ref. 5 above.
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-
-
-
221
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28344457905
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Ref. 32
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Laski, Incentives, op. cit., Ref. 32, p. 157.
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Incentives
, pp. 157
-
-
Laski1
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223
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28344445790
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-
Ref. 1
-
For other statements of the affinities between the difference principle and Laski's view, see Freeden, Liberty in The. Modem State, 1930, op. cit., Ref. 1, pp. 306-307,
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(1930)
Liberty in The. Modem State
, pp. 306-307
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-
Freeden1
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226
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84855571894
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 38
-
See also Elements, op. cit., Ref. 38, p. 108.
-
Elements
, pp. 108
-
-
-
228
-
-
28344454136
-
-
Ref. 61
-
For discussion of the way in which Hobhouse and other New Liberals configured the 'common good' as a distribution-sensitive criterion, see Weinstein, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 61, pp. 176-180.
-
Elements
, pp. 176-180
-
-
Weinstein1
-
229
-
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28344434284
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-
Ref. 12
-
Rawls, Elements, op. cit., Ref. 12, pp. 65-73.
-
Elements
, pp. 65-73
-
-
Rawls1
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230
-
-
28344441436
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-
op. cit., Ref. 31
-
See, for instance, Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 442-43;
-
Wealth
, pp. 442-443
-
-
Hobson1
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233
-
-
28344457745
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-
op. cit., Ref. 46, passim
-
and Burns, Industry, op. cit., Ref. 46, passim.
-
Industry
-
-
Burns1
-
234
-
-
20544478054
-
New Liberalism reconsidered
-
H. Tarn (Ed.), Cambridge: Polity
-
My understanding of this point is greatly indebted to the analysis presented by M. Stears and S. White, 'New Liberalism reconsidered', in H. Tarn (Ed.), Progressive Politics in a Global Age (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), pp. 43-46.
-
(2001)
Progressive Politics in A Global Age
, pp. 43-46
-
-
Stears, M.1
White, S.2
-
236
-
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28344453855
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New Liberalism reconsidered
-
Ref. 25
-
Hobhouse mirrored these sentiments: Hobson, 'New Liberalism reconsidered', Progressive Politics in a Global Age, 2001, op. cit., Ref. 25, p. 19.
-
(2001)
Progressive Politics in a Global Age
, pp. 19
-
-
Hobson1
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237
-
-
28344434283
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Hobson's conceptions of human nature
-
M. Freeden (Ed.), London: Unwin Hyman
-
See M. Freeden, 'Hobson's conceptions of human nature', in M. Freeden (Ed.), Reappraising J. A. Hobson (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990), pp. 71-72.
-
(1990)
Reappraising J. A. Hobson
, pp. 71-72
-
-
Freeden, M.1
-
238
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28344441436
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op. cit., Ref. 31
-
Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 234;
-
Wealth
, pp. 234
-
-
Hobson1
-
239
-
-
28344441436
-
-
Ref. 95
-
Hobson, Wealth, op. cit., Ref. 95, pp. 89-90.
-
Wealth
, pp. 89-90
-
-
Hobson1
-
240
-
-
28344457512
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-
op. cit., Ref. 31
-
For similar examples from the post-war period, see the Webbs, Decay, op. cit., Ref. 31, pp. 173-174;
-
Decay
, pp. 173-174
-
-
Webbs1
-
241
-
-
60549099975
-
-
op. cit., Ref. 31
-
Webbs, Constitution, op. cit., Ref. 31, p. 351;
-
Constitution
, pp. 351
-
-
Webbs1
-
242
-
-
28344456313
-
-
Ref. 26
-
and Burns, Constitution, op. cit., Ref. 26, pp. 84-85.
-
Constitution
, pp. 84-85
-
-
Burns1
-
244
-
-
0003465228
-
-
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Hobhouse et al.
-
Indeed, it is arguable that social democratic writers of this period offer a clearer position than Rawls in this respect: see G. A. Cohen, If You're an Egalitarian, How Come You're so Rich? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), pp. 117-147. Hobhouse et al. appear to meet Cohen's objection to Rawls that justice requires attention to an egalitarian social ethos as well as coercive social institutions.
-
(2001)
If You're an Egalitarian, How Come You're so Rich?
, pp. 117-147
-
-
Cohen, G.A.1
-
247
-
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28344452392
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Correspondence: Equality of income
-
7 June
-
Hobhouse, 'Correspondence: equality of income', The Nation, 7 June 1913, p. 384.
-
(1913)
The Nation
, pp. 384
-
-
Hobhouse1
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248
-
-
28344441800
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-
op. cit., Ref. 18
-
See also his remarks in Liberalism, op. cit., Ref. 18, pp. 62-63.
-
Liberalism
, pp. 62-63
-
-
-
249
-
-
3042516454
-
-
London: Allen & Unwin
-
Hobson offered a similar diagnosis of the practical applicability of Shaw's political theory in Confessions of an Economic Heretic (London: Allen & Unwin, 1938), p. 73.
-
(1938)
Confessions of an Economic Heretic
, pp. 73
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-
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