Are shorter courses of N-Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning efficacious? A review of the literature

Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 222-228

  Wright, Robert O ^a,c   Santucci, Karen A ^b  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b YALE NEW HAVEN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 10644241828     PISSN: 15228401     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/cpem.2000.6323     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Rumack BH, Matthew H: Acetaminophen poisoning and toxicity. Pediatrics 55:871-876, 1975.
2. Litovitz TL, Smilkstein M, Felberg L, et al: 1996 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 15:447-500, 1997.
3. Rumack BH, Peterson RG: Acetaminophen overdose: Incidence, diagnosis, and management in 416 patients. Pediatrics 62:898-903, 1978 (suppl).
4. Rumack BH, Peterson RC, Koch GG, et al: Acetaminophen overdose. 662 cases with evaluation of oral acetylcysteine treatment. Arch Intern Med 141:380-385, 1981.
5. Smilkstein MJ, Knapp GL, Kulig KW, et al: Efficacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Analysis of the national multicenter study (1976 to 1985). N Engl J Med 319:1557-1562, 1988.
6. Smilkstein MJ, Bronstein AC, Linden C, et al: Acetaminophen overdose: A 48-hour intravenous N-acetylcysteine treatment protocol. Ann Emerg Med 20:1058-1063, 1991.
7. Prescott LF, Illingworth RN, Critchley JA, et al: Intravenous N-acetylcystine: The treatment of choice for APAP poisoning. Br Med J 2:1097-1100, 1979.
8. Prescott L: Treatment of severe acetaminophen poisoning with intravenous acetylcysteine. Arch Intern Med 141:386-389, 1981.
9. Perry HE, Shannon MW: Efficacy of oral versus intravenous N-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose: Results of an open-label, clinical trial. J Pediatr 132:149-152, 1998.
10. Roth B, Woo O, Olson K, et al: Validation of a shorter treatment protocol for acute acetaminophen poisoning based on evidence of liver toxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 36:476, 1998 (abstr).
11. Jollow DJ, Thorgeirsson SS, Potter WZ, et al: Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. VI. Metabolic disposition of toxic and nontoxic doses of acetaminophen. Pharmacology 12:251-271, 1974.
12. Mitchell JR, Thorgeirsson SS, Potter WZ, et al: Acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury: Protective role of glutathione in man and rationale for therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 16:676-684, 1974.
13. Prescott LF: Reactive metabolites as a cause of hepatotoxicity. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 3:437-441, 1983.
14. Clements JA, Critchley JA, Prescott LF: The role of sulphate conjugation in the metabolism and disposition of oral and intravenous APAP in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 18:481-485, 1984.
15. Keays R, Harrison PM, Wendon JA, et al: Intravenous acetylcysteine in APAP-induced fulminant hepatic failure: A prospective controlled trial. BMJ 303:1026-1029, 1991.
16. Harrison PM, Wendon JA, Gimson AE, et al: Improvement by acetylcysteine of hemodynamics and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure. N Engl J Med 324:1852-1857, 1991.
17. Makin AJ, Wendon J, Williams R: A 7-year experience of severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity (1987-1993). Gastroenterology 109:1907-1916, 1995.
18. Makin AJ, Wendon J, Williams R: Management of severe cases of APAP overdosage. Br J Hosp Med 52:210-213, 1994.
19. O'Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al: Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 97:439-445, 1989.
20. Mitchell I, Bihari D, Chang R, et al: Earlier identification of patients at risk from acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Crit Care Med 26:279-284, 1998.
21. Whitcomb DC, Block GD: Association of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with fasting and ethanol use. JAMA 272:1845-1850, 1994.
22. Walker RM, McElligott TF, Power EM, et al: Increased acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity after chronic ethanol consumption in mice. Toxicology 28: 193-206, 1983.
23. Lauterburg BH, Velez ME: Glutathione deficiency in alcoholics: Risk factor for APAP hepatotoxicity. Gut 29:1153-1157, 1988.
24. de Morais SM, Wells PG: Deficiency in bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase as a genetic determinant of acetaminophen toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 247:323-331, 1988.
25. de Morais SM, Wells PG: Enhanced acetaminophen toxicity in rats with bilirubin glucuronyl transferase deficiency. Hepatology 10:163-167, 1989.
26. de Morais SM, Uetrecht JP, Wells PG: Decreased glucuronidation and increased bioactivation of acetaminophen in Gilbert's syndrome. Gastroenterology 102:577-586, 1992.
27. Ullrich D, Sieg A, Blume R, et al: Normal pathways for glucuronidation, sulphation and oxidation of APAP in Gilbert's syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest 17:237-240, 1987.
28. McElhatton PR, Sullivan FM, Volans GN, et al: APAP poisoning in pregnancy: An analysis of the outcomes of cases referred to the Teratology Information Service of the National Poisons Information Service. Hum Exp Toxicol 9:147-153, 1990.
29. Rollins DE, von Bahr C, Glaumann H, et al: Acetaminophen: Potentially toxic metabolite formed by human fetal and adult liver microsomes and isolated fetal liver cells. Science 205:1414-1416, 1979.
30. Crippin JS: Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: Potentiation by isoniazid. Am J Gastroenterol 88:590-592, 1993.
31. Minton NA, Henry JA, Frankel PJ: Fatal APAP poisoning in an epileptic. Hum Toxicol 7:33-34, 1988.
32. Bray GP, Harrison PM, O'Grady JG, et al: Long-term anticonvulsant therapy worsens outcome in paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure [see comments]. Hum Exp Toxicol 11:265-270, 1992.
33. Tiller J, Treasure J: Purging with paracetamol: Report of four cases. BMJ 305:618, 1992.
34. Look MP, Rockstroh JK, Rao GS, et al: Sodium selenite and N-acetylcysteine in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: A randomized, controlled pilot study. Eur J Clin Invest 28:389-397, 1998.
35. Akerlund B, Jarstrand C, Lindeke B, et al: Effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment on HIV-1 infection: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 50:457-461, 1996.