Diagnosis of lung cancer in primary care: A structured review

Family Practice

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 605-611

  Hamilton, William ^a   Sharp, Deborah ^a  

^a Division of Primary Health Care   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Lung cancer; Primary care

Indexed keywords

CALCULATION; CERVICAL LYMPH NODE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLUBBING FINGERS; COUGHING; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DYSPNEA; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FATIGUE; FEMALE; HEMOPTYSIS; HOARSENESS; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; LYMPHADENOPATHY; MALE; MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHOD; MEDICAL LITERATURE; PATIENT REFERRAL; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTION; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; REVIEW; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNITED KINGDOM; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FAMILY PRACTICE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; LUNG; LUNG NEOPLASMS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION; SMOKING;

EID: 10644237849     PISSN: 02632136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmh605     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Quinn M, Babb P, Brock A, Jones J. Cancer Trends in England and Wales 1950-1999. London: The Stationery Office; 2001.
2. Hirsch FR, Franklin WA, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA Jr. Early detection of lung cancer: clinical perspectives of recent advances in biology and radiology. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 5-22.
3. Mulshine JL, Smith R. Lung cancer 2: screening and early diagnosis of lung cancer. Thorax 2002; 57: 1071-1078.
4. Satoh H, Ishikawa H, Yamashita YT et al. Outcome of patients with lung cancer detected by mass screening versus presentation with symptoms. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 2293-2296.
5. Sobue T, Suzuki T, Matsuda M, Kuroishi T, Ikeda S, Naruke T. Survival for clinical stage I lung cancer not surgically treated. Comparison between screen-detected and symptom-detected cases. The Japanese Lung Cancer Screening Research Group. Cancer 1992; 69: 685-692.
6. Hannisdal E, Engan T. Blood analyses and survival in symptom- and survey-detected lung cancer patients. J Intern Med 1991; 229: 337-341.
7. Diederich S. Screening for early lung cancer with low-dose spiral computerised tomography. Lancet 2003; 362: 588-589.
8. Pastorino U, Bellomi M, Landoni C et al. Early lung-cancer detection with spiral CT and positron emission tomography in heavy smokers: 2-year results. Lancet 2003; 362: 593-597.
9. Campbell NC, MacLeod U, Weller D. Primary care oncology: essential if high quality cancer care is to be achieved for all. Fam Pract 2002; 19: 577-578.
10. Mansson J, Marklun B, Hultborn R. The diagnosis of cancer in the 'roar' of potential cancer symptoms of patients in primary health care. Research by means of the computerised journal. Scand J Primary Health Care Suppl 2001; 19: 83-89.
11. Summerton N. Symptoms of possible oncological significance: separating the wheat from the chaff. Br Med J 2002; 325: 1254-1255.
12. Referral Guidelines for Suspected Cancer. London: Department of Health; 2000.
13. Scottish Referral Guidelines for Suspected Cancer. London: Scottish Executive; 2002.
14. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman D. Systematic Reviews in Health Care, 2nd edn. London: BMJ Publishing; 2001.
15. Deville W, Bezemer P, Bouter L. Publications on diagnostic test evaluation in family medicine journals: an optimal search strategy. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53: 65-69.
16. Haynes RB, Wilczynski NL. Optimal search strategies for retrieving scientifically strong studies of diagnosis from Medline: analytical survey. Br Med J 2004; 328: 1040.
17. Chute CG, Greenberg ER, Baron J, Korson R, Baker J, Yates J. Presenting conditions of 1539 population-based lung cancer patients by cell type and stage in New Hampshire and Vermont. Cancer 1985; 56: 2107-2111.
18. Fink G, Krelbaum T, Yellin A et al. Pulmonary carcinoid. Presentation, diagnosis and outcome in 142 cases in Israel and review of 640 cases from the literature. Chest 2001; 119: 1647-1651.
19. Peto J, Decarli A, La Vecchia C, Levi F, Negri E. The European mesothelioma epidemic. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 666-672.
20. Hawson G, Zimmerman P, Ford C, Johnston N, Firouz-Abadi A. Primary lung cancer: characterisation and survival of 1024 patients treated in a single institution. Med J Aust 1990; 152: 230-240.
21. Koyi H, Hillerdal G, Branden E. A prospective study of a total material of lung cancer from a county in Sweden 1997-1999: gender, symptoms, type, stage, and smoking habits. Lung Cancer 2002; 36: 9-14.
22. Cromartie RS 3rd, Parker EF, May JE, Metcalf JS, Bartles DM. Carcinoma of the lung: a clinical review. Ann Thorac Surg 1980; 30: 30-35.
23. Mansson J, Bengtsson C. Pulmonary cancer from the general practitioner's point of view. Experience from the health centre area of Kungsbacka, Sweden. Scand J Primary Health Care Suppl 1994; 12: 39-43.
24. Fergusson R, Gregor A, Dodds R, Kerr G. Management of lung cancer in South East Scotland. Thorax 1996; 51: 569-574.
25. Dische S, Gibson D, Parmar M, Saunders MI. Time course from first symptom to treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer referred for radiotherapy: a report by the CHART Steering Committee. Thorax 1996; 51: 1262-1265.
26. Maguire A, Porta M, Malats N, Gallen M, Pinol JL, Fernandez E. Cancer survival and the duration of symptoms. An analysis of possible forms of the risk function. ISDS II Project Investigators. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A: 785-792.
27. de la Monte SM, Hutchins GM, Moore GW. Paraneoplastic syndromes and constitutional symptoms in prediction of metastatic behavior of small cell carcinoma of the lung. Am J Med 1984; 77: 851-857.
28. ISD online: lung cancer: National Statistics.
29. Weiss W, Seidman H, Boucot KR. The Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasm Research Project. Symptoms in occult lung cancer. Chest 1978; 73: 57-61.
30. Salajka F. Occurrence of haemoptysis in patients with newly diagnosed lung malignancy. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1999; 129: 1487-1491.
31. Hopwood P, Stephens RJ. Symptoms at presentation for treatment in patients with lung cancer: implications for the evaluation of palliative treatment. The Medical Research Council (MRC) Lung Cancer Working Party. Br J Cancer 1995; 71: 633-636.
32. Rostad H, Vale JR, Nesthus I. Lung cancer. Symptoms, signs and diagnostic criteria. Scand J Respir Dis 1979; 60: 184-90.
33. Trendelenburg F. Lung carcinoma: detection of risk-collectives and early symptoms. Scand J Respir Dis Suppl 1974; 89: 79-83.
34. Lederle FA, Nichol KL, Parenti CM. Bronchoscopy to evaluate hemoptysis in older men with nonsuspicious chest roentgenograms. Chest 1989; 95: 1043-1047.
35. Herth F, Ernst A, Becker HD. Long-term outcome and lung cancer incidence in patients with hemoptysis of unknown origin. Chest 2001; 120: 1592-4.
36. Hyde L, Hyde CI. Clinical manifestations of lung cancer. Chest 1974; 65: 299-306.
37. Muers MF, Round CE. Palliation of symptoms in non-small cell lung cancer: a study by the Yorkshire Regional Cancer Organisation Thoracic Group. Thorax 1993; 48: 339-343.
38. Johnston H, Reisz G. Changing spectrum of hemoptysis. Underlying causes in 148 patients undergoing diagnostic flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1666-1668.
39. Alaoui AY, Bartal M, el Boutahiri A et al. Clinical characteristics and etiology in hemoptysis in a pneumology service. 291 cases. Rev Malad Resp 1992; 9: 295-300.
40. Haro M, Nunez A, Vizcaya M, Tirado R, Fernandez JM, Munoz-Rino F. Impact of gender and influence of tobacco on the etiology of patients with hemoptysis. An Med Intern 1999; 16 (5): 239-243.
41. Okkes IM, Oskam SK, Lamberts H. The probability of specific diagnoses for patients presenting with common symptoms to Dutch family physicians. J Fam Pract 2002; 51: 31-36.
42. Mehdi SA, Etzell JE, Newman NB, Weidner N, Kohman LJ, Graziano SL. Prognostic significance of Ki-67 immunostaining and symptoms in resected stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 1998; 20: 99-108.
43. DeMaria LC Jr, Cohen HJ. Characteristics of lung cancer in elderly patients. J Gerontol 1987; 42: 540-545.
44. Wells CK, Feinstein AR. Detection bias in the diagnostic pursuit of lung cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128: 1016-1026.
45. Sridhar KS, Lobo CF, Altman RD. Digital clubbing and lung cancer. Chest 1998; 114: 1535-1537.
46. Baughman RP, Gunther KL, Buchsbaum JA, Lower EE. Prevalence of digital clubbing in bronchogenic carcinoma by a new digital index. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16: 21-26.
47. Wolf M, Holle R, Hans K, Drings P, Havemann K. Analysis of prognostic factors in 766 patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC): the role of sex as a predictor for survival. Br J Cancer 1991; 63: 986-992.
48. Eriksson H, Svardsudd K, Larsson B et al. Dyspnoea in a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study of middle-aged men: the study of men born in 1913 and 1923. Eur Heart J 1987; 8: 1015-1023.
49. Allhiser IN, McKnight TA, Shank JC. Lymphadenopathy in a family practice. J Fam Pract 1981; 12: 27-32.
50. Williamson HA Jr. Lymphadenopathy in a family practice: a descriptive study of 249 cases. J Fam Pract 1985; 20: 449-452.
51. Fijten GH, Blijham GH. Unexplained lymphadenopathy in family practice. An evaluation of the probability of malignant causes and the effectiveness of physicians' workup. J Fam Pract 1988; 27: 373-376.
52. Knottnerus JA, Letters P. The influence of referral patterns on the characteristics of diagnostic tests. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 1143-1154.
53. Haro Estarriol M, Vizcaya Sanchez M, Rubio Goday M, Jimenez Lopez J, Nunez Ares A, Tornero Molina A. Utility of the clinical history, physical examination and radiography in the localization of bleeding in patients with hemoptysis. An Med Intern 2002; 19: 289-295.
54. Kuyvenhoven MM, Spreeuwenberg C, Touw-Otten FW. Diagnostic styles of general practitioners confronted with ambiguous symptoms. An exploratory study. Scand J Primary Health Care 1989; 7: 43-48.
55. O'Neil KM, Lazarus AA. Hemoptysis. Indications for bronchoscopy. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 171-4.
56. Colice GL. Detecting lung cancer as a cause of hemoptysis in patients with a normal chest radiograph: bronchoscopy vs CT. Chest 1997; 111: 877-884.
57. Hirshberg B, Biran I, Glazer M, Kramer MR. Hemoptysis: etiology, evaluation, and outcome in a tertiary referral hospital. Chest 1997; 112: 440-444.
58. Kaminski J. Frequency and causes of hemoptysis and role of bronchoscopy in patients with normal chest roentgenogram hospitalized in the Department of Physiopneumonology Silesian Medical University in the years 1961-1996. Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2001; 69 (11-12): 663-668.
59. Hernandez JL, Matorras P, Riancho JA, Gonzalez-Macias J. Involuntary weight loss without specific symptoms: a clinical prediction score for malignant neoplasm. Q J Med 2003; 96: 649-655.
60. Hernandez JL, Riancho JA, Matorras P, Gonzalez-Macias J. Clinical evaluation for cancer in patients with involuntary weight loss without specific symptoms. Am J Med 2003; 114: 631-637.
61. Kenter E, Okkes I, Oskam S, Lamberts H. Tiredness in Dutch family practice. Data on patients complaining of and/or diagnosed with 'tiredness'. Fam Pract 2003; 20: 434-440.
62. Brashers VL, Haden K. Differential diagnosis of cough: focus on lung malignancy. Lippincott's Primary Care Pract 2000; 4: 374-89.
63. Morice A, Kastelik J. Cough. 1: chronic cough in adults. Thorax 2003; 58: 901-907.
64. Liedekerken BM, Hoogendam A, Buntinx F, van der Weyden T, de Vet HC. Prolonged cough and lung cancer: the need for more general practice research to inform clinical decision-making. Br J Gen Pract 1997; 47: 505.
65. Kardos P, Gebhardt T. Chronic persistent cough in general practice: diagnosis and therapy in 329 patients over the course of 2 years. Pneumologie 1996; 50: 437-441.
66. Boucot KR, Seidman H, Weiss W. The Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasm Research Project. The risk of lung cancer in relation to symptoms and roentgenographic abnormalities. Environ Res 1977; 13: 451-469.
67. McGarvey L, Heaney L, Lawson J et al. Evaluation and outcome of patients with chronic non-productive cough using a comprehensive diagnostic protocol. Thorax 1998; 53: 738-743.
68. McGarvey LP, Heaney LG, MacMahon J. A retrospective survey of diagnosis and management of patients presenting with chronic cough to a general chest clinic. Int J Clin Pract 1998; 52: 158-161.
69. Furuta M, Hayakawa K, Saito Y et al. Clinical implication of symptoms in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with definitive radiation therapy. Lung Cancer 1995; 13: 275-283.
70. Pratter MR, Curley FJ, Dubois J, Irwin RS. Cause and evaluation of chronic dyspnea in a pulmonary disease clinic. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 2277-2282.
71. DePaso WJ, Winterbauer RH, Lusk JA, Dreis DF, Springmeyer SC. Chronic dyspnea unexplained by history, physical examination, chest roentgenogram, and spirometry. Analysis of a seven-year experience. Chest 1991; 100: 1293-1299.
72. Nielsen LS, Svanegaard J, Wiggers P, Egeblad H. The yield of a diagnostic hospital dyspnoea clinic for the primary health care section. J Intern Med 2001; 250: 422-428.
73. Jarhult B, Persson GB, Valeur E. Hoarseness from the viewpoint of primary care. Nord Med 1983; 98: 35-49.
74. Mazel JA, Drijber NW, Flikweert S, van Zanten ME. An eye on the vocal cords: family practitioner and hoarseness. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2001; 145 (21): 985-989.
75. Freund KM, Belanger AJ, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB. The health risks of smoking. The Framingham Study: 34 years of follow-up. Ann Epidemiol 1993; 3: 417-424.
76. Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Woolner LB, Taylor WF, Miller WE, Muhm JR. Lung cancer screening: the Mayo program. J Occup Med 1986; 28: 746-750.
77. Gledhill A, Bates C, Henderson D, DaCosta P, Thomas G. Sputum cytology: a limited role. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50: 566-568.
78. Sing A, Freudenberg N, Kortsik C, Wertzel H, Klosa B, Hasse J. Comparison of the sensitivity of sputum and brush cytology in the diagnosis of lung carcinomas. Acta Cytol 1997; 41: 399-408.
79. MacDougall B, Weinerman B. The value of sputum cytology. J Gen Intern Med 1992; 7: 11-13.
80. Petty TL. The early identification of lung carcinoma by sputum cytology. Cancer 2000; 89 (11 Suppl): 2461-2564.
81. Murray KL, Duvall E, Salter DM, Monaghan H. Efficacy and pattern of use of sputum cytology as a diagnostic test. Cytopathology 2002; 13: 350-354.
82. Hamilton W, Sharp D. Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines. Fam Pract 2004; 21: 99-106.
83. Green LA, Fryer GE Jr, Yawn BP, Lanier D, Dovey SM. The ecology of medical care revisited. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 2021-2025.