메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 157-172

Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Author keywords

Dependency paradigm; Enclave tourism; International and domestic tourism; Okavango Delta; Poverty; Sustainable development

Indexed keywords

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM; RURAL ECONOMY; SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 10444282107     PISSN: None     EISSN: 02615177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (289)

References (78)
  • 1
    • 10444233757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poverty assessment study at Gonotsoga and Eretsha
    • Agency for Co-operation and Research in Development, ACORD (2002a). Gumare: ACORD
    • Agency for Co-operation and Research in Development, ACORD (2002a). Poverty assessment study at Gonotsoga and Eretsha. Gumare: ACORD.
    • (2002)
  • 2
    • 10444266138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poverty assessment study at Habu
    • Agency for Co-operation and Research in Development, ACORD (2002b). Gumare: ACORD
    • Agency for Co-operation and Research in Development, ACORD (2002b). Poverty assessment study at Habu. Gumare: ACORD.
    • (2002)
  • 3
    • 10444266138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poverty assessment study at Gudigwa
    • Agency for Co-operation and Research in Development, ACORD (2002c). Gumare: ACORD
    • Agency for Co-operation and Research in Development, ACORD (2002c). Poverty assessment study at Gudigwa. Gumare: ACORD.
    • (2002)
  • 4
    • 10444266138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poverty assessment study at Qangwa
    • Agency for Co-operation and research in Development, ACORD Gumare: ACORD
    • Agency for Co-operation and research in Development, ACORD (2002d). Poverty assessment study at Qangwa. Gumare: ACORD.
    • (2002)
  • 5
    • 0036139663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operational sustainability in regional tourism planning: An application of the limits of acceptable change framework
    • Ahn B. Lee B. & Shafer C.S. Operational sustainability in regional tourism planning: An application of the limits of acceptable change framework Tourism Management 23 2002 1-15
    • (2002) Tourism Management , vol.23 , pp. 1-15
    • Ahn, B.1    Lee, B.2    Shafer, C.S.3
  • 6
    • 0038646091 scopus 로고
    • Project appraisal and sustainability in less developed countries
    • Norway: Bergen Print Services
    • Angelsen A. Fjeldstad O. & Rashid-Sumaila U. Project appraisal and sustainability in less developed countries 1994 Bergen Print Services Norway
    • (1994)
    • Angelsen, A.1    Fjeldstad, O.2    Rashid-Sumaila, U.3
  • 7
    • 0037631639 scopus 로고
    • Community based tourism as a strategy for CBNRM: Options and potentials for achieving conservation and development through non-consumptive tourism in Namibia
    • E. Rihoy (Ed.), The commons without tragedy? Strategies for community-based natural resources management in southern Africa. SADC Wildlife Technical Co-ordinating Unit, Kasane
    • Ashley C. (1995). Community based tourism as a strategy for CBNRM: Options and potentials for achieving conservation and development through non-consumptive tourism in Namibia. In E. Rihoy (Ed.), The commons without tragedy? Strategies for community-based natural resources management in southern Africa. Proceedings of the regional natural resources management programme annual conference, SADC Wildlife Technical Co-ordinating Unit, Kasane (pp. 56-94).
    • (1995) Proceedings of the Regional Natural Resources Management Programme Annual Conference , pp. 56-94
    • Ashley, C.1
  • 8
    • 0038307113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual report and economic review 1999
    • Bank of Botswana, BoB (1999). Bank of Botswana, Gaborone
    • Bank of Botswana, BoB (1999). Annual report and economic review 1999. Bank of Botswana, Gaborone.
    • (1999)
  • 9
    • 0037631640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tourism economic impact assessment
    • Botswana Tourism Development Programme, BTDP Department of Tourism, Gaborone
    • Botswana Tourism Development Programme, BTDP (1999). Tourism economic impact assessment. Department of Tourism, Gaborone.
    • (1999)
  • 10
    • 0020408086 scopus 로고
    • The Political economy of tourism in the third world
    • Britton S.G. The Political economy of tourism in the third world Annals of Tourism Research 9 1982 331-358
    • (1982) Annals of Tourism Research , vol.9 , pp. 331-358
    • Britton, S.G.1
  • 11
    • 0346528696 scopus 로고
    • Tourism and development
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Bryden J.M. Tourism and development: A case study of the commonwealth carribbean 1973 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
    • (1973)
    • Bryden, J.M.1
  • 12
    • 0037969869 scopus 로고
    • Sustainable tourism in the third world: Problems and prospects
    • Discussion Paper No. 3, University of Readings, London
    • Carter E. (1991). Sustainable tourism in the third world: Problems and prospects. Discussion Paper No. 3, University of Readings, London.
    • (1991)
    • Carter, E.1
  • 13
    • 10444224070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving women's participation in community-based natural resource management in Botswana
    • Community-based natural resource management support programme, occasional Paper Series No. 5, Gaborone
    • Cassidy L. (2001). Improving women's participation in community-based natural resource management in Botswana. Community-based natural resource management support programme, occasional Paper Series No. 5, Gaborone.
    • (2001)
    • Cassidy, L.1
  • 14
    • 0003809191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tourism, ecotourism and protected areas
    • Gland: IUCN Publication
    • Ceballos-Lascurain H. Tourism, ecotourism and protected areas 1996 IUCN Publication Gland
    • (1996)
    • Ceballos-Lascurain, H.1
  • 15
    • 10444238766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central Statistic office, CSO 1995/96 labour force surveys. Gaborone: Ministry of Finance and Development Planning
    • Central Statistic office, CSO (1998). 1995/96 labour force surveys. Gaborone: Ministry of Finance and Development Planning.
    • (1998)
  • 16
    • 4043114067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National population and housing census
    • Central Statistic office, CSO Gaborone: Ministry of Finance and Development Planning
    • Central Statistic office, CSO (2002). National population and housing census. Gaborone: Ministry of Finance and Development Planning.
    • (2002)
  • 17
    • 0012947072 scopus 로고
    • Beitrage zu einer Geographie des Fremdenverkehrs
    • Christaller W. Beitrage zu einer Geographie des Fremdenverkehrs Erdkunde 9 1955 1-19
    • (1955) Erdkunde , vol.9 , pp. 1-19
    • Christaller, W.1
  • 18
    • 0002410849 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the interaction between heritage, environment and tourism: Mykonos
    • H. Coccossis, & P. Nijkamp (Eds.), Hong Kong: Avebury
    • Coccossis H. & Parpairis A. Assessing the interaction between heritage, environment and tourism: Mykonos In: Coccossis H. Nijkamp P. (Eds.) Sustainable tourism development 1995 127-140 Avebury Hong Kong
    • (1995) Sustainable Tourism Development , pp. 127-140
    • Coccossis, H.1    Parpairis, A.2
  • 19
    • 10444282895 scopus 로고
    • Research on women in economy and its impact on policy making in Botswana
    • Department of Research and Development, University of Botswana, Gaborone
    • Data K. (1993). Research on women in economy and its impact on policy making in Botswana. Department of Research and Development, University of Botswana, Gaborone.
    • (1993)
    • Data, K.1
  • 20
    • 10444290152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botswana tourism master plan: Final report
    • Department of Tourism, DOT Department of Tourism, Gaborone
    • Department of Tourism, DOT (2000). Botswana tourism master plan: Final report. Department of Tourism, Gaborone.
    • (2000)
  • 21
    • 10444251996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visitor statistics-revenue by type of fee, January-December
    • Department of Wildlife and National Parks, DWNP (2000, 2001, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Gaborone
    • Department of Wildlife and National Parks, DWNP (2000, 2001, 2002). Visitor statistics-revenue by type of fee, January-December. Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Gaborone.
    • (2002)
  • 22
    • 85040889081 scopus 로고
    • Colonialism and development in the contemporary world
    • London: Mansell
    • Dixon C. Heffernam M. Colonialism and development in the contemporary world 1991 Mansell London
    • (1991)
    • Dixon, C.1    Heffernam, M.2
  • 23
    • 0006172726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tourism and the environment in the Carribbean: An economic framework
    • Environment Department, World Bank, Washington D.C
    • Dixon J. Hamilton K. Pagiola S. Segrestan L. (2000). Tourism and the environment in the Carribbean: An economic framework. Environment Department, World Bank, Washington D.C., 45pp.
    • (2000) , pp. 45
    • Dixon, J.1    Hamilton, K.2    Pagiola, S.3    Segrestan, L.4
  • 24
    • 0003908758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A statistical Review of Tourism
    • DoT Department of Tourism, Gaborone
    • DoT (2002). A statistical Review of Tourism. Department of Tourism, Gaborone.
    • (2002)
  • 25
    • 0037969870 scopus 로고
    • Internal colonialism
    • Edinburgh: Developing Areas Research Group, Institute of British Geographers
    • Drakakis-Smith D. Willams S. Internal colonialism: Essays around a theme 1983 Developing Areas Research Group, Institute of British Geographers Edinburgh
    • (1983)
    • Drakakis-Smith, D.1    Willams, S.2
  • 26
    • 0003901672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socio-economic effects of CBPP in Ngamiland
    • Division of Agricultural Planning and Statistics. Ministry of Agriculture
    • Fidzani B. Mlenga W.S. Atlhopheng M. & Shatera M.M. (1999). Socio-economic effects of CBPP in Ngamiland. Division of Agricultural Planning and Statistics. Ministry of Agriculture.
    • (1999)
    • Fidzani, B.1    Mlenga, W.S.2    Atlhopheng, M.3    Shatera, M.M.4
  • 27
    • 10444233758 scopus 로고
    • The contribution of the tourist industry to the economy of the republic of Botswana
    • Gaborone: Kalahari Conservation Society
    • Fowkes J.D. The contribution of the tourist industry to the economy of the republic of Botswana 1985 Kalahari Conservation Society Gaborone
    • (1985)
    • Fowkes, J.D.1
  • 28
    • 10444231407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The budget speech of 2003/4
    • Gaborone: Ministry of Finance and Development Planning
    • Gaolatlhe B. The budget speech of 2003/4 2003 Ministry of Finance and Development Planning Gaborone
    • (2003)
    • Gaolatlhe, B.1
  • 29
    • 0003612501 scopus 로고
    • Towards visitor impact management: Visitor impacts, carrying capacity and management responses in Europe's historic towns and cities
    • England: Avebury
    • Glasson J. Godfrey K. Goodey B. (1995). Towards visitor impact management: Visitor impacts, carrying capacity and management responses in Europe's historic towns and cities. England: Avebury.
    • (1995)
    • Glasson, J.1    Godfrey, K.2    Goodey, B.3
  • 30
    • 0011825485 scopus 로고
    • The tourism policy
    • Government of Botswana Government Paper No. 2 of 1990. Government Printer, Gaborone
    • Government of Botswana (1990). The tourism policy. Government Paper No. 2 of 1990. Government Printer, Gaborone.
    • (1990)
  • 31
    • 0038646073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National development plan VIII 1997-2003
    • Government of Botswana Gaborone: Government Printer
    • Government of Botswana (1997). National development plan VIII 1997-2003. Gaborone: Government Printer.
    • (1997)
  • 32
    • 10444285528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botswana income tax policy
    • Government of Botswana (GoB) Gaborone: Ministry of Finance Development Planning and United Nations Development Programme
    • Government of Botswana (GoB) (2002a). Botswana income tax policy. Gaborone: Ministry of Finance Development Planning and United Nations Development Programme.
    • (2002)
  • 33
    • 10444255688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of anti-poverty initiatives in Botswana: Lessons for a national poverty reduction strategy
    • Government of Botswana (GoB) Gaborone: Ministry of Finance and Development Planning and United Nations Development Programme
    • Government of Botswana (GoB) (2002b). A review of anti-poverty initiatives in Botswana: Lessons for a national poverty reduction strategy. Gaborone: Ministry of Finance and Development Planning and United Nations Development Programme.
    • (2002)
  • 34
    • 0003749197 scopus 로고
    • Introduction to tourism in Australia
    • London: Longman
    • Hall C.M. Introduction to tourism in Australia: Impacts, planning and development 1995 Longman London
    • (1995)
    • Hall, C.M.1
  • 35
    • 10444284412 scopus 로고
    • The taxation of tourism in Botswana
    • L. Pfotenhauer (Ed.), Proceedings of a symposium held in Gaborone, 15-19th October 1990 Botswana
    • Hartle D. (1990). The taxation of tourism in Botswana. In L. Pfotenhauer (Ed.), Tourism in Botswana, Proceedings of a symposium held in Gaborone, 15-19th October 1990 (pp. 188-196), Botswana.
    • (1990) Tourism in Botswana , pp. 188-196
    • Hartle, D.1
  • 36
    • 10444232958 scopus 로고
    • Tourist Merchandise as a means of generating local benefits from ecotourism
    • Healy R. Tourist Merchandise as a means of generating local benefits from ecotourism Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2 3 1994 74-83
    • (1994) Journal of Sustainable Tourism , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 74-83
    • Healy, R.1
  • 37
    • 84921097833 scopus 로고
    • Radicals and third world tourism: A Caribbean focus
    • Matthews H.G. Radicals and third world tourism: A Caribbean focus Annals of Tourism Research 5 1977 20-29
    • (1977) Annals of Tourism Research , vol.5 , pp. 20-29
    • Matthews, H.G.1
  • 38
    • 0242520144 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for sustainable agricultural development
    • A. Markandya, - J. Richardson (Eds.), New York: St Martins Press
    • Markandya A. (1993). Criteria for sustainable agricultural development. In A. Markandya, - J. Richardson (Eds.), Environmental economics: A reader. New York: St Martins Press.
    • (1993) Environmental Economics: A Reader
    • Markandya, A.1
  • 39
    • 0005646059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospects for sustainable wildlife resource utilisation and management in Botswana: A case study of east Ngamiland district
    • M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone
    • Mbaiwa J.E. (1999) Prospects for sustainable wildlife resource utilisation and management in Botswana: A case study of east Ngamiland district. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone.
    • (1999)
    • Mbaiwa, J.E.1
  • 40
    • 4043115445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development in the Okavango delta, Botswana: A baseline study
    • Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana, Maun
    • Mbaiwa J.E. (2002). The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development in the Okavango delta, Botswana: A baseline study. Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana, Maun.
    • (2002)
    • Mbaiwa, J.E.1
  • 41
    • 10444277521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basket production and marketing in the villages of Shakawe, Nxamasere and Xhaoga in West Ngamiland district, Botswana: A baseline study
    • Botswana, Maun: Conservation International
    • Mbaiwa J.E. (2003a). Basket production and marketing in the villages of Shakawe, Nxamasere and Xhaoga in West Ngamiland district, Botswana: A baseline study. Botswana, Maun: Conservation International.
    • (2003)
    • Mbaiwa, J.E.1
  • 42
    • 4043123875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-based tourism in Ngamiland district, Botswana: Development, impacts and challenges
    • M. B. Darkoh, & A. Rwomire (Eds.), Oxford: Ashgate
    • Mbaiwa J.E. Community-based tourism in Ngamiland district, Botswana: Development, impacts and challenges Darkoh M.B.K. Rwomire A. The human impact on the environment and sustainable development in Africa 2003 379-402 Ashgate Oxford
    • (2003) The Human Impact on the Environment and Sustainable Development in Africa , pp. 379-402
    • Mbaiwa, J.E.1
  • 43
    • 0038138071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism in the Okavango delta, northwestern Botswana
    • Mbaiwa J.E. The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism in the Okavango delta, northwestern Botswana Journal of Arid Environments 54 2 2003 447-468
    • (2003) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 447-468
    • Mbaiwa, J.E.1
  • 44
    • 80052460164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limits of acceptable change for tourism in the Okavango delta
    • A paper presented at an environmental monitoring of tropical and sub-tropical wetlands international conference, Maun Lodge, Maun, Botswana, 4-7th December
    • AMbaiwa J.E. Bernard F.E. & Orford C.E. (2002). Limits of acceptable change for tourism in the Okavango delta. A paper presented at an environmental monitoring of tropical and sub-tropical wetlands international conference, Maun Lodge, Maun, Botswana, 4-7th December 2002.
    • (2002)
    • AMbaiwa, J.E.1    Bernard, F.E.2    Orford, C.E.3
  • 45
    • 0003840732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of poverty and poverty alleviation in Botswana: Overall poverty assessment
    • Ministry of Finance and Development Planning, MFDP Phase 1, Gaborone: Rural Development Coordination Division and Botswana Institute for Development and Policy Analysis
    • Ministry of Finance and Development Planning, MFDP (1997). Study of poverty and poverty alleviation in Botswana: Overall poverty assessment. Phase 1, Vol. 1. Gaborone: Rural Development Coordination Division and Botswana Institute for Development and Policy Analysis.
    • (1997) , vol.1
  • 46
    • 0021578727 scopus 로고
    • Fremdenverkehr, Dezentralisierung und regionale partizipation in Maxico
    • Muller B. Fremdenverkehr, Dezentralisierung und regionale partizipation in Maxico Geographische Rundschau 36 1 1984 20-24
    • (1984) Geographische Rundschau , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 20-24
    • Muller, B.1
  • 47
    • 0001894801 scopus 로고
    • Key concepts and terminology of sustainable development
    • M. Munasinghe, & W. Shearer (Eds.), Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
    • Munasinghe M. McNeely J. Key concepts and terminology of sustainable development Munasinghe M. Shearer W. Defining and measuring sustainability: The biological foundations 1995 19-46 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank Washington
    • (1995) Defining and Measuring Sustainability: The Biological Foundations , pp. 19-46
    • Munasinghe, M.1    McNeely, J.2
  • 48
    • 0003812997 scopus 로고
    • Communities as resource management institutions
    • Gatekeeper Series No. 36, Sustainable Agricultural Programme of the International Institute for Environment and Development, London
    • Murphree M.W. (1993). Communities as resource management institutions. Gatekeeper Series No. 36, Sustainable Agricultural Programme of the International Institute for Environment and Development, London (pp. 1-13).
    • (1993) , pp. 1-13
    • Murphree, M.W.1
  • 49
    • 4043147756 scopus 로고
    • Policy, background and future
    • Lusaka: USAID
    • Mwenya A.N. Lewis D.M. & Kaweche G.B. Policy, background and future: National parks and wildlife services, new administrative management design for game management areas 1991 USAID Lusaka
    • (1991)
    • Mwenya, A.N.1    Lewis, D.M.2    Kaweche, G.B.3
  • 50
    • 0038307118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The economic impacts of tourism on the local people: The case of Maun in the Ngamiland-sub district, Botswana
    • M.Sc Thesis, Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone
    • Ndubano E. (2000). The economic impacts of tourism on the local people: The case of Maun in the Ngamiland-sub district, Botswana. M.Sc Thesis, Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone.
    • (2000)
    • Ndubano, E.1
  • 51
    • 10444240505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District Development Plan Six 2003/4-2008/9
    • North West District Council, NWDC Maun: North West District Council
    • North West District Council, NWDC (2003). District Development Plan Six 2003/4-2008/9. Maun: North West District Council.
    • (2003)
  • 52
    • 10444245089 scopus 로고
    • Gambia-Zur soziookonomischen Problematik des Ferntourismus in einem westafrikanischen Entwicklungsland
    • Oestreich H. Gambia-Zur soziookonomischen Problematik des Ferntourismus in einem westafrikanischen Entwicklungsland Geographische Zeitschrift 65 1977 302-308
    • (1977) Geographische Zeitschrift , vol.65 , pp. 302-308
    • Oestreich, H.1
  • 53
    • 0037310414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Governmental responses to tourism development: Three Brazilian case studies
    • Oliveira J.A.P. Governmental responses to tourism development: Three Brazilian case studies Tourism Management 24 2003 97-110
    • (2003) Tourism Management , vol.24 , pp. 97-110
    • Oliveira, J.A.P.1
  • 54
    • 10444278310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International tourism in Kenya: Development, problems and challenges
    • Ondicho T.G. International tourism in Kenya: Development, problems and challenges Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 15 2 2000 49-70
    • (2000) Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 49-70
    • Ondicho, T.G.1
  • 55
    • 0003442306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tourism in developing countries
    • London: International Thomson Business Press
    • Oppermann M. Chon K.S. Tourism in developing countries 1997 International Thomson Business Press London
    • (1997)
    • Oppermann, M.1    Chon, K.S.2
  • 56
    • 0002455731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards defining, measuring and achieving sustainability. Tools and strategies for environmental valuation
    • E. Becker, - T. Jahn (Eds.), London: Zed Books
    • Paehlke R. (1999). Towards defining, measuring and achieving sustainability: Tools and strategies for environmental valuation. In E. Becker, - T. Jahn (Eds.), Sustainability and the social science. London: Zed Books.
    • (1999) Sustainability and the Social Science
    • Paehlke, R.1
  • 57
    • 0037969885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustainable economic development unit for small and island development states
    • Tourism in St. Lucia University of the West Indies, St Augustine
    • Pantin D.A. (1998). Tourism in St. Lucia. Sustainable economic development unit for small and island development states, University of the West Indies, St Augustine.
    • (1998)
    • Pantin, D.A.1
  • 58
    • 0020370896 scopus 로고
    • Employment effects of tourism and the Indian experience
    • Pavaskar M. Employment effects of tourism and the Indian experience Journal of Tourism Research 21 2 1982 32-38
    • (1982) Journal of Tourism Research , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 32-38
    • Pavaskar, M.1
  • 59
    • 0003825337 scopus 로고
    • The Ulysses factor, evaluating visitors in tourist settings
    • New York: Springer
    • Pearce P.L. The Ulysses factor, evaluating visitors in tourist settings 1988 Springer New York
    • (1988)
    • Pearce, P.L.1
  • 60
    • 10444269612 scopus 로고
    • The preservation of natural capital and environmental control
    • Paper presented at the annual conference of EARE, Stockholm
    • Perrings C. (1991). The preservation of natural capital and environmental control. Paper presented at the annual conference of EARE, Stockholm.
    • (1991)
    • Perrings, C.1
  • 61
  • 62
    • 84916547635 scopus 로고
    • Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity
    • Plog S.C. Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Quarterly 14 4 1974 55-58
    • (1974) Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Quarterly , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 55-58
    • Plog, S.C.1
  • 63
    • 10444228953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing environmental systems
    • London: Nelson
    • Prosser R. Managing environmental systems 1996 Nelson London
    • (1996)
    • Prosser, R.1
  • 64
    • 4043159077 scopus 로고
    • From state control of wildlife to co-management of natural resources-the evolution of community management in southern Africa
    • E. Rihoy (Ed.), Proceedings of the regional natural resources management programme annual conference, SADC Wildlife Technical Co-ordinating Unit, Kasane
    • Rihoy E. (1995). From state control of wildlife to co-management of natural resources-the evolution of community management in southern Africa. In E. Rihoy (Ed.), The commons without tragedy? Strategies for community-based natural resources management in southern Africa. Proceedings of the regional natural resources management programme annual conference, SADC Wildlife Technical Co-ordinating Unit, Kasane (pp. 1-36).
    • (1995) The Commons Without Tragedy? Strategies for Community-based Natural Resources Management in Southern Africa , pp. 1-36
    • Rihoy, E.1
  • 65
    • 0003393582 scopus 로고
    • The stages of economic growth
    • New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Rostow W.W. The stages of economic growth 1960 Cambridge University Press New York
    • (1960)
    • Rostow, W.W.1
  • 67
    • 4043081175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community based natural resource management in Botswana: How community based is community based natural resource management in Botswana?
    • Occasional Paper Series, IUCN/SNV CBNRM Support Programme, Gaborone
    • Rozemeijer N. & Van der Jagt C. (2000). Community based natural resource management in Botswana: How community based is community based natural resource management in Botswana? Occasional Paper Series, IUCN/SNV CBNRM Support Programme, Gaborone.
    • (2000)
    • Rozemeijer, N.1    Van der Jagt, C.2
  • 68
    • 0038307114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated programme for eradication of tsetse and tyrpanosomiasis from Ngamiland: Environmental impact assessment, draft final report
    • Scout Wilson Consultants Scout Wilson Resource Consultants, Edinburgh
    • Scout Wilson Consultants (2001). Integrated programme for eradication of tsetse and tyrpanosomiasis from Ngamiland: Environmental impact assessment, draft final report. Scout Wilson Resource Consultants, Edinburgh.
    • (2001)
  • 69
    • 0036138299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domestic tourism-a chance for regional development in Turkey?
    • Seckelmann A. Domestic tourism-a chance for regional development in Turkey? Tourism Management 23 2002 2002 85-92
    • (2002) Tourism Management , vol.23 , Issue.2002 , pp. 85-92
    • Seckelmann, A.1
  • 70
    • 6944250990 scopus 로고
    • Making development sustainable. Finance and development
    • Washington D.C.: International Monitory Fund
    • Serageldin I. (1993). Making development sustainable. Finance and development. Washington D.C.: International Monitory Fund (pp. 10-13).
    • (1993) , pp. 10-13
    • Serageldin, I.1
  • 72
    • 10444287053 scopus 로고
    • An overview of tourism in Botswana
    • L. Pfotenhauer (Ed.), Proceedings of a symposium held in Gaborone, Botswana, 15-19th October 1990 Gaborone: Botswana Society
    • Tsiang T. (1991). An overview of tourism in Botswana. In: L. Pfotenhauer (Ed.), Tourism in Botswana, Proceedings of a symposium held in Gaborone, Botswana, 15-19th October 1990 (pp. 21-32), Gaborone: Botswana Society.
    • (1991) Tourism in Botswana , pp. 21-32
    • Tsiang, T.1
  • 73
    • 79952695434 scopus 로고
    • United nations conference on environment and development report
    • UNECD United Nations, New York
    • UNECD. (1992). United nations conference on environment and development report. United Nations, New York.
    • (1992)
  • 75
    • 0030615449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is ecotourism sustainable?
    • Wall G. Is ecotourism sustainable? Environmental Management 21 4 1997 483-491
    • (1997) Environmental Management , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 483-491
    • Wall, G.1
  • 76
    • 10444246057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poverty Situation in the Okavango Sub-District, Destitutes, Orphans and Needy Students
    • (Personal Communication)
    • Watlala M. (2003, Personal Communication). Poverty Situation in the Okavango Sub-District, Destitutes, Orphans and Needy Students.
    • (2003)
    • Watlala, M.1
  • 77
    • 0003545437 scopus 로고
    • Our common future
    • World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) London: Oxford University Press
    • World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987). Our common future. London: Oxford University Press.
    • (1987)
  • 78
    • 0003705779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tourism market trends, Africa: 1999
    • World Tourism Organisation Madrid
    • World Tourism Organisation (1999). Tourism market trends, Africa: 1999. Madrid.
    • (1999)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.