Deciding how to decide: What processes do patients use when making medical decisions?

Journal of Clinical Ethics

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 269-281

  Silveira, Maria J ^a,b   Rhodes, Lorna ^c   Feudtner, Chris ^d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b VA ANN ARBOR HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATA ANALYSIS; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; PHYSICIAN; REVIEW; SAMPLING; THEORETICAL MODEL;

EMPIRICAL APPROACH; PROFESSIONAL PATIENT RELATIONSHIP;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; DECISION MAKING; FAMILY; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; LIFE SUPPORT CARE; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS;

EID: 10444240358     PISSN: 10467890     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
2. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
3. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
4. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
5. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
6. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
7. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
8. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
9. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
10. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
11. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
12. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
13. D.S. Brody, "The Patient's Role in Clinical Decision-Making," Annals of Internal Medicine 93, no. 5 (1980): 718-22; J.F. Childress, Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Healthcare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); J.N. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984); Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1982); P.A. Ubel, "Informed Consent: From Bodily Invasion to the Seemingly Mundane," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 12 (1996): 1262-3; H.W. van den Borne, "The Patient From Receiver of Information to Informed Decision-Maker," Patient Education and Counseling 34, no. 2 (1998): 89-102; T. Quill and H. Brody, "Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance Between Physician Power and Patient Choice," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 763-9; J. Cahill, "Patient Participation: A Concept Analysis," Journal of Advanced Nursing 24 (1996): 561-71; A. Coulter, "Partnerships With Patients: The Pros and Cons of Shared Clinical Decision Making," Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 112-21; J. Childress, "The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics," in Medical Ethics, ed. R.M. Veatch (Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989), 26-55; R.B. Deber, "Physicians in Health Care Man agement: 7. The Patient-Physician Partnership: Changing Roles and The Desire for Information," Canadian Medical Association Journal 151, no. 2 (1994): 171-6 ; D. Eddy, "Anatomy of a Decision," Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 441-3; C. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
14. CDC Responds: Treatment Options for Postal and Other Workers Exposed to Anthrax (Web cast), (Atlanta, Ga.: CDC, 21 December 2001).
15. "Guidelines for Counseling Postmenopausal Women About Preventive Hormone Therapy," Annals of Internal Medicine 117, no. 12 (1992): 1038-41; "Screening for Prostate Cancer," Annals of Internal Medicine 126, no. 6 (1997): 480-4.
16. "Guidelines for Counseling Postmenopausal Women About Preventive Hormone Therapy," Annals of Internal Medicine 117, no. 12 (1992): 1038-41; "Screening for Prostate Cancer," Annals of Internal Medicine 126, no. 6 (1997): 480-4.
17. A. Meisel and M. Kuczewski, "Legal and Ethical Myths About Informed Consent," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 22 (1996): 2521-6; E.J. Emanuel and L.L. Emanuel, "Four Models of the Physician-Patient Relationship," Journal of the American Medical Association 267, no. 16 (1992): 2221-6.
18. A. Meisel and M. Kuczewski, "Legal and Ethical Myths About Informed Consent," Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 22 (1996): 2521-6; E.J. Emanuel and L.L. Emanuel, "Four Models of the Physician-Patient Relationship," Journal of the American Medical Association 267, no. 16 (1992): 2221-6.
19. Schneider, see note 1 above.
20. R.R. Faden et al., "Disclosure of Information to Patients in Medical Care," Medical Care 19, no. 7 (1981): 718-33; S. Greenfield, S. Kaplan, and J.E. Ware, Jr., "Expanding Patient Involvement in Care: Effects on Patient Outcomes," Annals of Internal Medicine 102, no. 4 (1985): 520-8; A.G. Mulley, Jr., "Assessing Patients' Utilities: Can the Ends Justify the Means?" Medical Care 27, no. 3 Suppl (1989): S269-281; A.E. Beisecker and T.D. Beisecker, "Patient Information-Seeking Behaviors When Communicating With Doctors," Medical Care 28, no. 1 (1990): 19-28; P.G. Gibson, P.I. Talbot, and R.C. Toneguzzi, "Self-Management, Autonomy, and Quality of Life in Asthma," Chest 107, no. 4 (1995): 1003-8; R.B. Deber, N. Kraetschmer, and J. Irvine, "What Role do Patients Wish to Play in Treatment Decision Making?" Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 13 (1996): 1414-20; J.B. Davison, L.F. Degner, and T.R. Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences of Men with Prostate Cancer," Oncology Nursing Forum 22, no. 9 (1995): 1401-8; L.F. Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences in Women with Breast Cancer," Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 18 (1997): 1485-92.
21. R.R. Faden et al., "Disclosure of Information to Patients in Medical Care," Medical Care 19, no. 7 (1981): 718-33; S. Greenfield, S. Kaplan, and J.E. Ware, Jr., "Expanding Patient Involvement in Care: Effects on Patient Outcomes," Annals of Internal Medicine 102, no. 4 (1985): 520-8; A.G. Mulley, Jr., "Assessing Patients' Utilities: Can the Ends Justify the Means?" Medical Care 27, no. 3 Suppl (1989): S269-281; A.E. Beisecker and T.D. Beisecker, "Patient Information-Seeking Behaviors When Communicating With Doctors," Medical Care 28, no. 1 (1990): 19-28; P.G. Gibson, P.I. Talbot, and R.C. Toneguzzi, "Self-Management, Autonomy, and Quality of Life in Asthma," Chest 107, no. 4 (1995): 1003-8; R.B. Deber, N. Kraetschmer, and J. Irvine, "What Role do Patients Wish to Play in Treatment Decision Making?" Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 13 (1996): 1414-20; J.B. Davison, L.F. Degner, and T.R. Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences of Men with Prostate Cancer," Oncology Nursing Forum 22, no. 9 (1995): 1401-8; L.F. Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences in Women with Breast Cancer," Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 18 (1997): 1485-92.
22. R.R. Faden et al., "Disclosure of Information to Patients in Medical Care," Medical Care 19, no. 7 (1981): 718-33; S. Greenfield, S. Kaplan, and J.E. Ware, Jr., "Expanding Patient Involvement in Care: Effects on Patient Outcomes," Annals of Internal Medicine 102, no. 4 (1985): 520-8; A.G. Mulley, Jr., "Assessing Patients' Utilities: Can the Ends Justify the Means?" Medical Care 27, no. 3 Suppl (1989): S269-281; A.E. Beisecker and T.D. Beisecker, "Patient Information-Seeking Behaviors When Communicating With Doctors," Medical Care 28, no. 1 (1990): 19-28; P.G. Gibson, P.I. Talbot, and R.C. Toneguzzi, "Self-Management, Autonomy, and Quality of Life in Asthma," Chest 107, no. 4 (1995): 1003-8; R.B. Deber, N. Kraetschmer, and J. Irvine, "What Role do Patients Wish to Play in Treatment Decision Making?" Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 13 (1996): 1414-20; J.B. Davison, L.F. Degner, and T.R. Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences of Men with Prostate Cancer," Oncology Nursing Forum 22, no. 9 (1995): 1401-8; L.F. Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences in Women with Breast Cancer," Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 18 (1997): 1485-92.
23. R.R. Faden et al., "Disclosure of Information to Patients in Medical Care," Medical Care 19, no. 7 (1981): 718-33; S. Greenfield, S. Kaplan, and J.E. Ware, Jr., "Expanding Patient Involvement in Care: Effects on Patient Outcomes," Annals of Internal Medicine 102, no. 4 (1985): 520-8; A.G. Mulley, Jr., "Assessing Patients' Utilities: Can the Ends Justify the Means?" Medical Care 27, no. 3 Suppl (1989): S269-281; A.E. Beisecker and T.D. Beisecker, "Patient Information-Seeking Behaviors When Communicating With Doctors," Medical Care 28, no. 1 (1990): 19-28; P.G. Gibson, P.I. Talbot, and R.C. Toneguzzi, "Self-Management, Autonomy, and Quality of Life in Asthma," Chest 107, no. 4 (1995): 1003-8; R.B. Deber, N. Kraetschmer, and J. Irvine, "What Role do Patients Wish to Play in Treatment Decision Making?" Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 13 (1996): 1414-20; J.B. Davison, L.F. Degner, and T.R. Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences of Men with Prostate Cancer," Oncology Nursing Forum 22, no. 9 (1995): 1401-8; L.F. Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences in Women with Breast Cancer," Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 18 (1997): 1485-92.
24. R.R. Faden et al., "Disclosure of Information to Patients in Medical Care," Medical Care 19, no. 7 (1981): 718-33; S. Greenfield, S. Kaplan, and J.E. Ware, Jr., "Expanding Patient Involvement in Care: Effects on Patient Outcomes," Annals of Internal Medicine 102, no. 4 (1985): 520-8; A.G. Mulley, Jr., "Assessing Patients' Utilities: Can the Ends Justify the Means?" Medical Care 27, no. 3 Suppl (1989): S269-281; A.E. Beisecker and T.D. Beisecker, "Patient Information-Seeking Behaviors When Communicating With Doctors," Medical Care 28, no. 1 (1990): 19-28; P.G. Gibson, P.I. Talbot, and R.C. Toneguzzi, "Self-Management, Autonomy, and Quality of Life in Asthma," Chest 107, no. 4 (1995): 1003-8; R.B. Deber, N. Kraetschmer, and J. Irvine, "What Role do Patients Wish to Play in Treatment Decision Making?" Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 13 (1996): 1414-20; J.B. Davison, L.F. Degner, and T.R. Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences of Men with Prostate Cancer," Oncology Nursing Forum 22, no. 9 (1995): 1401-8; L.F. Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences in Women with Breast Cancer," Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 18 (1997): 1485-92.
25. R.R. Faden et al., "Disclosure of Information to Patients in Medical Care," Medical Care 19, no. 7 (1981): 718-33; S. Greenfield, S. Kaplan, and J.E. Ware, Jr., "Expanding Patient Involvement in Care: Effects on Patient Outcomes," Annals of Internal Medicine 102, no. 4 (1985): 520-8; A.G. Mulley, Jr., "Assessing Patients' Utilities: Can the Ends Justify the Means?" Medical Care 27, no. 3 Suppl (1989): S269-281; A.E. Beisecker and T.D. Beisecker, "Patient Information-Seeking Behaviors When Communicating With Doctors," Medical Care 28, no. 1 (1990): 19-28; P.G. Gibson, P.I. Talbot, and R.C. Toneguzzi, "Self-Management, Autonomy, and Quality of Life in Asthma," Chest 107, no. 4 (1995): 1003-8; R.B. Deber, N. Kraetschmer, and J. Irvine, "What Role do Patients Wish to Play in Treatment Decision Making?" Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 13 (1996): 1414-20; J.B. Davison, L.F. Degner, and T.R. Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences of Men with Prostate Cancer," Oncology Nursing Forum 22, no. 9 (1995): 1401-8; L.F. Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences in Women with Breast Cancer," Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 18 (1997): 1485-92.
26. R.R. Faden et al., "Disclosure of Information to Patients in Medical Care," Medical Care 19, no. 7 (1981): 718-33; S. Greenfield, S. Kaplan, and J.E. Ware, Jr., "Expanding Patient Involvement in Care: Effects on Patient Outcomes," Annals of Internal Medicine 102, no. 4 (1985): 520-8; A.G. Mulley, Jr., "Assessing Patients' Utilities: Can the Ends Justify the Means?" Medical Care 27, no. 3 Suppl (1989): S269-281; A.E. Beisecker and T.D. Beisecker, "Patient Information-Seeking Behaviors When Communicating With Doctors," Medical Care 28, no. 1 (1990): 19-28; P.G. Gibson, P.I. Talbot, and R.C. Toneguzzi, "Self-Management, Autonomy, and Quality of Life in Asthma," Chest 107, no. 4 (1995): 1003-8; R.B. Deber, N. Kraetschmer, and J. Irvine, "What Role do Patients Wish to Play in Treatment Decision Making?" Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 13 (1996): 1414-20; J.B. Davison, L.F. Degner, and T.R. Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences of Men with Prostate Cancer," Oncology Nursing Forum 22, no. 9 (1995): 1401-8; L.F. Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences in Women with Breast Cancer," Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 18 (1997): 1485-92.
27. R.R. Faden et al., "Disclosure of Information to Patients in Medical Care," Medical Care 19, no. 7 (1981): 718-33; S. Greenfield, S. Kaplan, and J.E. Ware, Jr., "Expanding Patient Involvement in Care: Effects on Patient Outcomes," Annals of Internal Medicine 102, no. 4 (1985): 520-8; A.G. Mulley, Jr., "Assessing Patients' Utilities: Can the Ends Justify the Means?" Medical Care 27, no. 3 Suppl (1989): S269-281; A.E. Beisecker and T.D. Beisecker, "Patient Information-Seeking Behaviors When Communicating With Doctors," Medical Care 28, no. 1 (1990): 19-28; P.G. Gibson, P.I. Talbot, and R.C. Toneguzzi, "Self-Management, Autonomy, and Quality of Life in Asthma," Chest 107, no. 4 (1995): 1003-8; R.B. Deber, N. Kraetschmer, and J. Irvine, "What Role do Patients Wish to Play in Treatment Decision Making?" Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 13 (1996): 1414-20; J.B. Davison, L.F. Degner, and T.R. Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences of Men with Prostate Cancer," Oncology Nursing Forum 22, no. 9 (1995): 1401-8; L.F. Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences in Women with Breast Cancer," Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 18 (1997): 1485-92.
28. P.F. Pierce, "Deciding on Breast Cancer Treatment: A Description of Decision Behavior," Nursing Research 42, no. 1 (1993): 22-8; C.E. Schneider and M. Farrell, "Information, Decisions, and the Limits of Informed Consent," in Law and Medicine, ed. M. Freeman and A.D.E. Lewis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
29. P.F. Pierce, "Deciding on Breast Cancer Treatment: A Description of Decision Behavior," Nursing Research 42, no. 1 (1993): 22-8; C.E. Schneider and M. Farrell, "Information, Decisions, and the Limits of Informed Consent," in Law and Medicine, ed. M. Freeman and A.D.E. Lewis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
30. Deber, Kraetschmer, and Irvine, see note 6 above; Davison, Degner, and Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences," see note 6 above; Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences," see note 6 above; L.F. Degner and J.A. Sloan, "Decision Making During Serious Illness: What Role Do Patients Really Want to Play?" Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 45, no. 9 (1992): 941-50; K. Beaver et al., "Treatment Decision Making in Women Newly Diagnosed with Breast Cancer," Cancer Nursing 19, no. 1 (1996): 8-19; W.M. Strull, B. Lo, and G. Charles, "Do Patients Want to Participate in Medical Decision Making?" Journal of the American Medical Association 252, no. 21 (1984): 2990-4; T.F. Hack, L.F. Degner, and D.G. Dyck, "Relationship Between Preferences for Decisional Control and Illness Information Among Women with Breast Cancer: A Quantitative Study and Qualitative Analysis," Social Science and Medicine 39, no. 2 (1994): 279-89.
31. Deber, Kraetschmer, and Irvine, see note 6 above; Davison, Degner, and Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences," see note 6 above; Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences," see note 6 above; L.F. Degner and J.A. Sloan, "Decision Making During Serious Illness: What Role Do Patients Really Want to Play?" Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 45, no. 9 (1992): 941-50; K. Beaver et al., "Treatment Decision Making in Women Newly Diagnosed with Breast Cancer," Cancer Nursing 19, no. 1 (1996): 8-19; W.M. Strull, B. Lo, and G. Charles, "Do Patients Want to Participate in Medical Decision Making?" Journal of the American Medical Association 252, no. 21 (1984): 2990-4; T.F. Hack, L.F. Degner, and D.G. Dyck, "Relationship Between Preferences for Decisional Control and Illness Information Among Women with Breast Cancer: A Quantitative Study and Qualitative Analysis," Social Science and Medicine 39, no. 2 (1994): 279-89.
32. Deber, Kraetschmer, and Irvine, see note 6 above; Davison, Degner, and Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences," see note 6 above; Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences," see note 6 above; L.F. Degner and J.A. Sloan, "Decision Making During Serious Illness: What Role Do Patients Really Want to Play?" Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 45, no. 9 (1992): 941-50; K. Beaver et al., "Treatment Decision Making in Women Newly Diagnosed with Breast Cancer," Cancer Nursing 19, no. 1 (1996): 8-19; W.M. Strull, B. Lo, and G. Charles, "Do Patients Want to Participate in Medical Decision Making?" Journal of the American Medical Association 252, no. 21 (1984): 2990-4; T.F. Hack, L.F. Degner, and D.G. Dyck, "Relationship Between Preferences for Decisional Control and Illness Information Among Women with Breast Cancer: A Quantitative Study and Qualitative Analysis," Social Science and Medicine 39, no. 2 (1994): 279-89.
33. Deber, Kraetschmer, and Irvine, see note 6 above; Davison, Degner, and Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences," see note 6 above; Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences," see note 6 above; L.F. Degner and J.A. Sloan, "Decision Making During Serious Illness: What Role Do Patients Really Want to Play?" Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 45, no. 9 (1992): 941-50; K. Beaver et al., "Treatment Decision Making in Women Newly Diagnosed with Breast Cancer," Cancer Nursing 19, no. 1 (1996): 8-19; W.M. Strull, B. Lo, and G. Charles, "Do Patients Want to Participate in Medical Decision Making?" Journal of the American Medical Association 252, no. 21 (1984): 2990-4; T.F. Hack, L.F. Degner, and D.G. Dyck, "Relationship Between Preferences for Decisional Control and Illness Information Among Women with Breast Cancer: A Quantitative Study and Qualitative Analysis," Social Science and Medicine 39, no. 2 (1994): 279-89.
34. Deber, Kraetschmer, and Irvine, see note 6 above; Davison, Degner, and Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences," see note 6 above; Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences," see note 6 above; L.F. Degner and J.A. Sloan, "Decision Making During Serious Illness: What Role Do Patients Really Want to Play?" Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 45, no. 9 (1992): 941-50; K. Beaver et al., "Treatment Decision Making in Women Newly Diagnosed with Breast Cancer," Cancer Nursing 19, no. 1 (1996): 8-19; W.M. Strull, B. Lo, and G. Charles, "Do Patients Want to Participate in Medical Decision Making?" Journal of the American Medical Association 252, no. 21 (1984): 2990-4; T.F. Hack, L.F. Degner, and D.G. Dyck, "Relationship Between Preferences for Decisional Control and Illness Information Among Women with Breast Cancer: A Quantitative Study and Qualitative Analysis," Social Science and Medicine 39, no. 2 (1994): 279-89.
35. Deber, Kraetschmer, and Irvine, see note 6 above; Davison, Degner, and Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences," see note 6 above; Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences," see note 6 above; L.F. Degner and J.A. Sloan, "Decision Making During Serious Illness: What Role Do Patients Really Want to Play?" Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 45, no. 9 (1992): 941-50; K. Beaver et al., "Treatment Decision Making in Women Newly Diagnosed with Breast Cancer," Cancer Nursing 19, no. 1 (1996): 8-19; W.M. Strull, B. Lo, and G. Charles, "Do Patients Want to Participate in Medical Decision Making?" Journal of the American Medical Association 252, no. 21 (1984): 2990-4; T.F. Hack, L.F. Degner, and D.G. Dyck, "Relationship Between Preferences for Decisional Control and Illness Information Among Women with Breast Cancer: A Quantitative Study and Qualitative Analysis," Social Science and Medicine 39, no. 2 (1994): 279-89.
36. Deber, Kraetschmer, and Irvine, see note 6 above; Davison, Degner, and Morgan, "Information and Decision-Making Preferences," see note 6 above; Degner et al., "Information Needs and Decisional Preferences," see note 6 above; L.F. Degner and J.A. Sloan, "Decision Making During Serious Illness: What Role Do Patients Really Want to Play?" Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 45, no. 9 (1992): 941-50; K. Beaver et al., "Treatment Decision Making in Women Newly Diagnosed with Breast Cancer," Cancer Nursing 19, no. 1 (1996): 8-19; W.M. Strull, B. Lo, and G. Charles, "Do Patients Want to Participate in Medical Decision Making?" Journal of the American Medical Association 252, no. 21 (1984): 2990-4; T.F. Hack, L.F. Degner, and D.G. Dyck, "Relationship Between Preferences for Decisional Control and Illness Information Among Women with Breast Cancer: A Quantitative Study and Qualitative Analysis," Social Science and Medicine 39, no. 2 (1994): 279-89.
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73. C.H. Braddock III et al, "How Doctors and Patients Discuss Routine Clinical Decisions: Informed Decision Making in the Outpatient Setting," Journal of General Internal Medicine 12, no. 6 (1997): 339-45; C.H. Braddock III et al., "Informed Decision Making in Outpatient Practice: Time to Get Back to Basics," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 24 (1999): 2313-20; D.G. Federman et al., "Informed Consent for PSA Screening: Does It Happen?" Effective Clinical Practice 2, no. 4 (1999): 152-7; D.P. Sulmasy et al., "Patients' Perceptions of the Quality of Informed Consent for Common Medical Procedures," The Journal of Clinical Ethics 5, no. 3 (1994): 189-94; J.N. Katz et al., "Informed Consent and the Prescription of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs," Arthritis and Rheumatism 35, no. 11 (1992): 1257-63; W.C. Wu and R.A. Pearlman, "Consent in Medical Decision Making: The Role of Communication," Journal of General Internal Medicine 3, no. 1 (1988): 9-14; P. Boreham and D. Gibson, "The Informative Process in Private Medical Consultations: A Preliminary Investigation," Social Science and Medicine 12, no. 5A (1978): 409-16.
74. C.H. Braddock III et al, "How Doctors and Patients Discuss Routine Clinical Decisions: Informed Decision Making in the Outpatient Setting," Journal of General Internal Medicine 12, no. 6 (1997): 339-45; C.H. Braddock III et al., "Informed Decision Making in Outpatient Practice: Time to Get Back to Basics," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 24 (1999): 2313-20; D.G. Federman et al., "Informed Consent for PSA Screening: Does It Happen?" Effective Clinical Practice 2, no. 4 (1999): 152-7; D.P. Sulmasy et al., "Patients' Perceptions of the Quality of Informed Consent for Common Medical Procedures," The Journal of Clinical Ethics 5, no. 3 (1994): 189-94; J.N. Katz et al., "Informed Consent and the Prescription of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs," Arthritis and Rheumatism 35, no. 11 (1992): 1257-63; W.C. Wu and R.A. Pearlman, "Consent in Medical Decision Making: The Role of Communication," Journal of General Internal Medicine 3, no. 1 (1988): 9-14; P. Boreham and D. Gibson, "The Informative Process in Private Medical Consultations: A Preliminary Investigation," Social Science and Medicine 12, no. 5A (1978): 409-16.