On the origin of the basal emission from stellar atmospheres: Analysis of solar C ii lines

Astrophysical Journal

Volumn 597, Issue 2 I, 2003, Pages 1158-1177

  Judge, Philip G ^a   Carlsson, Mats ^b   Stein, Robert F ^c  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^c MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Sun: chromosphere; Sun: UV radiation

Indexed keywords

EID: 1042303046     PISSN: 0004637X     EISSN: 15384357     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/381222     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Arnaud, M., & Rothenflug, R. 1985, A&AS, 60, 425
2. Artzner, G., Leibacher, J., Vial, J.-C., Lemaire, P., & Gouttebroze, P. 1978, ApJ, 224, L83
3. Athay, R., & Dere, K. 1989, ApJ, 346, 514
4. _. 1991, ApJ, 381, 323
5. Athay, R. G. 2000, Sol. Phys., 197, 31
6. _. 2002, ApJ, 565, 630
7. Ayres, T. R. 2000, Sol. Phys., 193, 273
8. Ayres, T. R., Marstad, N., & Linsky, J. L. 1981, ApJ, 247, 545
9. Barnes, T. G., Evans, S., & Moffett, T. J. 1978, MNRAS, 183, 285
10. Bogdan, T. J., Cattaneo, F., & Malagoli, A. 1993, ApJ, 407, 316
11. Bogdan, T. J., et al. 2002. Astron. Nachr., 323, 196
12. Bohn, H. U. 1981, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Würzburg
13. _. 1984, A&A, 136, 338
14. Brekke, P., Hassler, D., & Wilhelm, K. 1997, Sol. Phys., 175, 349
15. Buchholz, B., Ulmschneider, P., & Cuntz, M. 1998, ApJ, 494, 700
16. Burgess, A., & Chidichimo, M. C. 1983, MNRAS, 203, 1269
17. Carlsson, M. 1986, A Computer Program for Solving Multi-Level Non-LTE Radiative Transfer Problems in Moving or Static Atmospheres (Rept. No. 33; Uppsala: Uppsala Astronomical Obs.)
18. Carlsson, M., Judge, P. G., & Wilhelm, K. 1997, ApJ, 486, L63
19. Carlsson, M., & Stein, R. F. 1992, ApJ, 397, L59
20. _. 1993, Proc. Mini-Workshop on Wave Phenomena in Solar Terrestrial Plasmas (Oslo: Inst. Theor. Astrophys.), 21
21. _. 1994, in Proc. Miniworkshop on Chromospheric Dynamics, ed. M. Carlsson (Oslo: Inst. Theor. Astrophys.), 47
22. _. 1995, ApJ, 440, L29
23. _. 1997, ApJ, 481, 500
24. _. 2002a, ApJ, 572, 626
25. _. 2002b, in Magnetic Coupling of the Solar Atmosphere, ed. H. Sawaya-Lacoste (ESA SP-505; Noordwijk: ESA), in press
26. Cattaneo, F. 1997, in Solar Convection and Oscillations and their Relationship, ed. F. P. Pijpers et al. (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 201
27. _. 1999, ApJ, 515, L39
28. Cattaneo, F., & Hughes, D. W. 2001, Astron. Geophys., 42(3), 18
29. Chipman, E. 1971, Ph.D. thesis, Harvard Univ.
30. Dammasch, I. E., Wilhelm, K., Curdt, W., & Schuehle, U. 1999, in Magnetic Fields and Solar Processes (ESA SP-448: Noordwijk: ESA), 1165
31. Fontenla, J. M., Avrett, E. H., & Loeser, R. 1990, ApJ, 355, 700
32. Gabriel, A. 1976, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 281, 339
33. Gibson, E. G. 1973, The Quiet Sun (Washington: NASA)
34. Giovanelli, R. G. 1980, Sol. Phys., 68, 49
35. Judge, P. G., Carlsson, M., & Wilhelm, K. 1997, ApJ, 490, L195
36. Judge, P. G., & Carpenter, K. G. 1998, ApJ, 494, 828
37. Judge, P. G., & Cuntz, M. 1993, ApJ, 409, 776
38. Judge, P. G., Hansteen, V. H., Wikstøl, Ø., Wilhelm, K., Schühle, U., & Moran,T. 1998, ApJ, 502, 981
39. Judge, P. G., Tarbell, T. D., & Wilhelm, K. 2001, ApJ, 554, 424
40. Kalkofen, W. 2001, ApJ, 557, 376
41. Krijger, J. M., Rutten, R. J., Lites, B. W., Straus, T., Shine, R. A., & Tarbell, T. D. 2001, A&A, 379, 1052
42. Kuperus, M., & Chiuderi, C. 1977, in IAU Colloq. 36, The Energy Balance and Hydrodynamics of the Solar Chromosphere and Corona, ed. R.-M. Bonnet & P. Delache (Clermont-Ferrand: G. de Bussaceds), 223
43. Lin, H., & Rimmele, T. 1999, ApJ, 514, 448
44. Lites, B. 2002, ApJ, 573, 431
45. Lites, B. W., Leka, K. D., Skumanich, A., Martinez Pillet, V., & Shimizu, T. 1996, ApJ, 460, 1019
46. Lites, B. W., Rutten, R. J., & Kalkofen, W. 1993a, ApJ, 414, 345
47. _. 1993b, in IAU Colloq. 141, The Magnetic and Velocity Fields of Solar Active Regions, ed. H. Zirin, G. Ai, & H. Wang (ASP Conf. Ser. 46; San Francisco: ASP), 530
48. Lites, B. W., Shine, R. A., & Chipman, E. G. 1978, ApJ, 222, 333
49. McIntosh, S. W., & Judge, P. G. 2001, ApJ, 561, 420
50. Mihalas, D. 1978, Stellar Atmospheres (2nd ed.; San Francisco: W. H. Freeman)
51. Mihalas, D., & Mihalas, B. W. 1984, Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics (New York: Oxford Univ. Press)
52. Moore, C. E. 1970, Selected Tables of Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels, and Multiplet (Tables C I, C II, C III, C IV, C V, C VI, NSRDS-NBS 3; Section 3) (Washington: NBS)
53. Musielak, Z. E., Rosner, R., Stein, R. F., & Ulmschneider, P. 1994, ApJ, 423, 474
54. Oranje, B. J. 1986, A&A, 154, 185
55. Peter, H., & Judge, P. G. 1999, ApJ, 522, 1148
56. Reeves, E. M., Huber, M. C. E., & Timothy, J. G. 1997a, Appl. Opt., 16, 837
57. Reeves, E. M., Timothy, J. G., Huber, M. C. E., & Withbroe, G. L. 1997b, Appl. Opt., 16, 849
58. Rosenthal, C. S., Bogdan, T. J., Carlsson, M., Dorch, S. B. F., Hansteen, V., McIntosh, S. W., McMurry, A., Nordlund, Å., & Stein, R. F. 2002, ApJ, 564, 508
59. Rutten, R. G. M., Schrijver, C. J., Lemmens, A. F. P., & Zwaan, C. 1991, A&A, 252, 203
60. Rutten, R. J., & Uitenbroek, H. 1991, Sol. Phys., 134, 15
61. Scherrer, P. H., et al. 1995, Sol. Phys., 162, 129
62. Schrijver, C. J. 1987, A&A, 172, 111
63. _. 1992, A&A, 258, 507
64. _. 1995, A&A Rev., 6, 181
65. Schrijver, C. J., Dobson, A. K., & Radick, R. R. 1989, ApJ, 341, 1035
66. Schrijver, C. J., Title, A. M., Harvey, K. L., Sheeley, N. R., Wang, Y.-M., van den Oord, G. H. J., Shine, R. A., Tarbell, T. D., & Hurlburt, N. E. 1998, Nature, 394, 152
67. Seaton, M. J. 1962, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 79, 1105
68. Skumanich, A., Smythe, C., & Frazier, E. N. 1975, ApJ, 200, 747
69. Socas-Navarro, H., & Sánchez-Almeida, J. 2002, ApJ, 565, 1323
70. Straus, T., & Bonaccini, D. 1997, A&A, 324, 704
71. Thomas, R. N., & Athay, R. G. 1961, Physics of the Solar Chromosphere (New York: Interscience)
72. Tobiska, W. K. 1991, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 1005
73. Uitenbroek, H. 2002, ApJ, 565, 1312
74. Van Regemorter, H. 1962, ApJ, 136, 906
75. Vernazza, J. E., Avrett, E. H., & Loeser, R. 1981, ApJS, 45, 635
76. Vernazza, J. E., & Reeves, E. M. 1978, ApJS, 37, 485
77. Wahlstrøm, C., & Carlsson, M. 1994, ApJ, 433, 417
78. Wikstøl, O., Judge, P. G., & Hansteen, V. H. 1997, ApJ, 483, 972
79. Wilhelm, K., et al. 1995, Sol. Phys., 162, 189
80. Wilhelm, K., Schuehle, U., Curdt, W., Dammasch, I. E., Hollandt, J., Lemaire, P., & Huber, M. C. E. 2002, in Radiometric Calibration of SOHO, ed. A. Pauluhn, M. C. E. Huber, & R. von Steiger (Noordwijk: ESA), 145
81. Wunnenberg, M., Kneer, F., & Hirzberger, J. 2002, A&A, 395, L51