Peat biomass and early diagenetic controls on the paraffinic oil potential of humic coals, Canterbury Basin, New Zealand

Petroleum Geoscience

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 283-303

  Sykes, R ^a  

^a GNS SCIENCE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Canterbury Basin; Coal; New Zealand; Oil potential; Pyrolysis GC

Indexed keywords

COAL; CRETACEOUS; HYDROCARBON GENERATION; PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON;

AUSTRALASIA; CANTERBURY [SOUTH ISLAND]; CANTERBURY BASIN; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; NEW ZEALAND; OCEANIC REGIONS; PACIFIC OCEAN; SOUTH ISLAND; WORLD;

EID: 10244253918     PISSN: 13540793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1144/1354-079302-568     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Alpern, B., Lemos De Sousa, M.J., Pinheiro, H.J. & Zhu, X. 1992. Optical morphology of hydrocarbons and oil progenitors in sedimentary rocks - relations with geochemical parameters. Publicaçtioes do museu e laboratório mineralógico e geológico da faculdade de ciências do porto. Nova Série, 3.
2. Behar, F., Vandenbroucke, M., Tang, Y., Marquis, F. & Espitalié, J. 1997. Thermal cracking of kerogen in open and closed systems: determination of kinetic parameters and stoichiometric coefficients for oil and gas generation. Organic Geochemistry, 26, 321-339.
3. Boreham, C.J. & Powell, T.G. 1994. Petroleum source rock potential of coal and associated sediments: qualitative and quantitative aspects. In: Law, B.E. & Rice, D.D. (eds) Hydrocarbons from Coal. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology, 38 133-157.
4. Boreham, C.J., Blevin, J.E., Radlinski, A.P. & Trigg, K.R. 2003. Coal as a source of oil and gas: a case study from the Bass Basin, Australia. The APPEA Journal, 43 (1), 117-148.
5. Boudou, J.-P., Espitalié, J., Bimer, J. & Salbut, P.D. 1994. Oxygen groups and oil suppression during coal pyrolysis. Energy and Fuels 8, 972-977.
6. Browne, G.H. 2001. Offshore Canterbury Basin, New Zealand: prospectivity of a lightly explored margin. Oil and Gas Australia, September 2001, 12-18.
7. Cameron, C.C., Esterle, J.S. & Palmer, C.A. 1989. The geology, botany and chemistry of selected peat-forming environments from temperate and tropical latitudes. International Journal of Coal Geology, 12 105-156.
8. Clayton, J.L. 1994. Composition of crude oils generated from coals and coaly organic matter in shales. In: Law, B.E. & Rice, D.D. (eds) Hydrocarbons from Coal. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology, 38, 185-201.
9. max and HI Rock-Eval parameters on highly mature weathered coals. International Journal of Coal Geology, 49 (1), 57-65.
10. Curry, D.J., Emmett, J.K. & Hunt, J.W. 1994. Geochemistry of aliphatic-rich coals in the Cooper Basin, Australia and Taranaki Basin, New Zealand: implications for the occurrence of potentially oil-generative coals. In: Scott, A.C. & Fleet, A.J. (eds) Coal and Coal-bearing Strata as Oil-prone Source Rocks? Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 77, 149-182.
11. Curry, D.J., Bohacs, K.M., Diessel, C.F.K., Gammidge, L.C. & Rigby, R. 1995a. Sequence stratigraphic and depositional environment controls on the geochemistry and oil generation potential of coals and terrigenous kerogens. In: Grimalt, J.O. & Dorronsoro, C. (eds) Organic Geochemistry: Developments and Applications to Eneqy, Climate, Environment and Human History. Selected Papers from the 17th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, 138-141.
12. Curry, D.J., Diessel, C.F.K., Gammidge, L.C. & Rigby, R. 1995b. Effects of marine transgression on the geochemistry and oil generation potential of coals: an example from the Sydney Basin, Australia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Annual Convention, 4 20.
13. Dettmann, M.E. 1994. Cretaceous vegetation: the microfossil record. In: Hill, R.S. (ed.) History of Australian vegetation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 143-170.
14. Dettmann, M.E. & Thomson, M.R.A. 1987. Cretaceous palynomorphs from the James Ross Island area, Antarctica - a pilot study. British Antartic Survey Bulletin, 77, 13-59.
15. Diessel, C.F.K. 1992. Coal-Bearing Depositional Systems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
16. Diessel, C.F.K. & Gammidge, L. 1998. Isometamorphic variations in the reflectance and fluorescence of vitrinite - a key to depositional environment. International Journal of Coal Geology, 36, 167-222.
17. Durand, B. & Paratte, M. 1983. Oil potential of coals: a geochemical approach. In: Brooks, J. (ed.) Petroleum Geochemistry and Exploration of Europe. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12, 255-265.
18. Eglinton, G. & Hamilton, R.J. 1967. Epicuticular leaf waxes. Science 156, 1322-1335.
19. Elphick, J.O. & Suggate, R.P. 1971. Coal from Endeavour-1 oil prospecting well. Contained in a supplement to Well Resumé Endeavour-1, South Island Offshore, New Zealand. New Zealand unpublished open file petroleum report 303. Wellington, Ministry of Economic Development.
20. Esterle, J.S. 1990. Trends in petrographic and chemical characteristics of tropical domed peats in Indonesia and Malaysia as analogues for coal formation. PhD diesis. University of Kentucky, Lexington.
21. Field, B.D., Browne, G.H. & Others 1989. Cretaceous-Cenozoic sedimentary basins and geological evolution of the Canterbury Region, South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey basin studies, 2. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt.
22. George, S.C., Smith, J.W. & Jardine, D.R. 1994. Vitrinite reflectance suppression in coal due to a marine transgression: case study of the organic geochemistry of the Greta Seam, Sydney Basin. The APEA Journal, 34, 241-255.
23. Gibbons, M. J. & Herridge, K. J. 1984. Maturity and source potential of Clipper-1, Canterbury Basin, offshore New Zealand. New Zealand unpublished openfile petroleum report 1044. Crown Minerals, Ministry of Economic Development, Wellington.
24. Gibbons, M.J. & Fry, S. 1986. A geochemical study of the Galleon-1 well, Canterbury Basin, offshore New Zealand. New Zealand unpublished openfile petroleum report 1146. Crown Minerals, Ministry of Economic Development, Wellington.
25. Hedberg, H.D. 1968. Significance of high wax oils with respect to genesis of petroleum. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52, 736-750.
26. Horsfield, B. 1989. Practical criteria for classifying kerogens: some observations from pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 891-901.
27. Horsfield, B. 1997. The bulk composition of first-formed petroleum in source rocks. In: Welte, D.H., Horsfield, B. & Baker, D.R. (eds) Petroleum and Basin Evolution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 335-402.
28. Horsfield, B., Yordy, K.L. & Crelling, J.C. 1988. Determining the petroleum generating potential of coal using organic geochemistry and organic petrology. Organic Geochemistry, 13, 121-129.
29. Hu, J., Peng, P., Jia, G., Fang, D., Zhang, G., Fu, J. & Wang, P. 2002. Biological markers and their carbon isotopes as an approach to the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Nansha area, South China Sea, during the last 30 ka. Organic Geochemistry, 33, 1197-1204.
30. Hunt, J.M. 1996. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
31. International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology 1998. The new vitrinite classification (ICCP System 1994). Fuel, 77, 349-358.
32. International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology 2001. The new inertinite classification (ICCP System 1994). Fuel, 80, 459-471.
33. Isaksen, G.H. 1995. Organic geochemistry of paleodepositional environments with a predominance of higher plant terrigenous organic matter. In: Huc, A.-Y. (ed.) Paleogeography, Paleoclimate, and Source Rocks. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology, 40, 81-104.
34. Isaksen, G.H., Curry, D.J., Yeakel, J.D. & Jenssen, A.I. 1998. Controls on the oil and gas potential of humic coals. Organic Geochemistry, 29, 23-44.
35. Isaksen, G.H., Patience, R., Van Graas, G. & Jenssen, A.I. 2002. Hydrocarbon system analysis in a rift basin with mixed marine and nonmarine source rocks: The South Viking Graben, North Sea. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 86, 557-591.
36. Katz, B.J. 1994. An alternative view of Indo-Australian coals as a source of petroleum. The APEA Journal 1994, 256-267.
37. Katz, B.J., Kelley, P.A., Royle, R.A. & Jorjorian, T. 1991. Hydrocarbon products of coals as revealed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Organic Geochemistry, 17, 711-722.
38. Kennedy, E.M. & Raine, J.I. 2001. Terrestrial Paleocene climate and leaf flora of New Zealand. Abstracts, Climate and Biota of the Early Paleogene conference, Powell, Wyoming, July 3-8, 8, 51.
39. Kennedy, E.M., Spicer, R.A. & Rees, P.M. 2002. Quantitative paleoclimate estimates from Late Cretaceous and Paleocene leaf floras in the northwest of the South Island, New Zealand. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 184, 321-345.
40. Khavari-Khorasani, G. 1987. Oil-prone coals of the Walloon Coal Measures, Surat Basin, Australia. In: Scott, A.C. (ed.) Coal and Coal-bearing Strata: Recent Advances. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 32, 303-310.
41. Khavari-Khorasani, G. & Michelsen, J.K. 1991. Geological and laboratory evidence for early generation of large amounts of liquid hydrocarbons from suberinite and subereous components. Organic Geochemistry, 17, 849-863.
42. Killops, S.D., Cook, R.A., Sykes, R. & Boudou, J.P. 1997. Petroleum potential and oil-source correlation in the Great South and Canterbury Basins. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 40, 405-423.
43. Killops, S.D., Funnell, R.H. & Suggate, R.P. et al. 1998. Predicting generation and expulsion of paraffinic oil from vitrinite-rich coals. Organic Geochemistry, 29, 1-21.
44. 40+ n-alkanes in coals. Organic Geochemistry, 31, 589-597.
45. Larter, S.R. & Sentfle, J.T. 1985. Improved kerogen typing for petroleum source rock assessment. Nature, 318, 277-280.
46. Littke, R, & Leythaeuser, D. 1994. Migration of oil and gas in coals. In: Law, B.E. & Rice, D.D. (eds) Hydrocarbons from Coal. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology, 38 219-236.
47. Marzi, R., Torkelson, B.E. & Olson, R.K. 1993. A revised carbon preference index. Organic Geochemistry, 20, 1303-1306.
48. Michelsen, J.K. & Khavari-Khorasani, G. 1999. The physics and efficiency of petroleum expulsion from coal. In: Mastalerz, M., Glikson, M. & Golding, S.D. (eds) Coalbed Methane: Scienfific, Environmental and Economic Evaluation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 517-543.
49. Mutch, A.R., Sykes, R. & Suggate, R.P. 1986. Shag Point Coalfield. Unpublished New Zealand Geological Survey Report.
50. Newman, J. 1997. New approaches to detection and correction of suppressed vitrinite reflectance. APPEA Journal 1997, 524-535.
51. Newman, J., Eckersley, K.M., Francis, D.A. & Moore, N.A. 2000. Application of vitrinite-inertinite reflectance and fluorescence (VIRF) to maturity assessment in the East Coast and Canterbury Basins of New Zealand. 2000 New Zealand Petroleum Conference Proceedings. Ministry of Economic Development, Wellington, 314-333.
52. Nip, M., Tegelaar, E.W., Brinkhuis, H., De Leeuw, J.W., Schenk, P.A. & Holloway, P.J. 1986. Analysis of modern and fossil plant cuticle by Curie point Py-GC and Curie point Py-GC-MS: Recognition of a new, highly aliphatic and resistant biopolymer. Organic Geochemistry, 10 769-778.
53. 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy in the analysis of a highly aliphatic biopolymer from plant cuticles. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 11, 287-295.
54. Noble, R.A., Wu, C.H. & Atkinson, C.D. 1991. Petroleum generation and migration from Talang Akar coals and shales offshore N.W. Java, Indonesia. Organic Geochemistry, 17 (3), 363-374.
55. Pepper, A.S. 1991. Estimating the petroleum expulsion behaviour of source rocks: a novel quantitative approach. In: England, W.A. & Fleet, A.J. (eds) Petroleum Migration. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 59, 9-31.
56. Pepper, A.S. & Corvi, P.J. 1995a. Simple kinetic models of petroleum formation. Part I: Oil and gas generation from kerogen. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 12, 291-319.
57. Pepper, A.S. & Corvi, P.J. 1995b. Simple kinetic models of petroleum formation. Part III: Modelling an open system. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 12, 417-452.
58. Peters, K.E. & Cassa, M.R. 1994. Applied source rock geochemistry. In: Magoon, L.B. & Dow, W.G. (eds) The petroleum system - from source to trap. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 60, 93-120.
59. Peters, K.E. & Moldowan, J.M. 1993. The Biomarker Guide: Interpreting Molecular Fossils in Petroleum and Ancient Sediments. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
60. Petersen, H.I. 2002. A re-consideration of the 'oil window' for humic coal and kerogen type III source rocks. Journal of Petroleum Geology 25, 407-432.
61. Petersen, H.I. & Rosenberg, P. 2000. The relationship between the composition and rank of humic coals and their activation energy distributions for the generation of bulk petroleum. Petroleum Geoscience, 6, 137-149.
62. Petersen, H.I., Andsbjerg, J., Bojesen-Koefoed, J.A. & Nytoft, H.P. 2000. Coal-generated oil: source rock evaluation and petroleum geochemistry of the Lutita oilfield, Danish North Sea. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 23, 55-90.
63. Philp, R.P. 1994. Geochemical characteristics of oils derived predominantly from terrigenous source materials. In: Scott, A.C. & Fleet, A.J. (eds) Coal and Coal-bearing Strata as Oil-prone Source Rocks? Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 77, 71-91.
64. Powell, T.G. & Boreham, C.J. 1994. Terrestrially sourced oils: where do they exist and what are our limits of knowledge? - a geochemical perspective. In: Scott, A.C. & Fleet, Aj. (eds) Coal and Coal-bearing Strata as Oil-prone Source Rocks? Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 77, 11-29.
65. Powell, T.G., Boreham, C.J., Smyth, M., Russell, N. & Cook, A.C. 1991. Petroleum source rock assessment in non-marine sequences: pyrolysis and petrographic analysis of Australian coals and carbonaceous shales. Organic Geohemistry, 17, 375-394.
66. Raine, J.I., Strong, C.P., Wilson, G.J. & Pocknall, D.T. 1994. Biostratigraphic revision of the Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene in selected offshore exploration wells, south Canterbury Bight, New Zealand Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Science Report, 94/30. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt.
67. Schenk, H.J. & Horsfield, B. 1998. Using natural maturation series to evaluate the utility of parallel reaction kinetics models: an investigation of Toarcian shales and Carboniferous coals, Germany. Organic Geochemisity, 29, 137-154.
68. BP Shell Todd. 1984. Interpretation and prospectivity of PPL 38203 Canterbury Basin, New Zealand. New Zealand unpublished openfile petroleum report 1046. Crown Minerals, Ministry of Economic Development, Wellington.
69. Smith, J.W., Gilbert, T.D. & Batts, B.D. 1987. A quest for a new parameter in petroleum exploration geochemistry. The APEA Journal 1987, 98-105.
70. Suggate, R.P. 1998. Analytical variation in Australian coals related to coal type and rank. International Journal of Coal Geology, 37 179-206.
71. r) scale: its basis and its applicability as a maturity index for all coals. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 43, 521-553.
72. r), a maturity index based on chemical analyses of coals. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 19 929-950.
73. Sutherland, R., King, P. & Wood, R. 2001. Tectonic evolution of Cretaceous rift basins in south-eastern Australia and New Zealand: implications for exploration risk assessment. In: Hill, K.C. & Bernecker, T. (eds) Eastern Australasian Basins Symposium, A Refocused Energy Perspective for the Future. Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Special Publication, 3-13.
74. Sykes, R. 1994. Coal seams and peat-forming environments. In: Edbrooke, S.W., Sykes, R. & Pocknall, D.T. (eds) Geology of the Waikato Coal Measures, Waikato Coal Region, New Zealand. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences monograph, 6, 102-175.
75. Sykes, R. 2001. Depositional and rank controls on the petroleum potential of coaly source rocks. In: Hill, K.C. & Bernecker, T. (eds) Eastern Australasian Basins Symposium, A Refocused Energy Perspective for the Future. Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Special Publication, 591-601.
76. Sykes, R. & Funnell, R.H. 2002. Petroleum source rock potential and generation history in the offshore Canterbury Basin. New Zealand unpublished openfile petroleum report 2707. Crown Minerals, Ministry of Economic Development, Wellington.
77. Sykes, R. & Snowdon, L.R. 2002. Guidelines for assessing the petroleum potential of coaly source rocks using Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Organic Geochemistry, 33, 1441-1455.
78. Sykes, R., Edbrooke, S.W. & Pocknall, D.T. 1994. A coal seam facies model for the recognition of raised mire deposits in the Tertiary. Abstracts with programs, Geological Society of America 1994 Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, October 24-27. Geological Society of America, A32.
79. Sykes, R., Funnell, R.H., Killops, S.D. & Dow, M.J. 2000. Effects of synsedimentary marine influence on the petroleum generation characteristics of humic coals. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 84, 1502.
80. Sykes, R., Snowdon, L.R. & Johansen, P.E. 2004. Leaf biomass - a new paradigm for sourcing the terrestrial oils of Taranaki Basin. In: Boult, P.J., Johns, D.R. & Lang, S.C. (eds) Eastern Australasian Basins Symposium II. Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Special Publication, 553-574.
81. Taylor, G.H., Teichmüller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., Littke, R. & Robert, P. 1998. Organic Petrology. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin,
82. Tegelaar, E.W. & Noble, R.A. 1994. Kinetics of hydrocarbon generation as a function of the molecular structure of kerogen as revealed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Organic Geochemistry, 22, 543-574.
83. Tegelaar, E.W., De Leeuw, JW. & Largeau, C. et al. 1989. Scope and limitations of several pyrolysis methods in the structural elucidation of a macro-molecular plant constituent in the leaf cuticle of Agave americana L. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 15 29-54.
84. Tissot, B.P. & Welte, D.H. 1984. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
85. Wilding, A. & Sweetman, I. 1971. Well Resumé Endeavour-1, South Island Offshore, New Zealand. New Zealand unpublished openfile petroleum report 303. Crown Minerals, Ministry of Economic Development, Wellington.
86. Wilkins, R.W.T. & George, S.C. 2002. Coal as a source rock for oil: a review. International Journal of Coal Geology, 50, 317-361.
87. Wilson, I. R. 1985. Galleon-1 geological completion report. New Zealand unpublished openfile petroleum report 1146. Ministry of Economic Development, Wellington.